机场飞机噪声评价方法与控制途径

在确定修建机场之前应进行飞机噪声评价,以便判别是否适于修建机场,并提出控制飞机噪声的措施。近来我国修建的机场很多,但是至今尚未订出一套完整的机场飞机噪声评价方法,更没有一套行之有效的控制飞机噪声污染的措施。本文对这两个问题作了粗浅的探讨,主要介绍机场飞机噪声评价指标、飞机噪声污染预测图的编制、机场飞机噪声控制的措施等。     

城市道路交通噪声烦恼度社会调查

本文以烦恼度为主观反应指标,采用三种5级程度衡量尺度,对西安市内三条主要干道和两类典型交叉口附近区域内的道路交通噪声进行了烦恼度问卷调查。此次调查针对人口统计学因素(性别、年龄、文化程度、身体健康状况)上的个体差异与等级描述词不同的程度尺度可能对道路交通噪声烦恼度调查结果的影响,以及特定路况条件下的噪声烦恼度与不同机动车辆的行驶噪声烦恼度展开了研究。通过对调查数据的分析处理,发现并初步总结出:与选取不同的烦恼度尺度相比,人口统计学因素对调查结果的影响更加显著;人口统计学因素与特定路况条件下的噪声烦恼度及不同机动车辆的行驶噪声烦恼度无明显相关;但不同机动车辆的行驶噪声烦恼度不同,实际研究中需对摩托车噪声加以重视并区别对待。     

混合算法优化的乘用车舱内噪声感知烦恼度神经网络建模

针对传统乘用车舱内噪声感知烦恼度量化模型精度低的问题,提出了一种利用混合算法优化的神经网络模型预测舱内噪声感知烦恼度的评价方法。此混合算法融合麻雀搜索算法(SSA)和遗传算法(GA),对反向传播(BP)神经网络进行优化,根据声品质主客观评价数据,建立SSA-GA-BP网络的乘用车舱内噪声感知烦恼度客观量化模型,与BP模型、GA-BP模型、SSA-BP模型进行对比分析。结果表明, SSA-GA-BP模型能够实现更高的预测精度,更接近主观评价数值,泛化能力更强,可替代传统的声品质主观评价实验。     

车辆噪声烦恼度的音色表达

烦恼度作为评价噪声对人影响的重要指标,受到广泛重视并获得应用。通过主观评价实验和数据统计分析,从音色角度对城市典型车辆噪声烦恼度进行建模并给予物理解释。研究发现:(1)车辆噪声烦恼度音色空间由四个维度构成;(2)利用多元线性回归方法给出的车辆噪声烦恼度模型与声样本烦恼度拟合较好;(3)烦恼度空间维度与特定频谱特性具有较高的相关性。研究结果为车辆噪声烦恼度建模及降噪设计提供了新的思路。      

北京机场周围1984年的飞机噪声

本文介绍了1984年11月对北京机场飞机噪声的测量评价及噪声等值线图.对控制机场噪声提出了一些措施.     

基于掩蔽特性的噪声品质评估研究

针对宽带噪声的频谱特点和人耳听觉的掩蔽特性,提出了一种噪声掩蔽的等效原则,以及一种新的烦恼度指数的计算方法。在采用时频分析的方法,结合统计学规律,辨识出噪声中致人烦恼的频率成份之后,利用该烦恼度指数可度量各频率成份的烦恼程度,从而建立了一种噪声品质评估模型。试验研究的结果表明:基于掩蔽特性的噪声品质评估模型可以快捷而准确地识别噪声中烦恼的频率成份,并与人耳主观辨识的结果具有良好的一致性。     

某军用机场飞机噪声暴露的模化研究

针对军用机场飞机飞行训练方式复杂多变,飞机噪声影响存在范围大、不均匀及单次事件噪声突出的特点,本文结合某军用机场实地调研测试资料,综合考察了现行评价指标对该机场飞机噪声暴露的模化效果,指出了现行指标在反映军用飞机瞬时噪声和高峰时段噪声对人的冲击影响方面的不足,提出了相应的改进措施建议,给出了高峰时段LWECPN和最大A声级LAmax两个改进指标,并分析确立了各评价指标的标准限值。最后结合调研机场的数据资料对评价指标的有效性进行了验证。论文的研究成果对军用机场飞机噪声暴露的拓展研究和通用评价指标体系的构建具有很好的参考作用。     

