谐振式检测器指条厚度对质量型声表面波传感器灵敏度的影响

研究了谐振器指条厚度对质量型声表面波传感器灵敏度的影响.利用耦合模方程推导出耦合模参量与周期栅阵禁带边界频率的关系,结合有限元及P矩阵模型,获得了声表面波传感器灵敏度随指条厚度的变化关系。制备3种不同铝指条厚度(1600?,1900?,3100?)的声表面波谐振器,通过对其表面中心区域沉积SiO_2层验证了计算结果。结果表明:采用ST-X石英基底的声表面波谐振器对SiO_2负载检测时,传感器的灵敏度随铝指条厚度的增加先变大后减小,最优归一化指条厚度为1.9%。分析表明,指条厚度对传感器灵敏度的影响主要来自于传播速度和耦合系数的共同作用,通过优化指条厚度的方法可改善传感器的灵敏度.     

由于表面粗糙引起的激光声表面波色散的实验和理论研究

表面粗糙是材料制造过程中必有的副产物, 粗糙表面会引起其中传播的声表面波的速度发生变化. 在利用激光声表面波对材料性质进行评估时, 常用宽带的激光声表面波速度频散特性对材料性质进行反演. 为了研究表面粗糙度是否能作为反演的特征参数之一, 本文建立了激光在表面粗糙样品中激发声表面波、聚偏氟乙烯换能器宽带接收声表面波的实验装置来研究不同粗糙度表面对声表面波速度的影响; 理论上建立了激光在粗糙表面中激发声表面波的计算模型, 利用有限元法得到声表面波的时域特征, 并进一步得到声表面波的速度色散曲线, 理论结果和实验结果能很好地拟合. 这为利用激光声表面波对表面粗糙的评估提供理论和实验依据. 关键词： 表面粗糙 激光声表面波 速度色散 聚偏氟乙烯传感器 有限元法     

近表面弹性性质连续变化材料中激光声表面波的理论研究

基于金属材料近表面层弹性性质（杨氏模量）的连续变化，建立了一种激光在基底上的梯度材料中激发声表面波的理论模型，并用有限元方法模拟了脉冲激光作用于材料上表面激发出的超声波及其传播过程.讨论了表面层厚度的变化以及表面层弹性性质的变化对热弹条件下产生的声表面波波形特征的影响，并分别计算了两种情况下的声表面波的相速度色散，得到了两种情况下声表面波的变化规律.     

基于指条厚度优化的冷凝式SAW气体传感器灵敏度提升方法

该文通过对声表面波谐振器指条厚度的优化提升了冷凝式气体传感器的灵敏度。基于流固耦合理论,利用有限元商业软件建立了有液膜负载和无液膜负载下的多物理场三维周期模型,并提取了相应的耦合模参量,利用耦合模模型及P矩阵级联技术,计算了不同指条厚度下液膜负载引起的传感器响应,获得了冷凝式声表面波气体传感器灵敏度随指条厚度的变化关系。实验中制备了6种不同电极厚度的声表面波谐振器,并利用甲基膦酸二甲酯实验样品完成了传感器的响应测试,验证了理论分析的正确性。结果表明,冷凝式声表面波气体传感器的灵敏度随指条厚度的增加先变大后减小,最优归一化电极厚度为6.4%～7.6%之间。该研究结果对进一步提升传感器灵敏度具有重要意义。     

谐振式检测器谐振腔对声表面波气相色谱仪灵敏度的影响

研究了谐振式检测器谐振腔对声表面波气相色谱仪灵敏度的影响。构建无液膜负载和有液膜负载下压电基片和金属指条结构的三维有限元模型,利用有限元方法提取不同周期结构的耦合模参量,结合P矩阵级联技术,推导出传感器灵敏度随检测器腔体结构改变的变化关系。实验制备了两种三换能器结构的声表面波谐振器,其输入换能器与输出换能器间距离分别为22.25倍波长和1.25倍波长,通过测试甲基膦酸二甲酯气体,验证理论计算结果。结果表明:缩短谐振器的谐振腔长度使器件中心处能量更为集中,有效地提高了声表面波气相色谱仪灵敏度。      

利用激光超声研究功能梯度材料中声表面波的传播特性

利用有限元的方法建立了脉冲激光在功能材料中激发声表面波的理论模型,根据该理论模型分别分析了脉冲激光在不同空间调制下所激发的声表面波(SAWS)在功能梯度材料表面的传播特性,以及不同力学参量变化对所激发的声表面波传播特性的影响.模拟结果表明,线源激发的宽带声表面波在功能梯度材料表面传播时,声表面波会出现明显的色散效应;当...     

