等离子体密度对激光拉曼放大机理的影响

等离子体中的背向拉曼散射机理可以用来产生超短超强的激光脉冲. 本文采用粒子模拟方法模拟研究了等离子体密度对激光拉曼放大过程的影响. 研究发现, 过低的等离子体密度会导致等离子体波提前波破而降低能量转换效率; 而过高的等离子体密度又会导致其他不稳定性的快速增长, 限制作用距离和输出能量. 因此, 拉曼放大机理的最佳等离子体密度应处于等离子体波破的密度阈值附近, 可以获得最高的能量转换效率和能量输出. 另外, 空间频谱分析显示放大激光的强度饱和主要来自于自相位调制不稳定性的发展. 利用10¹³ W·cm^-2的抽运激光脉冲, 模拟证实拉曼放大机理可有效地将种子激光的强度从10¹³ W·cm^-2 放大到10¹⁷ W·cm^-2, 脉宽压缩到40 fs, 且能量转换效率达到58%.     

强流电子束碰撞电离背景气体研究

利用数值计算与粒子模拟两种方法,结合实际的实验数据,对高功率微波二极管中相对论电子束与背景气体相互作用碰撞产生的等离子体密度进行了研究.研究结果表明：碰撞产生的等离子体密度数值计算结果与粒子模拟结果基本一致,背景气压在0.01 Pa—0.05 Pa时,碰撞产生的等离子体密度在4—12×10⁹cm^-3,即便在考虑电子离子复合的情况下,数值计算结果与粒子模拟结果依然符合得很好.另外,粒子模拟结果表明：随着气压的增加,等离子体密度呈现先增大再减小然后又逐渐增大的过程, 关键词： 相对论电子束 等离子体 数值计算 粒子模拟     

电子回旋共振氩等离子体中亚稳态粒子数密度及电子温度的测量

测量了电子回旋共振（ECR）氩等离子体中Ar的1s₅亚稳态粒子数密度，在气压 为02—0 8 Pa、功率为500—700W的范围内，利用吸收光谱法测量了Ar原子8115 nm谱线的吸收强 度，得到1s₅亚稳态粒子数密度为1×10¹⁵—4×10¹⁵ m ^-3.本文综合考 虑基态和1s₅亚稳态粒子的激发对Ar发射谱线强度的贡献后，用两条发射谱线强 度之比得 到电子温度.结果表明，计入了1s₅亚稳态激发的贡献后，所得到的电子温度与 只考虑基态的贡献得到的电子温度相比存在较大的差别. 关键词： 光谱法 亚稳态粒子数密度 电子温度 ECR等离子体源     

氮气射频放电与直流放电PIC/MC模拟的比较

建立氮气容性射频等离子体过程的PIC/MC模型,将模拟结果与直流放电进行比较.结果表明:射频等离子体粒子(e,N₂⁺,N⁺)的平均密度较直流放电约大-个量级,在射频电极附近粒子(e,N₂⁺,N⁺)的平均能量比直流放电阴极附近的能量低3倍左右;密度偏低的原子离子N⁺在两电极附近具较高的能量,能量较低的分子离子N₂⁺在放电空间具较高密度,N₂⁺的密度大约是N⁺的6倍;计算的电子能量几率分布与测量结果-致.     

等离子体金属表面氮化中放电温度对氮原子态粒子的影响

采用快电子和重粒子(N₂⁺,N⁺,N_f)混合的Monte Carlo模型,研究了氮直流辉光放电等离子体金属表面氮化过程中.e-N_2s及N₂⁺-N_2s两种碰撞离解过程产生的原子态粒子(N⁺,N)的产生率和氮化粒子(N⁺,N_f)轰击靶表面的能量、粒子数密度及入射角分布随气体温度的变化规律.结果表明,使阴极靶处活性粒子(N⁺,N_f)的能量高且粒子数密度大,存在一个最佳放电温度;粒子(N⁺,N)的产生率及在靶表面的密度数都随着放电气体温度的升高而减少;有大量中性快原子N_f在工件表面小角入射,且粒子(N⁺,N_f)角分布受温度的影响很小.     

