Age-induced oxide on cleaved surface of layered GaSe single crystals

It is shown that a long-term keeping of a layered gallium monoselenide at room temperature results in formation of the intrinsic oxide at a cleaved surface of semiconductor. It is found that the chemical compositions of the intrinsic oxide at the surfaces of the intentionally undoped and doped samples of GaSe are different. The electrical properties of the GaSe-intrinsic oxide system are presented. It is established that intrinsic oxide films at the surface of GaSe are characterized by current instability with N-type current-voltage characteristic. The influence of relative humidity on changes of capacitance and surface resistivity of the intrinsic oxide is also discussed.     

低温下单壁碳纳米管拉曼光谱温度效应研究

在单壁碳纳米管的低温拉曼光谱测量过程中,发现径向呼吸模(RBM)和正切拉伸模(GM)的拉曼频移在低温下的温度效应和在高温时的温度效应存在着很大的区别,在低温下拉曼光谱的频移和温度并不呈线性关系。而且,在温度为210K时,单壁碳纳米管内部的振动结构可能发生了变化。在低温下单壁碳纳米管拉曼峰的强度的变化是不可逆的。     

On the acoustic performance of rectangular splitter silencers in the presence of mean flow

Dissipative splitter silencers are often used to reduce the noise emitted in ventilation and gas turbine systems. It is well known that the acoustic performance of a splitter silencer changes under the influence of the convective effects of a mean gas flow and so in this article a theoretical model is developed to include the effects of mean flow. The theoretical model is based on a hybrid finite element method which enables the inclusion of bull nose fairings and a perforated screen separating the mean gas flow from a bulk reacting porous material. Predictions are compared against experimental measurements obtained both with and without mean flow. Good agreement between prediction and measurement is generally observed in the absence of mean flow, although it is seen that for silencers with a low percentage open area the silencer insertion loss is over predicted at higher frequencies. When mean flow is present, problems with the experimental methodology are observed at relatively modest mean flow velocities, and so comparison between prediction and experiment is limited to relatively low face velocities. However, experiment and theory both show that the insertion loss reduces at low frequencies when mean flow is in the direction of sound propagation, and at high frequencies the influence of mean flow is generally much smaller. Following additional theoretical investigations it is concluded that the influence of mean flow on splitter silencer performance should be accounted for at low frequencies when silencer airway velocities are greater than about 20 m/s; however, at higher frequencies one may generally neglect the effect of mean flow, even at higher velocities. Predictions obtained using the hybrid method are also compared to a simplified point collocation approach and it is demonstrated that the computationally efficient point collocation method may be used to investigate the effects of mean flow in a splitter silencer without loss of accuracy.     

Ion Beam Analysis of the Annealing Behavior of Helium in Ti Films

We present a theoretical calculation finding that a spectrum from ion beam analysis will change at different stopping cross sections. This is more visible at a deeper place in the sample. Helium-contained Ti films annealed at different temperatures are prepared to gain different stopping cross sections whereby the stopping cross section will change with the helium phase states and the pressure of helium bubbles. Then ion beam analysis is used to measure the concentration of helium. It is found that the concentration curve rises greatly after the sample is annealed at 673K which reflects the increasing size of the helium bubble. The results axe consistent with that of positron annihilation radiation spectra which are performed by using a changeable energy positron beam.     

Comment on “smooth and discontinuous signature change in general relativity”

Kossowski and Kriele derived boundary conditions on the metric at a surface of signature change. We point out that their derivation is based not only on certain smoothness assumptions but also on a postulated form of the Einstein field equations. Since there is no canonical form of the field equations at a change of signature, their conclusions are not inescapable. We show here that a weaker formulation is possible, in which less restrictive smoothness assumptions are made, and (a slightly different form of) the Einstein field equations are satisfied. In particular, in this formulation it is possible to have a bounded energy-momentum tensor at a change of signature without satisfying their condition that the extrinsic curvature vanish.     

On singularities, horizons, invariants, and the results of Antoci, Liebscher and Mihich (Gen Relativ Gravit 38, 15 (2006) and earlier)

Antoci et al. have argued that the horizons of the boost-rotation, Kerr and Schwarzschild solutions are singular, having shown that a certain invariantly defined acceleration scalar blows up at the horizons. Their examples do not satisfy the usual definition of a singularity. It is argued that using the same term is seriously misleading and it is shown that such divergent functions are natural concomitants of regular horizons. In particular it is noted that the divergence is given by the special relativistic approximation to the overall metric. Earlier work on characterization of horizons by invariants is revisited, a new invariant criterion for them is proposed, and the relation of the acceleration invariant to the Cartan invariants, which are finite at the horizons and completely determine the spacetimes, is examined for the C-metric, Kerr and Schwarzschild cases. An appendix considers coordinate identifications at axes and horizons.     