短路金属栅对正入射瑞利波的散射

由压电晶体动力学方程等出发,用电表面边界微扰技术得到了入射声表面波在栅区激发的微扰电场及电荷分布;将这些电荷作为表面激发源,用积分变换得到了包括散射声表面波和体波的一般积分解。数值计算了YZ-LiNbO_3,表面上短路金属栅对正入射瑞利波散射的声表面波,给出了其反射系数,前向散射系数等与栅条宽度的关系;进而导出了声表面波经过金属栅时的相速变化。理论计算与实验测量结果符合较好。     

声表面波驱动的非接触式转动马达

在研究摩擦力驱动的接触式转动马达的基础上,本文研制了一种由声表面波驱动的非接触式转动马达.这种马达的定子选用128°YX-LiNbO3晶体,在晶体表面光刻两对叉指换能器,由叉指换能器在定子表面激发两列平行而反向传播的声表面波.定子表面铺一层流体,转子就浮在流体表面.当定子表面有两列平行而反向的声表面波传播时,流体层中就会产生平行而反向的声流,这种黏性流体的声流运动就会驱动转子运动.实验上测定了马达的角速度随驱动电压,流体层厚度以及流体运动黏性系数变化的结果.同时,我们也发现,在相同工作频率下,非接触式转动马达的阈值电压远小于接触式.     

超小型声表面波谐振器

传统声表面波谐振器中的指条反射阵占据了器件的大部分尺寸。由于剪切横波(SH wave)在材料基片的自由端面反射时不产生模式转换,因此可望利用自由端面来代替SH型声表面波谐振器中的指条反射阵,实现超小型低损耗的新型声表面波谐振器。本文首先用COM理论对新结构的谐振器进行了讨论,并且在实验上实现了120MHz至440MHz的几个单端谐振器(ST36°石英基片),其插入损耗从0.87dB至1.29dB,面积缩小到传统谐振器的50％至25％。     

研究激光激发的声表面波与材料近表面缺陷的振荡效应

根据激光激发声表面波的热弹运动方程及热传导方程, 采取有限元技术对方程进行求解, 得到声表面波传播波形图. 当声表面波经过近表面缺陷时, 声表面波与近表面缺陷之间产生一种振荡效应, 通过近表面缺陷的振荡波形幅值存在一个逐渐增加后又逐渐减小的过程. 当声表面波经过不同深度的近表面缺陷时, 振荡信号中心频率存在一定的变化规律. 数值仿真结果表明: 当近表面缺陷深度从0.1 mm到0.5 mm变化时, 振荡效应产生的振荡信号中心频率从0.4 MHz到0.76 MHz变化, 振荡信号中心频率与近表面缺陷深度呈近似线性关系, 这为近表面缺陷的定量检测提供了一种理论基础.     

Electronic surface resonances and crystal surface structure

A new method of determination of the lateral structure of crystal surfaces is presented. The method is based on earlier work showing the existence of resonances in the elastic scattering of low-energy electrons at crystal surfaces. The method consists of: (a) Measurement of the surface resonance band structure Ek_∥E, k_∥ respectively denote the electron energy and surface-parallel momentum for which resonances occur) and (b) Interpretation of E(k_∥) to determine the lateral variation of the effective potential acting on electrons at the surface.The surface resonance band structure is measured by a net-current electron reflection method. The measurement method is basically the same as used previously but here its precision is greatly enhanced by the use of digital methods of data handling including a digital filter to remove background due to inelastic and non-resonance elastic scattering. The surface resonance band structure is interpreted by a two-dimensional nearly-free electron scheme. In this scheme the interaction elements are Fourier coefficients of an effective potential which is an average of a pseudopotential with respect to the depth distribution of electron density in a surface resonance — the surface-weighted pseudopotential. Experimental surface resonance band structure for Ni(001), Ni(001) p(2 × 2)O and two different Ni(001) c(2 × 2)O surfaces (one of them with an oxygen-saturated Ni substrate) are presented for E = 1–30 eV and k_∥ running halfway from $\text{}\text{?}$gG towards H? in the surface Brillouin zone for Ni(001). The experimental results are fitted, using the nearly-free electron scheme, to determine the Fourier coefficients of the surface-weighted pseudopotential. Surface potential variations synthesized from the above data are discussed in comparison with the atomic arrangements known from LEED. It is demonstrated that the new method can give a correct picture of the lateral structure of surfaces. It is emphasized that these results are obtained without costly equipment or computations called for by other methods.     

Non-equilibrium surface state properties at clean cleaved silicon surface as measured by surface photovoltage

Surface photovoltage transients were measured at clean cleaved silicon (111) faces in ultrahigh vacuum. The temperature and doping of the samples, the intensity of the stimulating light pulses (energy less than band gap), and the surface coverage (clean and adsorbed water vapor) were varied systematically. The results yield information on the charge transfer at the surface and on surface recombination. The calculation of the surface photovoltage (using only the generation rates into and out of the surface states and data of thermal equilibrium) shows, that only one bulk band (conduction band for n-doped samples and valence band for p-doped samples) controls completely signal height and its relaxation via charge transfer to the surface states. The determined surface state parameters are: relaxation time constants, capture cross-sections for photons and transition probabilities. On the basis of the model all decay curves can be reproduced quantitatively.     

