我国机场噪声评价量与噪声影响的定量关系

本文对我国机场航空噪声评价量LWECPN(计权等效连续感觉噪声级)与国外常用的评价量LDN(昼夜等效声级)的内涵进行了分析，导出了两者之间的关系，并借助这一关系和国外研究成果得到了机场周边社区人群中受到航空噪声强烈干扰的人数比例与LWECPN的关系式。     

某军用机场飞机噪声暴露的模化研究

针对军用机场飞机飞行训练方式复杂多变,飞机噪声影响存在范围大、不均匀及单次事件噪声突出的特点,本文结合某军用机场实地调研测试资料,综合考察了现行评价指标对该机场飞机噪声暴露的模化效果,指出了现行指标在反映军用飞机瞬时噪声和高峰时段噪声对人的冲击影响方面的不足,提出了相应的改进措施建议,给出了高峰时段LWECPN和最大A声级LAmax两个改进指标,并分析确立了各评价指标的标准限值。最后结合调研机场的数据资料对评价指标的有效性进行了验证。论文的研究成果对军用机场飞机噪声暴露的拓展研究和通用评价指标体系的构建具有很好的参考作用。     

考虑噪声烦恼度的机场飞机噪声收费模型和 应用研究

随着我国民航运输业的飞速发展,机场噪声影响问题日趋严重。通过向航空公司或旅客收取噪声费来筹集机场噪声治理资金是民航发达国家的通用做法。本文提出了基于飞机噪声特性、噪声烦恼度、噪声治理投入费用和资金回收周期等因素的机场噪声收费模型。飞机噪声特性根据ACI的机场噪声分类确定,噪声烦恼度借助Mamdani模型构建。应用表明,该收费模型关键因素考虑全面,计算方法先进简洁,费率合理,符合国际民航组织倡导的以支定收原则,有助于形成航空公司/旅客减噪激励机制同时又不致抑制机场航空业务增长。     

机场飞机噪声评价方法与控制途径

在确定修建机场之前应进行飞机噪声评价,以便判别是否适于修建机场,并提出控制飞机噪声的措施。近来我国修建的机场很多,但是至今尚未订出一套完整的机场飞机噪声评价方法,更没有一套行之有效的控制飞机噪声污染的措施。本文对这两个问题作了粗浅的探讨,主要介绍机场飞机噪声评价指标、飞机噪声污染预测图的编制、机场飞机噪声控制的措施等。     

AS350B2直升机飞行噪声的试验研究

中国航空研究院和德国宇航院合作开展直升机噪声研究,选择一架AS350B2直升机在哈尔滨平房机场进行了噪声测量。介绍了这次飞行试验的设备和试验方法,列出了全部十个试验飞行状态的暴露噪声级,并对试验直升机起飞爬升、水平飞行和下滑飞行时的噪声信号进行了频谱分析及小波分析。结果表明:试验直升机在起飞爬升和下滑飞行时的噪声水平较高,起飞爬升时噪声主要来自尾桨,下滑飞行时噪声主要来自旋翼的桨涡干扰,而且在直升机以中等飞行速度和大约6°的下滑角飞行时最为严重,并且桨涡干扰噪声指向前行桨叶一侧。     

机场周围飞机噪声评价方法的研究

1984年和1985年在几个机场对飞机噪声进行了测量,并向居民就对飞机噪声反应进行了社会调查。从分析处理所获得的数据得到了一些有意义的结果,它证明了计权等效连续感觉噪声级(WECPNL)不但在物理上,而且在心理上都是对机场周围飞机噪声有效的评价方法。     

北京机场周围1984年的飞机噪声

本文介绍了1984年11月对北京机场飞机噪声的测量评价及噪声等值线图.对控制机场噪声提出了一些措施.     