充气型放电毛细管的密度测量及磁流体模拟

在激光尾波场电子加速机理中,为了有效地加速电子,需要抑制衍射散焦等造成的激光传输不稳定性问题. 激光脉冲的稳定传输不仅有利于能量耦合给等离子体波,而且对电子束的注入及稳定加速有着重要影响,具有一定横向密度分布的充气型放电毛细管可以有效引导激光脉冲的传输. 利用等离子体的Stark展宽效应对毛细管产生的等离子体进行密度测量,给出了等离子体密度与充气压强之间的关系. 利用磁流体程序CRMHA对毛细管的放电特性进行了模拟,研究了毛细管引导效应的形成机理. 关键词： 充气型放电毛细管 Stark展宽 磁流体模拟 引导     

Ag离子注入非晶SiO2的光学吸收、拉曼谱和透射电镜研究

能量为200keV的Ag离子，以1×10¹⁶，5×10¹⁶，1×10¹⁷ cm^-2的剂量分别注入到非晶SiO₂玻璃，光学吸收谱显示：注入剂量为1×10¹⁶ cm^-2的样品的光吸收谱为洛伦兹曲线，与Mie理论模拟的曲线形状一致；注入剂量较大的5×10¹⁶，1×10¹⁷ cm^-2的谱线共振吸收增强，峰位红移并出现伴峰. 透射电镜观察分析表明，注入剂量不同的样品中形成的纳米颗粒的大小、形状、分布都不同，注入剂量较大的还会产生明显的表面溅射效应，这些因素都会影响共振吸收的峰形、峰位和峰强. 当注入剂量达到1×10¹⁷ cm^-2时，Ag纳米颗粒内部可能还形成了杂质团簇. 关键词： 离子注入 纳米颗粒 共振吸收 红移     

氮气辉光放电阴极鞘层重粒子输运过程研究

采用蒙特卡罗模拟对氮气辉光放电等离子体阴极鞘层内离子(N₂⁺,N⁺)和快中性分子(N_2f)的输运过程进行了研究,计算了阴极鞘层中离子(N₂⁺,N⁺)和快中性分子的能量及角分布的空间变化,较好地解释了实验结果.得到了氮气辉光放电等离子体阴极附近主要存在着能量较低的荷能分子、密度较低的高能原子离子及密度和能量居中的分子离子.诸粒子状态随放电条件而变化.模拟结 关键词：     

N2微空心阴极放电特性及其阴极溅射的PIC/MC模拟

采用两维PIC/MCC模型模拟了氮气微空心阴极放电以及轰击离子 (N₂⁺,N⁺) 的钛阴极溅射. 主要计算了氮气微空心阴极放电离子 (N₂⁺,N⁺) 及溅射原子Ti的行为分布, 并研究了溅射Ti 原子的热化过程. 结果表明: 在模拟条件下, 空心阴极效应是负辉区叠加的电子震荡; 在对应条件下, 微空心较传统空心放电两种离子 (N₂⁺,N⁺) 密度均大两个量级, 两种离子的平均能量的分布及大小几乎相同; 在放电空间N⁺的密度约为N₂⁺的1/6, 最大能量约大2倍; 在不同参数 (P, T, V)下, 轰击阴极内表面的氮离子(N₂⁺,N⁺)的密度近似均匀, 其平均能量几乎相等; 从阴极溅射出的Ti原子的初始平均能量约6.8 eV, 离开阴极约0.15 mm处几乎完全被热化. 模拟结果为N₂微空心阴极放电等离子体特性的认识提供了参考依据. 关键词： 微空心阴极放电 PIC/MC模拟 2等离子体')" href="#">N₂等离子体     

低功率驱动的高功率微波放大器实验研究

在器件设计上,针对低功率驱动的高功率微波放大器或高增益放大器中的高次模激励和自激振荡问题,采取了降低电子束同器件前端结构耦合等措施,来保证器件在工作区间完全处于放大状态,通过PIC模拟,设计了低功率驱动的S波段高功率微波放大器(电子束:流强7.5 kA,电子能量750 kV),注入微波6.8 kW时,模拟微波输出功率1.7 GW,增益53.9 dB.在Sinus加速器平台上开展了相应的实验研究: 注入微波62 kW时,微波输出功率达到2.04 GW(电子束:流强8 kA,电子能量800 kV), 输出频率 关键词： 高功率微波 微波器件 高增益 模式控制     

On the nature of emissions of polymethyl methacrylate excited by an electron beam of subnanosecond or nanosecond duration

The results of studies of the physical nature of emissions produced in polymethyl methacrylate excited by electron beams of a subnanosecond or a nanosecond duration are presented. The spatial, amplitude, and spectral-kinetic properties of emissions have been examined under an electron beam energy density varying from 10^–4 to 4 × 10^–1 J/cm². It has been found that cathodoluminescence is the primary type of emission under low energy densities of the electron beam. When the energy density of a nanosecond electron beam and/or the number of pulses of excitation by a subnanosecond electron beam were increased, an electrical breakdown of polymethyl methacrylate occurred in the irradiated region. This process was accompanied by a burst of emission of dense, low-temperature plasma.     