螺旋桨空化噪声连续谱仿真算法

螺旋桨空化噪声连续谱由大量空泡随机崩溃所辐射噪声叠加而成。据此,考虑到空泡初始崩溃时刻的随机性和各空泡辐射噪声频谱的相似性,对四种情况空化辐射噪声连续谱特性分别进行了理论分析表明,可依据空泡半径和初始崩溃时间的统计性质,采用蒙特卡罗方法对空化噪声连续谱波形进行仿真建模,模型参数为空泡半径期望值、差异度和随机度,分别相应于确定辐射噪声的基准波形、各空泡噪声频谱相似程度和大量空泡的随机崩溃过程。该方法输入参数物理意义明确,控制简单,能较好地仿真空化噪声连续谱的特性,仿真结果与理论分析吻合较好。     

纳米器件电流噪声的散射理论统一模型研究

传统散射理论在研究器件噪声特性时,并没有考虑非相干输运和库仑作用对散粒噪声的抑制,而在实际纳米器件中这两种效应不可忽略.本文基于散射区等效接触端模型推导了考虑上述两种效应的电流噪声散射理论统一模型,该模型适用于从相干输运到非相干输运的整个输运区,并同时考虑了泡利不相容原理和库仑作用对散粒噪声的抑制.本文也提出了一种基于统一模型的电流噪声数值模拟方法,该方法所得散射区特性与散射区等效接触端模型特性一致. 关键词： 电流噪声 散射理论 统一模型     

采用生理响度感知机制的车内噪声声品质预测

现有车内噪声声品质预测的响度计算中没有考虑真实人耳生理解剖结构的传声特性,因此提出了一种基于生理响度感知模型的车内噪声声品质预估方法。首先,采集两款轿车的车内噪声样本,并通过主观评价试验得到车内噪声的主观评价烦恼度。之后,整合中耳集总参数模型与耳蜗传输线模型,构建生理响度模型。然后,以生理响度模型的响度计算值为主要参数,结合尖锐度、粗糙度与车内噪声的主观评价值,通过TabNet模型构建了车辆声品质预测模型。最终,对比分析了所构建声品质模型与基于现有标准响度模型所构建的声品质模型的预测效果。结果表明,采用生理响度模型的声品质预测平均误差百分比仅有4.73%,优于采用Moore响度(6.13%)与Zwicker响度(6.94%)的声品质预测结果。此外,所构建的TabNet声品质预测模型的平均误差百分比也低于基于BP神经网络模型的平均误差百分比(7.60%)。采用生理响度模型的TabNet声品质预测能够提高车内噪声声品质客观评价的准确率。     

Effect of background noise levels on community annoyance from aircraft noise

A study of community annoyance caused by exposures to civil aircraft noise was carried out in 20 sites around Gimpo and Gimhae international airports to investigate the effect of background noise in terms of dose-effect relationships between aircraft noise levels and annoyance responses under real conditions. Aircraft noise levels were mainly measured using airport noise monitoring systems, B&K type 3597. Social surveys were administered to people living within 100 m of noise measurement sites. The question relating to the annoyance of aircraft noise was answered on an 11-point numerical scale. The randomly selected respondents, who were aged between 18 and 70 years, completed the questionnaire independently. In total, 753 respondents participated in social surveys. The result shows that annoyance responses in low background noise regions are much higher than those in high background noise regions, even though aircraft noise levels are the same. It can be concluded that the background noise level is one of the important factors on the estimation of community annoyance from aircraft noise exposure.     

