能带理论的进展

引言一、能带的形成 1.周期性势场中电子的波函数 2.电子的加速度与速度二、能带计算的主要方法 1.紧束缚法 2.原胞法 3.正交化平面波法三、和能带结构有关的物理性质 1.回旋共振 a.半导体的迴旋共振 b.金属的迴旋共振 2.电流磁效应 a.n型锗和硅 b.p型锗和硅 3.磁化率 a.晶体中电子的磁化率 b.半导体的磁化率 c.底哈斯,凡阿尔芬效应 4.反常的趋肤效应参考文献     

水的汽化热实验装置的改进

水的汽化热实验是高校普物实验中的一个传统实验.目前国内高校测水的汽化热误差较大,效果不佳.经过反复实验,我们制成一套测定水的汽化热的仪器.此仪器结构简单、成本低、测量方便、误差小. 如图所示:被橡皮塞2紧密固定盖住的球形烧瓶1中装有水.加热器3的引出线和管4穿过塞子.管4使排出的蒸汽通过冷凝器5成冷却水.当水沸腾时,形成的蒸汽通     

内耗研究的历史评述

通过介绍几位在内耗领域的先驱研究者:C.Zener,葛庭燧,P.G.Bordoni ,J.L.Snoek,评述了内耗研究的进展.也介绍了日本研究者的相关工作.     

反作用力的演示

材料: 1.容量为80c.c.的试管一个。2.软木塞一个。软木塞的大小与试管口的大小相同。此软木塞中央有一小孔。3.长约5厘米的玻璃管一根,其直径与软木塞中央的小孔一样。4.碳酸钙(CaCO_3)约10克。5.浓度为35—37%的盐酸(HC1)约20克     

高均匀度的NMR超导磁体的设计计算

本文给出了高均匀度的NMR超导磁体的设计方法.给出了体积极小的六阶补偿线圈的各个参数. 讨论了几何尺寸误差带来的影响.给出了补偿绕组位置可调磁体的计算结果.     

邮票上的物理学史——原子论的确立

原子论最早是由古希腊哲学家德谟克利特 (邮票见本专栏第一篇“古希腊时期”)提出的 .他认为 ,万事万物都由原子和虚空组成 .原子既不可分 ,也不会变 ,并且没有内部组成 .不同元素的原子不同 .它们以机械的嵌合方式结合 ,构成万物 .各种物体及其属性的差别归结为组成它们的原子的数量不同 .这个理论带有朴素唯物论的色彩 .伊壁鸠鲁继承和发展了德谟克利特的原子论 ,他的原子可以有内部组成 ,但仍是不可分的 .罗马的卢克莱修的长诗《论物性》系统地阐述和宣扬了伊壁鸠鲁的原子论 .文艺复兴后 ,原子论也得到恢复 .对早期原子论做出重要贡献的…     

从阴极射线的争议到电子的发现

一、从“暗区”到“阴极射线” 法拉第在1838年研究真空放电时发现真空管中出现一道暗环,它把紫色的阴极电辉和粉红色的阳极电辉分开.随着气压降低,阳极辉光就变成了数条彩带.后来这个暗环便命名为“法拉第暗区”. 二十一年过去了.德国物理学家J.Pluck重新研究法拉第暗区时偶然发现,在阴极附近的管壁上有一片荧光,磁铁可以改变它的位置.Pluck直觉认为,荧光很可能是由阴极抛射出的某种带电粒子流撞击管壁产生的.但是,他又觉得这种解释与法拉第把电当作“力态”的思想相违,遂不敢坚持己见[1], 又过了十年,Pliuck的学生J.W.Hittorf实验证明…     