Experiments on two-step heating of a dense plasma in the GOL-3 facility

This paper presents the results of experiments on two-stage heating of a dense plasma by a relativistic electron beam in the GOL-3 facility. A dense plasma with a length of about a meter and a hydrogen density up to 10¹⁷ cm⁻³ was created in the main plasma, whose density was 10¹⁵ cm⁻³. In the process of interacting with the plasma, the electron beam (1 MeV, 40 kA, 4 μs) imparts its energy to the electrons of the main plasma through collective effects. The heated electrons, as they disperse along the magnetic field lines, in turn reach the region of dense plasma and impart their energy to it by pairwise collisions. Estimates based on experimental data are given for the parameters of the flux of hot plasma electrons, the energy released in the dense plasma, and the energy balance of the beam-plasma system. The paper discusses the dynamics of the plasma, which is inhomogeneous in density and temperature, including the appearance of pressure waves. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 113, 897–917 (March 1998)     

Ultrashort electron beam and volume high-current discharge in air under the atmospheric pressure

Conditions are studied under which an electron beam and a volume discharge with a subnanosecond rise time of a voltage pulse are produced in air under atmospheric pressure. It is shown that the electron beam appears in a gas-filled diode at the front of the voltage pulse in ∼0.5 ns, has a half-intensity duration of ≤0.4 ns and an average electron energy of ∼0.6 of the voltage across the gas-filled diode, and terminates when the voltage across the gap reaches its maximum value. The electron beam with an average electron energy of 60 to 80 keV and a current amplitude of ≥70 A is obtained. It is assumed that the electron beam is formed from electrons produced in the gap due to gas ionization by fast electrons when the intensity of the field between the front of the expanding plasma cloud and the anode reaches its critical value. A nanosecond volume discharge with a specific power input of ≥400 MW/cm³, a density of the discharge current at the anode of up to 3 kA/cm², and specific energy deposition of ∼1 J/cm³ over 3 to 5 ns is created.     

Schlieren diagnostics of pulsed electron beam ablation of polymethyl-methacrylate

The investigation of the interaction of pulsed electron beams with PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) targets is reported. The electron beam of some 10^–8 s in duration is produced in a pulsed low-pressure gas discharge. The beam power density of up to 10⁸ W/cm² leads to a surface plasma formation similar to that of the pulsed laser ablation process. The propagation of the ablated material and the shock wave inside the PMMA target are observed by means of Schlieren diagnostics. An electron density gradient of over 3×10¹⁹ cm^–4 has been observed in the expanding plasma up to 1.5 s after the plasma formation. During the early stage of expansion, the expansion velocity of the plasma plume as determined by the steep electron density gradient is around 10⁵ cm/s. The pressure behind the shock front inside the PMMA target as determined from the shock velocity exceeds 0.3 Gpa.     

Energy scaling of quasi-monoenergetic electron beams from laser wakefields driven by 40-TW ultra-short pulses

By focusing 40-TW, 30-fs laser pulses to the peak intensity of 10¹⁹ W/cm² onto a supersonic He gas jet, we generate quasi-monoenergetic electron beams for plasma density in the specific range 1.5×10¹⁹ cm^-3≤n_e≤3.5×10¹⁹ cm^-3. We show that the energy, charge, divergence and pointing stability of the beam can be controlled by changing n_e, and that higher electron energies and more stable beams are produced for lower densities. The observed variations are explained physically by the interplay among pump depletion and dephasing between accelerated electrons and plasma wave. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations support the explanation by showing the evolution of the laser pulse in plasma and the specifics of electron injection and acceleration. An optimized quasi-monoenergetic beam of over 300 MeV and 10 mrad angular divergence is demonstrated at a plasma density of n_e≃1.5×10¹⁹ cm^-3. PACS 52.35.-g; 52.38.Hb; 52.38.Kd; 52.65.-y     