The relationship between civil aircraft noise and community annoyance in Korea

Studies of community annoyance caused by civil aircraft noise exposure were carried out in 18 areas around Gimpo and Gimhae international airports in order to accumulate social survey data and assess the relationship between aircraft noise levels and annoyance responses in Korea. WECPNL, adopted as the aircraft noise index in Korea, and the percentage of respondents who felt highly annoyed (%HA) have been used to assess the dose-response of aircraft noise. Aircraft noise levels were measured automatically by airport noise monitoring system, B&K type 3597. Social surveys were carried out to people living within 100 m of noise measurement points. The Questionnaire used in the survey contained demographic factors, noise annoyance, interference with daily activities and health-related symptoms. The question relating to the aircraft noise annoyance was answered on an 11-point numerical scale. The randomly selected respondents who were aged between 18 and 70 years completed the questionnaire by themselves. In total, 705 respondents participated in the questionnaire. The results show that WECPNL, noise metric considering characteristics of event and intrusive noise, is more reasonable than L_dn, noise metric considering total sound, to assess the effects of aircraft noise on health. It is also shown that the annoyance responses caused by aircraft noise in Korea seems higher than those reported in other countries.     

Interactive simulation of aircraft noise in aural and visual virtual environments

This paper describes a novel aircraft noise simulation technique developed at RWTH Aachen University, which makes use of aircraft noise auralization and 3D visualization to make aircraft noise both heard and seen in immersive Virtual Reality (VR) environments. This technique is intended to be used to increase the residents’ acceptance of aircraft noise by presenting noise changes in a more directly relatable form, and also aid in understanding what contributes to the residents’ subjective annoyance via psychoacoustic surveys. This paper describes the technique as well as some of its initial applications. The reasoning behind the development of such a technique is that the issue of aircraft noise experienced by residents in airport vicinities is one of subjective annoyance. Any efforts at noise abatement have been conventionally presented to residents in terms of noise level reductions in conventional metrics such as A-weighted level or equivalent sound level L_eq. This conventional approach however proves insufficient in increasing aircraft noise acceptance due to two main reasons – firstly, the residents have only a rudimentary understanding of changes in decibel and secondly, the conventional metrics do not fully capture what the residents actually find annoying i.e. characteristics of aircraft noise they find least acceptable. In order to allow least resistance to air-traffic expansion, the acceptance of aircraft noise has to be increased, for which such a new approach to noise assessment is required.     

Annoyance with aircraft noise in local recreational areas and the recreationists' noise situation at home

Few socioacoustic studies have examined the effect of noise on outdoor recreationists. Most studies concentrate on one setting of the everyday life of a noise-exposed population, which mainly has been the residential setting. This article relates annoyance with aircraft noise in outdoor recreational areas to the recreationists' noise situation at home. In conjunction with the relocation of the main airport of Norway in 1998, field studies were conducted before and after the change in one area near the old airport (1930 survey respondents), and one area near the new airport (1001 survey respondents). Multivariate linear regression analyses of the relationship between annoyance and aircraft noise exposure (LAeq for the aircraft events) in the recreational areas were conducted, controlled for noise annoyance at home, or aircraft noise exposure at home, the situation (before/ after the change), context- and demographic variables. People more highly annoyed at home tended to be more annoyed than others while in the recreational areas. A significant effect of aircraft noise exposure at home on annoyance in the recreational setting was not found. More research is warranted regarding the relationship between noise exposure at home and outdoor recreational demands.     

Aircraft noise annoyance estimation: UK time-pattern effects

An improvement appears to be possible in estimating UK aircraft noise annoyance. This is based on a more detailed analysis and modelling of the data supporting the present UK aircraft noise policies. There is empirical evidence that people’s real-life annoyance at aircraft noise is in part determined by its time-patterns. People benefit from Heathrow’s regular and predictable alternation cycles on westerly operations, equivalent to an effective dB(A) Leq value for that operational mode some 2-dB less than the measured dB(A) Leq. This correction is statistically controlled for people whose work/business is connected with Heathrow. The implications of a time-pattern correction would be significant for UK airport noise contours.     