简易动画机的制作

青少年都非常喜欢动画片,为了使他们了解电影、电视中动画的视觉暂留原理,并且能够自己动手制作简易动画机,自行设计创作各种动画,进而培养学生的创新精神和实践能力.因此,开发研制了一种主要利用可乐瓶制作的“科教简易动画机”.1　原理结构科教简易动画机主要根据人眼对图象可以停留0.1s的视觉暂留原理和巧妙的顶针式转动机构设计研制的.该作品由转桶部分、底座部分、动画部分构成.具体结构如图1所示.图1　简易动画机的结构示意图1.长条孔带2.竖直条形动画3.水平圆形动画4.圆盘5.粘接剂6.底板7.瓶底8.顶针轴9.车条帽10.转桶1.1　转桶部分…     

关于B.W.Lee的公式ΓΓ=0的推广

本文将B.W.Lee的公式Γ*Γ=0推广为Γ^AF=0^[1,2], 只要命B.W.Lee公式中的dλ=ζ₁ζ₂ζ₀即可, 而不需要B.W.Lee式的二次变化变化等于零的限制. 从而, 该公式不仅包含了B.W.Lee的公式, 而且能直接解决其他一些问题.     

邮票上的物理学史⒂--光谱学的建立

光的波动说确立之后,人们知道光谱中的不同成分对应于不同的频率(波长),并且测量了不同色光的波长.整个可见光光谱的宽度,从红光到紫光,大约一个倍频程.图1为西班牙1969年发行的纪念在马德里召开的第15次国际光谱学会议的邮票,画面是可见光谱.发现天王星的英国天文学家W.赫舍尔首先指出光谱超出可见光的范围,1800年,他用水银温度计做接收器,证明了红外线的存在.图2是英国1970年发行的纪念皇家天文学会成立150周年的邮票,左边手中拿星图的是W.赫舍尔,他是皇家天文学会的创始人和第一任会长,右边是他的儿子J.赫舍尔,中间是F.Baily,都是著名的天文学家.紫外线则是1803年J.Ritter发现的.     

Effect of varying lanthanide local coordination sphere on luminescence properties illustrated by selected inorganic and organic rare earth complexes synthesized in sol-gel host glasses

Inorganic and organic ligands were carefully selected to illustrate the effect of modifications in the local field environment around the rare earth lanthanide (III) on its emission properties. In this article two strategies were employed to enhance emission of lanthanides encapsulated in sol-gel glass. (i) Changing the symmetry around the lanthanide, which was diagnosed by changing the local environment around the lanthanide using different inorganic counter ions (acetate, nitrate and chloride) these ligands differ in their affinity toward the lanthanide first coordination sphere. The ligand that penetrates the lanthanide more results in more asymmetric environment and thus results in higher emission. The aim of this part was to demonstrate the change of symmetry on emission in the absence of energy transfer. Our results indicate that the acetate ion has the highest affinity toward the first coordination sphere followed by the nitrate while the chloride showed the lowest affinity. Penetration by the ligands ofthe lanthanide also results in removing OH quenchers surrounding the lanthanide and this further explains the boost in emission. (ii) A bulky organic ligand that forms a complex with the lanthanide is used. The organic ligand separates the lanthanide ion from inner O-H oscillators. In this case the chelating organic chromophore with suitable photophysical properties was employed to sensitize the lanthanide and thus energy transfer occurs via the antenna effect. The organic ligand absorbs UV light, then energy is transferred to the lanthanide and finally the lanthanide emits in the visible region. The first coordination environment surrounding europium was controlled by the ligand selection and the outer sphere was modified by doping the synthesized complexes in an optically transparent sol-gel glass host. The glass network carefully prepared by sol-gel process is effective in preventing free oxygen and water from attacking lanthanide -complexes without loss of luminescence. Emission spectroscopy measurements of the doped silica specimens confirmed the variation of Eu (III) emission depending on the first coordination sphere surrounding the europium ion. The encapsulation of the europium complexes was performed for two reasons: (i) to improve the stability of red phosphor with efficient and high color-purity characteristics under ultraviolet excitation and (ii) this work provides a framework for preparing transparent composite glasses that are robust hosts to study the fundamental interactions between nano-materials and light.     