BeO高压相变和声子谱的第一性原理计算

采用第一性原理方法计算了BeO在零温时的高压相变和三种结构在零温零压时的声子谱.相变的计算表明,在122GPa左右的压力下BeO会发生从纤锌矿(B4)结构到氯化钠(B1)结构的相变,而闪锌矿(B3)结构在零温零压下是一种可能的亚稳态结构.采用冷声子方法计算了这三种结构的BeO在零温零压下的声子谱.计算结果表明:B1结构在零温零压下是一种不稳定的结构;尽管B4结构和B3结构具有明显的相似性,仍然可以通过声子谱来很好的区分.最后根据准简谐近似理论计算得到了BeO的高温高压相图.     

Edge electroluminescence of single-crystal silicon at 80 K: Structures based on a high-efficiency solar cell

The spectral, kinetic, and energy characteristics of edge luminescence of silicon light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with radiating surface area of 0.055 cm² are studied at a temperature of 80 K over a wide range of pulsed currents. The LEDs are fabricated by cutting a high-efficiency solar cell. In contrast to a number of less effective silicon LEDs studied earlier, the external quantum efficiency of our LEDs at a fixed current at 80 K is higher than that at 300 K and its maximum value is about 0.4%. Despite the occurrence of Auger recombination, a record-high emissive power per unit surface area P = 0.2 W/cm² is attained at a pulsed current of 12 A. It is shown that this record value is achieved largely because the mechanism of radiative recombination is changed at large currents. The conditions are analyzed under which the free-exciton luminescence is changed to electron-hole plasma luminescence.     

Spatial firm competition in two dimensions with linear transportation costs: simulations and analytical results

Models of spatial firm competition assume that customers are distributed in space andtransportation costs are associated with their purchases of products from a small numberof firms that are also placed at definite locations. It has been long known that thecompetition equilibrium is not guaranteed to exist if the most straightforward lineartransportation costs are assumed. We show by simulations and also analytically that ifperiodic boundary conditions in a plane are assumed, the equilibrium exists for a pair offirms at any distance. When a larger number of firms is considered, we find that theirtotal equilibrium profit is inversely proportional to the square root of the number offirms. We end with a numerical investigation of the system’s behavior for a generaltransportation cost exponent.     

Space solitons in gas mixtures

Evidences that there are incoherent space solitons at discharges in gas mixtures at normal conditions are presented. A new mechanism of optical quadratic nonlinearity responsible for an increase in the refraction index of gas mixture is considered. It is shown that an intense light produced at a discharge in a gas mixture is instable and optical incoherent spatial solitons appear in a form of thin spherical layers where an intense white light circulates in all possible directions and provides concentration of the mixture molecules with maximal refraction index.     

Number and location of zero-group-velocity modes

The frequency-wavenumber spectra of laminated media often exhibit anomalous modes with descending branches whose group velocity is negative, and these terminate at a minimum point at which the group velocity transitions from negative to positive. These minima are associated with resonant conditions in the medium, which have been clearly observed in experiments and in the nondestructive testing of laminated plates. Starting from first principles, this paper provides a theoretical analysis on the number and location of such zero-group-velocity (ZGV) modes for horizontally layered media bounded by any arbitrary combination of external boundaries. It is found that these ZGV points are few in number and show up mostly in low-order modes which are characterized by a negative second derivative at the cutoff frequencies, a condition that can readily be tested. It is also shown that the effective number of ZGVs is small even when the ratio of the dilatational and shear wave velocity is a rational number and there exist coincidences in cutoff frequencies, a condition that at first would suggest that the number of ZGVs is infinite. Finally, it is shown that the number of ZGVs decreases with the Poisson's ratio.     

Clarification of an apparent asymmetry in electromagnetic theory

The status of the advanced potential solution in electromagnetic theory is analyzed and assessed. It is shown that the advanced potential solution does not violate a causality argument and that its existence in electromagnetic theory is on an exactly equal footing with the retarded potential solution. The general potential solution is thus completely symmetric. It is further shown that there is no “one-sidedness” in nature; oscillating electrons and orbiting electrons are just as good at absorbing energy as they are at radiating it. These conclusions are sufficient to invalidate a number of theoretical models.     

The high-temperature behaviour of gallium and indium liquid metal ion sources

Energy distribution diagrams and derived data are presented for gallium and indium liquid metal ion sources operated at elevated temperatures. Results for the gallium source confirm that a secondary peak is formed on the energy distribution diagram at source temperatures above 250°C. Contrary to the findings of other research workers, data presented here show that the indium source displays similar characteristics to that of gallium. Off-axis data are also given, showing that secondary peak formation is not limited to the centre of the beam. Present hypotheses propose that secondary peak formation is the result of an increased contribution to emission by free-space field ionisation at elevated temperatures. Data presented here for the gallium and indium sources are discussed and the above hypotheses are examined. It is concluded that a field ionisation mechanism does not satisfactorily explain the form of the high temperature liquid metal ion source energy distributions.     