Fermi surface, surface states, and surface reconstruction in Sr2RuO4

The electronic structure of Sr2RuO4 is investigated by high angular resolution ARPES at several incident photon energies. We address the controversial issues of the Fermi surface (FS) topology and the van Hove singularity at the M point, showing that a surface state and the replica of the primary FS due to sqrt[2]xsqrt[2] surface reconstruction are responsible for previous conflicting interpretations. The FS thus determined by ARPES is consistent with the de Haas-van Alphen results, and it provides additional information on the detailed shape of the alpha, beta, and gamma sheets.     

Multipole surface plasmon resonance of an aluminium surface

The surface photoelectric effect and the surface plasmon resonances appear when a p/transverse magnetic polarized laser hits a gas-solid interface. We model this effect in the long wave length (LWL) domain (λ_vac > 10 nm, ?ω < 124 eV) by combining the Ampère-Maxwell equation, written in classical approximation, with the material equation for the susceptibility. The resulting model, called the vector potential from the electron density (VPED), calculates the susceptibility as a product of the bulk susceptibility and the electron density of the actual system. The bulk susceptibility is a sum of the bound electron scalar susceptibility taken from the experiment and of the conduction electron non-local isotropic susceptibility tensor in a jellium metal (Lindhard, 1954 [1]). The electron density is the square of the wave function solution of the Schrödinger equation. The analysis of observables, the reflectance R and the photoelectron yield Y as well as the induced charge density permits to identify and characterize the multipole surface plasmon resonance of Al(111) appearing at ω_m ∼ 0.8ω_p or 11-12 eV.     

Femtosecond laser-induced surface wettability modification of polystyrene surface

In this paper, we demonstrated a simple method to create either a hydrophilic or hydrophobic surface. With femtosecond laser irradiation at different laser parameters, the water contact angle (WCA) on polystyrene’s surface can be modified to either 12.7° or 156.2° from its original WCA of 88.2°. With properly spaced micro-pits created, the surface became hydrophilic probably due to the spread of the water droplets into the micro-pits. While with properly spaced micro-grooves created, the surface became rough and more hydrophobic. We investigated the effect of laser parameters on WCAs and analyzed the laser-treated surface roughness, profiles and chemical bonds by surface profilometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For the laser-treated surface with low roughness, the polar (such as C—O, C=O, and O—C=O bonds) and non-polar (such as C—C or C—H bonds) groups were found to be responsible for the wettability changes. While for a rough surface, the surface roughness or the surface topography structure played a more significant role in the changes of the surface WCA. The mechanisms involved in the laser surface wettability modification process were discussed.     

Effective surface potential method for calculating surface states

A novel formalism (the effective surface potential method) is developed for calculating surface states. Like the Green function method of Kalkstein and Soven and the transfer matrix method of Falicov and Yndurain, the technique is exact for simple tight binding Hamiltonians. As well as offering an alternative viewpoint, the present method provides a simple analytic expression describing the surface states. At each point k_s in the surface Brillouin zone the semi-infinite solid is viewed as an effective linear chain where each element of the chain is a planar layer. The solution to the linear chain problem can be expressed in terms of an effective potential h(k_s,E) at each energy E. A number of examples are presented in detail; “sp^d” Hamiltonians for a linear chain (d = 1), the honeycomb lattice (d = 2), the 111 surface of silicon (d = 3), and a dissected Bethe lattice. Various exact results are given, e.g. the extremities of surface state bands and the surface density of states of p-like (delta function) bands. The results of Kalkstein and Soven for the 100 surface of a simple cubic solid with a perturbation on the surface layer are rederived.     

Unoccupied surface states and surface barrier in metals

Recent progress in the spectroscopy of empty electronic states at metal surfaces allows for measuring the energy vs. momentum dispersion of both crystal-induced and image-potential surface states with high precision. This allows for deriving the effective barrier potential for an electron near a metal surface with considerable accuracy by comparing the experimental data with corresponding calculations based on the one-step model of inverse photoemission. The method is demonstrated for Cu(100) where four empty surface states are known experimentally.     

Modification of rubber surface by UV surface grafting

Rubber surface is subjected to ultraviolet radiation (UV) in the presence of allylamine and radiation sensitizer benzophenone (BP). Fourier transform infrared spectral studies reveal the presence of allylamine on the surface. The presence of irregular needle shapes on the surface as observed in scanning electron micrographs also confirms the polymerized allylamine on the surface. Allylamine coatings have been further confirmed from atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) reveals that allylamine coating on the rubber surface lowers the thermal degradation rate. The contact angle between the water and rubber surface decreases for the modified rubber surface confirming the surface modification due to UV surface grafting.