强化生物除磷过程中聚β羟基烷酸酯的红外光谱分析

强化生物除磷是废水生物除磷的主要技术手段。在厌氧与好氧交替运行的反应过程中,污泥中聚β羟基烷酸酯(PHA)经历了厌氧储存和好氧降解的过程,其位于1 740 cm-1吸收峰亦呈现出先增强后减弱的变化。通过比较PHA标准品的红外光谱图,实现了活性污泥PHA的红外特征归属,1 740 cm-1红外吸收峰源于PHA羰基特征吸收。利用高斯分峰法将相互重叠的PHA峰、蛋白质Ⅰ峰和蛋白质Ⅱ峰进行了分离,PHA与蛋白质Ⅰ峰的峰面积比值与PHA测定值有较好相关性,相关系数可达0.873,峰面积比值可反映污泥中PHA的变化趋势。选取1 480~1 780 cm-1区域红外光谱,经过归一化处理并转化为吸光度数据后,结合污泥样品PHA含量的色谱分析结果,应用偏最小二乘法建立了污泥样品红外光谱与PHA含量的关系模型,模型预测值与测量值具有较好的一致性,结合未知浓度活性污泥样品的红外光谱以及该关系模型,可以迅速预测未知污泥样品中的PHA含量。该方法的研究为污泥胞内PHA的快速表征和定量分析提供了新的分析方法。     

基于小波变换的航空红外图像目标检测的预处理

提出了一种基于高斯小波变换的航空红外图像的目标边缘自动提取的新方法。该方法利用小波变换良好的噪声抑制能力及完备的边缘保持能力 ,能够有效的对红外图像进行目标边缘提取、目标增强及噪声抑制等预处理工作。结果表明 ,该方法对红外航空图片的边缘提取能做到快捷、准确、有效     

基于中值预滤波的航空图像小波去噪算法研究

结合航空图像的噪声来源与图像特性,提出一种基于中值预滤波的图像小波去噪算法.图像首先经中值滤波器进行预滤波,滤除随机的脉冲式噪声,然后对处理后的图像进行小波变换,与给定阈值相比,对可明显判为信号或噪声的系数进行相应处理;对不确定为信号或噪声的系数进行多尺度上的相关性追溯,判别其归属后进行处理.实验结果表明:该方法客观上提高了图像的信噪比,主观上使去噪后的图像纹理分明,能更好地适合人眼的视觉特性,有利于航空图像的分析、判读.     

Combining a theoretical approach and practical considerations for establishing aircraft noise charge schemes

This research has developed a systematic aircraft noise charge scheme, based on noise social costs, with a view to its application in Taiwan. The paper starts with a brief review of current structures and applications of noise charges, a market-based measure, in mitigating aircraft noise worldwide. The evaluation of aircraft noise social cost is an attempt at putting noise nuisance into monetary terms. The total and average noise social cost per flight at one airport is clearly different from another, depending mainly on the size of the noise contour and the number of residents affected. This research estimates the average noise social costs at various airports, using nine Taiwanese airports as case studies. Depending on the marginal impact of a flight and the mixture of aircraft types at each airport, the noise social cost per landing and take-off is then estimated for different aircraft types. The results of this study can inform airport, airline and local administration policies for taking environmental concerns into account when setting up noise charges, revising noise insulation schemes, and developing strategies for airport expansion and airline operations.     

Noise mitigation action plan of Pisa civil and military airport and its effects on people exposure

The “Galileo Galilei” airport is a civil and military airport quite close to central Pisa. Although the airport brings benefits in terms of tourism and different types of income, the air traffic growth exacerbates the exposition to aircraft noise. This could significantly affect public health. To this day, a small number of studies takes into account the standard indicators of Europe by considering noise emission data for military aircrafts. We estimated the noise impact produced by the airport and we evaluated the related exposed population by using the Integrated Noise Model (INM). The noise power levels of both commercial and military flights have been considered as an input to the model. Predicted levels were validated by means of a noise-monitoring network. A new tracking system (AirNav Radar) that captures Automatic Identification System (AIS) signals emitted by each aircraft has been used to emulate takeoff and landing procedures. This improves the accuracy of the input to the model. We simulated noise maps for present and future scenarios, including those following the application of noise reduction measures. For each situation, we also estimated the exposure of the population and the percentages of highly annoyed and highly sleep disturbed people. We show the utility of AIS data and their specific elaboration to draw up noise abatement measures in order to reduce the noise impact on population and allow the airport development.     