水溶液中L-半胱氨酸与稀土离子作用的NMR研究

本文测定了在八种不同稀土离子存在下(La、Pr、Nd、Eu、Dy、Ho、Er和Tm)L-半胱氨酸的¹H和¹³C稀土诱导位移。络合物生成位移和诱导位移的pH依赖关系说明L-半胱氨酸通过离子化的羧基与稀土离子配位,络合物稳定常数说明巯基的存在有利于氨基酸的配位作用。对偶极位移模拟结果表明,在半胱氨酸稀土络合物中,羧基和巯基成旁式,羧基以单齿形式与稀土离子配位。     

Superexchange mechanism of energy transfer between neighboring lanthanide ions in dielectric crystals

It is shown that unusually rapid energy transfer between neighboring lanthanide ions in dielectric crystals is caused by the efficient short-range interaction, which is similar to the magnetic superexchange interaction. Both these interactions are related to virtual transition of electrons between lanthanide ions via common bridge ligands. A general method is developed for calculating matrix elements of the effective superexchange Hamiltonian, and the rates of energy transfer in exchange-coupled pairs of lanthanide ions are estimated. The possibility of using the superexchange model of energy transfer for analysis of up-conversion in lanthanide crystals is discussed.     

稀土配合物掺杂凝胶的原位光声光谱研究及其共发光效应

采用溶胶-凝胶方法,制备了Ln(Sal)₃·H₂O(Ln3+∶La3+, Nd3+, Tb3+; Sal: 水杨酸) 稀土配合物掺杂的二氧化硅凝胶样品。首次采用光声光谱对稀土配合物在凝胶中的形成进行研究。结果表明,经110 ℃热处理后,Tb3+, La3+和Nd3+配合物掺杂的凝胶样品在配体吸收处的光声强度依次明显增强;而对仅在室温陈化、干燥的湿凝胶样品,其配体吸收处的光声强度几乎完全相同。研究发现,未经适当的热处理过程凝胶样品中稀土配合物尚不能形成。结合荧光光谱,分析了凝胶中稀土离子配位环境的变化和稀土配合物的形成。首次发现了稀土芳香羧酸配合物掺杂凝胶的共发光效应,考察Tb_0.8Gd_0.2(Sal)₃·H₂O和Tb_0.8Nd_0.2(Sal)₃·H₂O配合物掺杂的凝胶样品,发现Gd3+离子的引入了增强了凝胶样品中Tb3+的发光效率,而Nd3+离子的引入明显减弱了凝胶中Tb3+的发光,并对共发光效应可能的机理进行了讨论。     

Synthesis and luminescent properties of PEO/lanthanide oxide nanoparticle hybrid films

In this study, we investigate the optical properties of lanthanide oxide nanoparticles dispersed in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) network as thermally stable polymeric films. The aim of this work is both to keep a good optical transparency in the visible domain and to obtain luminescent materials after incorporation of nanoparticles. For this purpose, we develop luminescent nanocrystals of oxides containing terbium ion as a doping element in Gd₂O₃. These sub-5-nm lanthanide oxides nanoparticles have been prepared by direct oxide precipitation in high-boiling polyalcohol solutions and characterized by luminescence spectroscopy. PEO/lanthanide oxide nanohybrid films are prepared by radical polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate after introduction of lanthanide oxide particles.As a first result; the obtained films present interesting luminescence properties with a very low lanthanide oxide content (up to 0.29 wt%). Furthermore, these films are still transparent and keep their original mechanical properties.Prior to describe the specific applications to optical use, we report here the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and luminescent properties of. nanohybrid films.     