Lock-in and quasiperiodicity in hydrodynamically self-excited flames: Experiments and modelling

Hydrodynamically self-excited flames are often assumed to be insensitive to low-amplitude external forcing. To test this assumption, we apply acoustic forcing to a range of jet diffusion flames. These flames have regions of absolute instability at their base and this causes them to oscillate at discrete natural frequencies. We apply the forcing around these frequencies, at varying amplitudes, and measure the response leading up to lock-in. We then model the system as a forced van der Pol oscillator.Our results show that, contrary to some expectations, a hydrodynamically self-excited flame oscillating at one frequency is sensitive to forcing at other frequencies. When forced at low amplitudes, it responds at both frequencies as well as at several nearby frequencies, indicating quasiperiodicity. When forced at high amplitudes, it locks into the forcing. The critical forcing amplitude for lock-in increases both with the strength of the self-excited instability and with the deviation of the forcing frequency from the natural frequency. Qualitatively, these features are accurately predicted by the forced van der Pol oscillator. There are, nevertheless, two features that are not predicted, both concerning the asymmetries of lock-in. When forced below its natural frequency, the flame is more resistant to lock-in, and its oscillations at lock-in are stronger than those of the unforced flame. When forced above its natural frequency, the flame is less resistant to lock-in, and its oscillations at lock-in are weaker than those of the unforced flame. This last finding suggests that, for thermoacoustic systems, lock-in may not be as detrimental as it is thought to be.     

Roughness of stylolites: implications of 3D high resolution topography measurements

Stylolites are natural pressure-dissolution surfaces in sedimentary rocks. We present 3D high resolution measurements at laboratory scales of their complex roughness. The topography is shown to be described by a self-affine scaling invariance. At large scales, the Hurst exponent is zeta(1) approximately 0.5 and very different from that at small scales where zeta(2) approximately 1.2. A crossover length scale at around L(c)=1 mm is well characterized. Measurements are consistent with a Langevin equation that describes the growth of a stylolitic interface as a competition between stabilizing long range elastic interactions at large scales or local surface tension effects at small scales and a destabilizing quenched material disorder.     

The optical properties of SrTiO3 above 0.14 eV

The narrow absorption peak at 163 meV has been studied as a function of temperature. It is proposed that the peak is due to an electronic transition at a localised defect and that it and its satellites at higher energy are typical of a general class of absorption spectra in ionic crystals.     

Femtosecond primary and stimulated photon echoes in a dye-doped polymer film at room temperature

The signals of both primary and stimulated femtosecond photon echoes are observed and investigated in a dye-doped polymer film at room temperature using a modernized femtosecond echo-spectrometer. It should be noted that stimulated photon echo in the solid-state sample is observed for the first time at such a high temperature. Experimentally obtained decay curves of these signals have a nonexponential character. The spectra of these echo signals are also measured. It is found that the spectrum of the primary photon echo is short-wave shifted with respect to the spectrum of excitation. This can be used for the coherent laser cooling of a sample. The spectrum of the stimulated photon echo is also shifted to the short-wave range relative to the spectrum of excitation, but its shift is much less than that of the primary photon echo. The experiment shows that the femtosecond echo signals at room temperature are excited via the phonon-side band of the absorption line.     

LB薄膜中四新戊氧基酞菁锌和四壬基酞菁铜分子聚集体的吸收光谱的温度特性

本文制备了四新戊氧基酞菁锌(Tetra-neopentoxy phthalocyanine zine)(TNPPeZn)和四壬基酞菁铜(Tetra-nonyl phthalocyanine copper)(TNPeCu)两种酞菁衍生物的Langmuir-Blodgett(LB)薄膜.通过测量10～473K温度下的吸收光谱,研究了两种薄膜的分子聚集状态.TNPPeZn的LB薄膜中,存在着分子单体和分子二聚体,在吸收光谱中分别表现为680nm和620nm的吸收峰.随着温度的升高,分子单体逐渐转变为分子二聚体,这个过程是不可逆的.TNPeCu的LB薄膜中,除了分子单体和分子二聚体以外,还有吸收为740nm的分子J聚集体存在.随着温度的变化,J聚集体发生可逆变化.     

The two-loop β-function in models with extended rigid supersymmetry

The two-loop propagators and β-function of a general N =2 supersymmetric model comprising N = 2 Yang-Mills coupled to sets of N = 2 hypermultiplets are calculated by N = 1 supergraph techniques. It is shown that all such models are finite at two loops while a subset is also finite at the one-loop level. The calculation thus confirms the finiteness theorems, and shows that they are valid at the two-loop level even if the hypermultiplet is in a complex representation of the gauge group.