Aircraft noise annoyance modeling: Consideration of noise sensitivity and of different annoying acoustical characteristics

Noise annoyance due to aircraft flyover noise was assessed under laboratory conditions. The main objectives of the study were: (i) to identify influential acoustical features of noise annoyance, (ii) to propose noise indices to characterize these acoustical features and (iii) to enhance annoyance models including influential acoustical and non-acoustical variables. Therefore, a verbalization task was performed by the participants of the experiment to collect their whole impression concerning the aircraft flyover noises for which they rated annoyance. This verbalization task highlights that noise annoyance was influenced by three main acoustical features: (i) the spectral content, (ii) the temporal variation and (iii) the perceived sound intensity. Four combinations of noise indices were used to propose multilevel annoyance models, in combination with the individual noise sensitivity. Noise sensitivity was found to highly contribute to annoyance models and should therefore be considered in future studies dealing with noise annoyance due to aircraft noise. Different combinations of noise indices coupled with noise sensitivity were found to be promising for future studies that aim to enhance current annoyance models.     

Spatial patterns in community response to aircraft noise associated with non-noise factors

Non-noise aspects of airport operations may affect individuals' responses to aircraft noise. Fear of crashes, other forms of pollution, and proximity to the flight path are three such non-noise aspects which have spatial patterns that are closely related to the pattern of noise contours around an airport. If these variables affect response to aircraft noise, they may therefore confound attempts to understand relationships between noise level and community response. Analyses based on data from 673 individuals around Toronto International Airport suggest that these factors do affect annoyance responses, but do not affect reported activity interference. Hence it may prove fruitful, in aggregate analyses of community response data, to control for these variables in order to better understand the noise-annoyance relationships.     

Trends in aircraft noise annoyance: the role of study and sample characteristics

Recently, it has been suggested that the annoyance of residents at a given aircraft noise exposure level increases over the years. The objective of the present study was to verify the hypothesized trend and to identify its possible causes. To this end, the large database used to establish earlier exposure-response relationships on aircraft noise was updated with original data from several recent surveys, yielding a database with data from 34 separate airports. Multilevel grouped regression was used to determine the annoyance response per airport, after which meta-regression was used to investigate whether study characteristics could explain the heterogeneity in annoyance response between airports. A significant increase over the years was observed in annoyance at a given level of aircraft noise exposure. Furthermore, the type of annoyance scale, the type of contact, and the response percentage were found to be sources of heterogeneity. Of these, only the scale factor could statistically account for the trend, although other findings rule it out as a satisfactory explanation. No evidence was found for increased self-reported noise sensitivity. The results are of importance to the applicability of current exposure-annoyance relationships for aircraft noise and provide a basis for decisions on whether these need to be updated.     

Combining a theoretical approach and practical considerations for establishing aircraft noise charge schemes

This research has developed a systematic aircraft noise charge scheme, based on noise social costs, with a view to its application in Taiwan. The paper starts with a brief review of current structures and applications of noise charges, a market-based measure, in mitigating aircraft noise worldwide. The evaluation of aircraft noise social cost is an attempt at putting noise nuisance into monetary terms. The total and average noise social cost per flight at one airport is clearly different from another, depending mainly on the size of the noise contour and the number of residents affected. This research estimates the average noise social costs at various airports, using nine Taiwanese airports as case studies. Depending on the marginal impact of a flight and the mixture of aircraft types at each airport, the noise social cost per landing and take-off is then estimated for different aircraft types. The results of this study can inform airport, airline and local administration policies for taking environmental concerns into account when setting up noise charges, revising noise insulation schemes, and developing strategies for airport expansion and airline operations.     

An assessment of certain causal models used in surveys on aircraft noise annoyance

The causal relationships which have so far been proposed between aircraft noise exposure, annoyance and certain “psycho-social” variables (fear of aircraft crashing, general attitude towards aviation, etc.), are re-analysed, and it is demonstrated that by using correlational analysis one can arrive at contradictory results. From the sociological surveys undertaken to date, one can derive only an ordered sequence of verbal reactions to aircraft noise, and not a causal sequence between these verbal reactions: the only clear cause of annoyance is the noise itself.It is suggested that future surveys on noise annoyance should include personality tests and health questionnaires, if one wishes to establish reliable causal sequences.