Annoyance with aircraft noise in local recreational areas and the recreationists' noise situation at home

Few socioacoustic studies have examined the effect of noise on outdoor recreationists. Most studies concentrate on one setting of the everyday life of a noise-exposed population, which mainly has been the residential setting. This article relates annoyance with aircraft noise in outdoor recreational areas to the recreationists' noise situation at home. In conjunction with the relocation of the main airport of Norway in 1998, field studies were conducted before and after the change in one area near the old airport (1930 survey respondents), and one area near the new airport (1001 survey respondents). Multivariate linear regression analyses of the relationship between annoyance and aircraft noise exposure (LAeq for the aircraft events) in the recreational areas were conducted, controlled for noise annoyance at home, or aircraft noise exposure at home, the situation (before/ after the change), context- and demographic variables. People more highly annoyed at home tended to be more annoyed than others while in the recreational areas. A significant effect of aircraft noise exposure at home on annoyance in the recreational setting was not found. More research is warranted regarding the relationship between noise exposure at home and outdoor recreational demands.     

Noise assessment and mitigation schemes for Hurghada airport

In recent years, concern over airport noise and its impact on surrounding communities has been spurred by a continual growth in air traffic together with urban development in close proximity to many airports around the world. This paper aims at studying the case of Hurghada airport, Egypt, with a focus on evaluating, both theoretically and practically, the airport noise and its impact on the city of Hurghada. Extensive field measurements of aircraft noise were undertaken at key locations in the city, including points lying within the premises of the Hurghada airport. The aircraft noise was also modeled using the integrated noise model (INM) in order to simulate the current and future noise levels based upon the anticipated steady increase in flight operations. Such forecasts are of particular importance for Hurghada as the number of flights is expected to grow steadily over the next decade, accompanied with an increase in urban growth for coastal resorts. Based on the actual measurements and computer simulation, noise mitigation schemes are suggested to alleviate current and future impacts.     

The fifteenth Sir Richard Fairey memorial lecture: The quieter airport

Aircraft noise as a social problem arrived less than a quarter of a century ago with the jets and has been a significant factor in airport planning and the development of air transport ever since. This paper explains how the industry has responded, with the introduction of operating techniques, and how Governments have introduced controls, both designed to mitigate the effects of aircraft noise as far as possible, for people living near major airports. It shows that considerable success has been achieved and expresses the belief that as a result the worst is passed. The author also demonstrates that there are two sides to airport operations, noise nuisance, the main effects of which are confined to a relatively small area around the airport, is more than balanced by the economic benefits deriving from its operation. These are enjoyed within the immediate environs of the airport and spread widely to the region in which it is located and ultimately to the nation as a whole.     

Annoyance with aircraft noise in local recreational areas, contingent on changes in exposure and other context variables

Few socioacoustic studies have examined the effect of noise on outdoor recreationists. The areas studied have been mountain and wilderness areas that people typically travel for a distance to visit. In this article we examine the reactions to aircraft noise in local recreational areas experiencing either decreased (1930 survey respondents), or increased noise exposure (1001 survey respondents). Field studies were conducted before and after the relocation the main airport of Norway in 1998 in one area near each airport. The relationship between individual noise exposure (LAeq for the aircraft events, percentage of time aircraft were audible, and LAsel) for the aircraft events. The analyses included the "situation" in which data were collected (before or after the relocation), and variables describing the recreational context. A strong effect of the "situation" was found in both cases, but the size of the effect was influenced by the choice of exposure variable in one of the study areas. Other context variables were also influencing annoyance. The effect of the situation (before/after a change in exposure) on the dose-response relationship may be influenced by the initial noise levels, the amount of change, and the time elapsed since the change at the time of the second survey. Further research should investigate the significance of these variables.     

Noise abatement measures at airports: Contributing factors and mutual dependence

Airports are known to cause noise-related environmental concerns, mostly because significant environmental impact correlated with operation of airports arises from aircraft generated noise. In order to address this concern, many airports have applied a variety of actions that alleviate negative effects of noise i.e. noise abatement measures (NAMs). Although there are similarities between airports applying some of the NAMs, numbers and types of applied measures are quite different among them. This paper focuses on finding statistical evidence to support the hypothesis that there is a significant correlation between applied NAMs and specific characteristics related to airports. To determine the reasons why airports apply NAMs, a logistic regression method was used on the data set for 246 European airports. As predictor variables, five specific characteristics related to airports (number of runways, number of aircraft movements, distance from the city, population of the city it serves, per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of the country an airport is located in), and ten NAMs based on their mutual dependencies were used. The results demonstrate a significant correlation between the applied NAMs and particular airport-related characteristics, but also between NAMs themselves. These findings can be used to determine the likelihood of applying a particular NAM to any airport, based on the characteristics that show a significant correlation with the corresponding NAM.