用于电子芯片的热电制冷器性能分析与评估

为了探究热电制冷器(Thermoelectric Cooler, TEC)对电子芯片的散热效果以及自身性能的发挥,建立了TEC风冷散热模型进行有限元分析。通过对不同热源表面温度、TEC冷热端温差、制冷速率等关键参数的研究分析,得到了电流、热源表面温度和外界散热条件对TEC散热性能的影响规律,通过有限元分析评估了不同条件下TEC的有效工况以及适用范围。结果表明：在一定的环境温度和散热条件下存在最佳电流,使得TEC的适用工况范围最大;适用范围随着环境温度的升高而有所扩大。     

基于分布式的热电制冷方案与效能分析

研究了单个热电制冷控制单元的设计原理和工作机制,详细分析了热电制冷单元散热模型和主要参数之间的关系式。在此基础上,提出了基于分布式的热电制冷控制单元的工作原理和制冷效果,并以非均匀产生热量的电子芯片为散热对象,论证了基于分布式热电制冷控制方案的可行性,并通过实验测试验证了制冷效率在非均匀产生热量的芯片中更高。     

计算机CPU芯片散热技术

随着计算机CPU芯片朝高集成化、小型化和高频化趋势发展,为CPU提供高效的散热方案成为全球关注的研究热点。阐述了高温对CPU性能影响的机理,综述了常用的CPU散热技术如风冷、水冷散热、热电制冷及热管散热和微槽道散热技术的原理,研究进展及优缺点,并对这一领域的发展前景进行了展望。     

新型热电热泵冷风机的性能研究

设计了一种新型热电热泵冷风机,建立了基于热阻网络法和换热器理论的热电热泵冷风机的数学模型,推导得出了能够有效表征该热电风机制冷性能的多参数耦合方程,并利用该模型分析了制冷片工作电流、散热热阻和新风流量的影响。然后以最大效率和最大制冷量、最小制冷片冷热端温差为综合最优为目标,对以上影响因素提出了最优控制方案,并进一步讨论了热电热泵风机的性能优化方法。该多参数耦合分析方法,对于热电冷风机的研究具有很好的参考价值。     

液冷服系统性能试验研究

当前采用蒸汽压缩制冷技术的液冷服主要用于装备,由于存在尺寸大、重量重等问题,无法满足其他用户需求。通过设计一款以水为载冷剂、采用蒸汽压缩制冷技术的液冷服系统,其制冷单元重量为2. 7 kg,尺寸为184 mm×200 mm×93 mm。由液冷服传热模型分析确定额定制冷量为180 W(环境温度43℃时)。经性能试验得出,环境温度为43、50℃时的制冷量分别为185、80 W;环境温度为43℃,出液温度23、28℃时制冷量分别为220、256 W;压缩机转速为5 400、6 300 r/min时制冷量分别为100、163 W;系统准备时间为3. 5 min;连续运行120 h未出现漏水、不制冷等现象;测定噪声为59. 5 d B(A)。该产品具有尺寸小、重量轻、运行温度范围宽、冷量输出可调节、准备时间短、运行可靠等特点,能达到为人体降温的目的。     

热电制冷式温湿度调节机的散热技术研究

基于热电制冷的温湿度调节机的制冷和除湿性能主要受其热端散热性能的制约。为了探究热电制冷式温湿度调节机热端散热性能的影响因素,该研究在实际项目的基础上设计了三组实验,分别用于探究风机安装方式,风速大小以及散热翅片间距对其散热性能的影响。结果表明,在所研究的六种风机安装方式中,单风扇单侧吹风的安装方式在实际工程中可以达到相对最佳的散热效果,且其最适宜的风速为5 m/s,最佳散热翅片间距为4 mm,于实际工程来说具有重要的参考意义。     

过冷技术在蒸气压缩制冷系统中应用的研究现状

分析了在压缩蒸汽制冷循环中增加液体制冷剂的过冷度后,对循环制冷性能的影响;综述了机械式过冷、依靠自身冷量过冷、冰蓄冷式过冷和基于热电原理的过冷四种过冷方式的研究现状。通过对比发现,这些过冷方式一方面以牺牲一部分制冷量来获得过冷,另一方面则是增加了能量的消耗,对整个系统而言并不一定能达到节能的目的。然而对于基于热电原理的过冷技术而言,热电元件结构简单、运行稳定,在很小的温差下,具有很高的制冷效率;但是其热端散热不佳,是制约其制冷效率低的主要原因,文中提出采用热管为其散热,保证热电元件在高效率下运行,可以达到节能的目的。     

天基望远镜探测器组件热电制冷系统设计与试验

天基空间望远镜探测器必须采用主动制冷方式以满足其噪声抑制需求.为此,采用热电制冷为核心技术,开展了探测器热电制冷器封装设计、热电制冷器热排散系统设计、热电制冷控制系统设计,并从抑制寄生漏热、降低热电制冷器热排散路径热阻两方面进行了优化,以减小热电制冷器输入功率及辐射散热面积.根据帕尔帖效应、焦耳效应、傅里叶效应,获得了净制冷量、热端散热热阻、热端边界温度等环境特性参数与热电制冷器输入电流、电压、功率等工作特性参数间的关系,并分析了制冷热负荷、热端散热热阻与热电制冷器输入功率间的敏感度.研制了望远镜鉴定产品,并开展了真空热平衡试验.试验结果表明系统设计合理有效,能够将探测器制冷至-75℃温度水平,稳定度可达到±0.2℃.基于环境条件及热电制冷器工作参数等试验数据,对比并修正了热分析模型.研究结果可为类似空间望远镜热电制冷系统的研制提供参考和借鉴.     

热电制冷LED自然对流散热的设计与优化

为提升高热流密度下LED灯具的自然对流散热性能,以一款基于热电制冷（TEC）的单颗LED小型灯具模组为研究对象,在采用实验测量和回归拟合准确获得TEC性能参数的基础上,建立了有无TEC参与散热的等效热路模型,并选择合理的数学公式对其进行性能描述,进而遵循本文设计的计算流程快速得到各种散热性能数据。LED模组的散热分析表明：在恒定的LED热功率下,施加最佳的TEC电流可获得最高的散热性能;LED热功率越低,安装TEC的散热性能越比常规方法优异。经遗传算法优化前后的性能对比分析表明：优化后结构中TEC的合理工作区明显增大,能满足LED更高功率的散热需求;当LED为0.493 W时,优化后结构的最佳结温仅为15.66℃,远低于30℃的环境温度。基于TEC实验数据建立的等效热路模型,能为装配TEC的LED模组提供快速完整的散热设计分析与结构优化的合理方案。     

基于改进PSO-PID控制器的UDC散热优化研究

设计了一种基于改进PSO-PID控制器的海底数据中心(UDC)液冷装置，通过分析装置的散热性能与冷却液的流动性能，建立电机驱动模型，实时调整管道内部水流速度。同时该装置能够对附着于管道内部的杂质进行自清洁，有效地提高了UDC液冷装置控制系统的性能指标，降低管道内部热量分布不均匀等问题发生的概率。仿真实验结果表明，该液冷装置能够在合理的误差范围内动态调节水流速度，以低能耗获得较为优良的散热效果。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.     

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by a pyroelectric camera

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz (THz) imaging is demonstrated. A 1.89-THz optically-pumped farinfrared laser is used as the illumination source, and a 124 × 124 element room-temperature pyroelectric camera is adopted as the detector. With this setup, THz images through various wrapping materials are shown. The results show that this imaging system has the potential applications in real-time mail and security inspection.