Three-dimensional simulation of laser–plasma-based electron acceleration

A sequential three-dimensional (3D) particle-in-cell simulation code PICPSI-3D with a user friendly graphical user interface (GUI) has been developed and used to study the interaction of plasma with ultrahigh intensity laser radiation. A case study of laser–plasma-based electron acceleration has been carried out to assess the performance of this code. Simulations have been performed for a Gaussian laser beam of peak intensity 5 × 10¹⁹ W/cm² propagating through an underdense plasma of uniform density 1 × 10¹⁹ cm^− 3, and for a Gaussian laser beam of peak intensity 1.5 × 10¹⁹ W/cm² propagating through an underdense plasma of uniform density 3.5 × 10¹⁹ cm^− 3. The electron energy spectrum has been evaluated at different time-steps during the propagation of the laser beam. When the plasma density is 1 × 10¹⁹ cm^− 3, simulations show that the electron energy spectrum forms a monoenergetic peak at ~14 MeV, with an energy spread of ±7 MeV. On the other hand, when the plasma density is 3.5 × 10¹⁹ cm^− 3, simulations show that the electron energy spectrum forms a monoenergetic peak at ~23 MeV, with an energy spread of ±7.5 MeV.     

X射线探测器的脉冲标定技术

利用强流电子束技术产生通量密度为10¹⁸—10¹⁹X-ray photon/sr·s的脉冲CuKX射线源,标定PIN型硅二极管半导体探测器对X光子的脉冲灵敏度。用绝对X射线监测器——P10气体脉冲电离室作为脉冲X射线通量密度的标准。脉冲电荷自动测量仪由微处理机进行程序控制,并予以实时校准。该电离室测量通量密度的精度为±5％,适用的能通量率范围可达4×10^-9—2×10²W/cm²,适用的光子能量范围为1.5—10keV,标定探测器的精度为±7.0％,并发现PIN型硅二极管的脉冲灵敏度比稳态X射线束标定的灵敏度高30％左右。 关键词：     

Formation of a plane layer of plasma under irradiation by a soft X-ray source

We investigate theoretically the formation of a plasma in a plane layer of polymer foam (density ρ = 0.002 g/cm³ and thickness 800 μm) under the action of an external source of soft X-ray radiation under the conditions of PHELIX experiments. The incident flux is assumed to have a Planck’s distribution over the spectrum with T _rad = 20–40 eV. In numerical calculations, the flux of incident X-ray radiation and the spectral constants of the target substance are varied. The action of an external X-ray radiation source on a low-density foam substance with a density of 2 mg/cm³ causes a plasma to be formed with relatively homogeneous profiles of density and temperature T = 15–35 eV. Absorption of externalradiation energy is distributed in the volume. The plasma temperature increases with increase in the external energy, and the energy passed through the plasma also increases. The results prove to be sensitive to the values of optical constants used in numeral simulation. The spectral flux of external radiation passed through the plasma is chosen as a criterion of correctness of the optical constants used in the calculations. In future experiments using the PHELIX facility, we plan to investigate the slowing-down of an ion beam in a plasma formed as a result of indirect heating of low-density polymer triacetate cellulose (TAC) foam with densities ρ = 0.001–0.01 g/cm³ under the action of a pulse of X-ray radiation, into which the laser radiation is preliminarily transformed.     

Interaction between oppositely directed compression plasma flows

The dynamics of the interaction of two oppositely directed plasma flows generated by miniature gas-discharge magnetoplasma compressors is studied. The maximum plasma electron temperature and density in the region where the plasmas interact are found to be 4.5 eV and 1.4⋅10¹⁷ cm^–3. Exposure of samples to this kind of plasma near the interaction region leads to an energy flux at the surface of 2–8 J/cm², which is sufficient for modification of the surface properties of various materials.     

Microwave discharge on a dielectric surface in vacuum

The paper describes the results of investigation of a discharge arising in vacuum on the surface of solid dielectric materials when irradiated by intense (up to 25 MW/cm²) electromagnetic centimeter wave radiation. When the density of the microwave energy flux exceeds some threshold value depending on the target material, a discharge emerges in the vicinity of the surface. Its emergence is associated with the evaporation of the target material and the breakdown of evaporated matter. The thus forming plasma initially has the form of a thin (on the wavelength scale) layer with the electron density of the order of 10¹⁶ cm^?3. It is demonstrated experimentally that effective generation of multiply charged ions occurs in the plasma. The measured energy distribution of ions in expanding plasma agrees with the predicted distribution obtained in solving the problem on quasineutral expansion into vacuum of a localized bunch of collisionless plasma with cold ions.