Density functional studies on lanthanide (III) texaphyrins (Ln-Tex2+, Ln = La,Gd, Lu): structure,stability and electronic excitation spectrum

Density functional calculations have been performed to study the molecular structure and chemical properties of selected lanthanide(III) texaphyrins (Ln-Tex²⁺, Ln = La, Gd, Lu). The lanthanide element is found to reside above the mean N₅ texaphyrin plane, and the larger the cation, the greater the observed out-of-plane displacement. It is concluded that the lanthanide cation is tightly bound to the macrocyclic skeleton, yielding a stable structure. However, the chemical properties of Ln-Tex²⁺ are found to be only slightly affected by the substitution of the lanthanide element. A low-energy LUMO is found for the Ln-Tex²⁺ (Ln = La, Gd, Lu), which are therefore easily reduced in an electron-rich environment. Two characteristic bands are obtained in the calculated electronic excitation spectrum (a high-energy band at 454–462 nm and a low-energy band at 681–686 nm). The intensity of the high-energy band is much larger than that of the low-energy one, yielding a rather unique spectral feature.     

Photophysical and electrochemical properties of monoporphyrin rare earth liquid crystalline materials

The synthesis and characterization of [5-(p-alkacyloxy ) phenyl-10,15,20-tri-phenyl] porphyrin (APTPP) and its lanthanide complexes(lanthanide ions: Ho(III), Dy(III), Er(III), Yb(III)) are reported. They form hexagonal columnar discotic columnar (Col_h) liquid crystals over an extended domain of temperature. Luminescence spectra of the compounds are discussed. Quantum yields of Q band are in the region 0.004570-0.05847. The electrochemical property is studied by cyclic voltammetry. The synthesized APTPP and its lanthanide complexes exhibit two one-electron reversible redox reactions and three redox reactions, respectively. The photovoltaic properties and charge-transfer process of the liquid crystalline compounds are investigated by surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS) and electric-field-induced surface photovoltaic spectroscopy (EFISPS) techniques, and the bands are analogous with the ultraviolet (Uv) -visible absorption spectra, which reveal that all compounds are P-type semiconductors. All of compounds are nonelectrolytes.     

稀土半乳糖醇络合物的拉曼光谱研究

糖与金属离子之间的相互作用有一定的生物功能 ,因而对其研究具有重要意义。应用拉曼光谱研究了一系列稀土离子半乳糖醇络合物 ,结果表明 ,在形成络合物以后 ,拉曼光谱发生明显变化。不同稀土离子的拉曼光谱虽然某些峰位比较接近 ,但相对强度及峰形方面都表现出了较大的差别 ,可以清楚地看到不同稀土离子的影响 ,反映了每种稀土离子的特性。     

二氧六环参与配位的稀土配合物的制备和荧光性能研究

利用二氧六环(dioxane)小分子作为第二配体,吡哌酸(PPA)作为第一配体合成了稀土荧光配合物Eu(PPA)3dioxane和Tb(PPA)sdioxane.这种小分子直接参与配位形成稀土配合物的现象很少见到.所合成的配合物通过与单独使用吡哌酸作为配体的配合物Eu(PPA)3和Tb(PPA)3对比,发现二氧六环对稀土配合物的荧光具有明显的增强效果,尤其是对Tb3+所形成的稀土配合物,荧光增强非常显著.二氧六环的参与配位,代替了原来的水分子,这样就会在一定程度上减少了热振动所造成的能壁损失,从而增强荧光.所制备的稀土配合物通过红外光谱、荧光光谱、荧光寿命等方法进行了表征.对于由Eu和Tb所形成的配合物,加入第二配体二氧六环对其荧光寿命的影响差别很大,这说明对于Eu和Tb所形成的配合物存在着不同的能鸶传递过程.这种荧光增强现象为检测小分子二氧六环的存在及其含量提供了一种新的方法.     

Fluorescence Properties of Frog Skeletal Muscles Treated with Lanthanide Ions

Laser-induced fluorescence from frog skeletal muscle fibers treated with lanthanides, Eu³⁺ and Tb³⁺, was recorded. The fluorescence was weak and overlapped with the Raman scattering by the Ringer solution when the muscle fibers were illuminated with an argon-ion laser. The fluorescence decay rate of the lanthanide in Ringer's solution was 2–3 times larger than that of the lanthanide bound to the muscle fiber. The number of water molecules coordinated to the lanthanide bound to the muscle fiber was determined to be about three. This suggests that lanthanide ions bind superficially to the outer membrane of the muscle fiber.