浅海小掠射角的海底界面声反向散射模型的简化

在浅海,尤其是负梯度声速剖面和海面较为平静的浅海波导,海底界面反向散射是浅海混响的主要来源.经验散射模型只适用于分析浅海混响平均强度衰减特性,而基于物理机理建立的反向散射模型克服了这一缺陷,但同时也引入了其受地声模型约束的问题.本文结合了海底反射系数的三参数模型,对浅海远场海底反向散射模型进行了简化,以减少地声模型的输入参数.理论分析了海底反射系数的相移参数可以描述海底对声场的散射作用,无需任何海底地声参数的先验知识.通过对海底反向散射模型近似简化,结果表明在临界角附近和甚小掠射角范围内的海底粗糙界面反向散射模型的角度特性和强度特性受海底沉积层的影响不同:在临界角附近,海底反向散射的角度特性受海底反射系数的相移参数加权,而其散射系数则近似与相移参数无关;对于甚小掠射角,海底反向散射的角度特性近似与海底反射系数的相移参数无关,其散射系数则近似与相移参数的4次方成正比.     

浅海海底界面混响平均强度特性仿真

海底粗糙界面是产生混响的主要因素之一。本文通过理论分析和数值仿真的方法,根据浅海全波动混响模型对不同海底粗糙界面所引起浅海混响平均强度特性进行研究,主要考虑Goff-Jordan谱、Gauss谱和指数谱三种不同粗糙界面条件下的海底反向散射强度和混响平均强度特性。计算结果表明:海底粗糙界面会引起海底反向散射强度的频率特性的差异,进而导致海底平均混响强度的频率特性的差异,但随入射角度的变化不大。即使界面起伏的方差和相关长度相同,不同的粗糙度谱也会引起平均混响强度的差异。     

用基于方位分辨的漫后向散射光确定粒子尺寸分布及相对折射率

基于偏振门技术,提出了利用漫后向散射光随线偏振光入射方位的变化来测量双层模型表层的粒子尺寸分布及相对折射率。双层物理模型用来模拟上皮组织,上层分别由聚苯乙烯小球或HeLa细胞悬浮液组成,下层由脂肪乳溶液组成,每层的光学特性与上皮组织光学特性匹配。根据米氏(Mie)散射理论,建立了与散射体形态参量相关的偏振后向漫散射强度随入射偏振方位变化的理论模型,并采用浮点遗传算法反演程序获得表层粒子的尺寸分布(PSD)及相对折射率。将理论值和实验测量值进行比较。研究结果表明通过测量随方位变化的后向漫散射光的偏振差分信号,能够获得类上皮组织模型表层的形态结构信息。     

Enhanced resonant backscattering of excitons in disordered quantum wells

A clear signature of enhanced backscattering of excitons is observed in the directional resonant Rayleigh scattering of light from localized two-dimensional excitons in disordered quantum wells. Its spectral dependence and time dynamics are measured and theoretically predicted in a quantitative way. The intensity enhancement has a large momentum span extending beyond the external light emission cone. This is a consequence of the small localization length of the exciton as a massive particle probed close to the band bottom. The localization length can be controlled by the photon kinetic energy. This constitutes a qualitative difference to backscattering phenomena in other branches of physics.     

Exact solution for coherent backscattering of polarized light from a random medium of Rayleigh scatterers

We discuss a rigorous vectorial theory as a model to represent the enhanced backscattering of polarized light from a random medium. The theory is based on the well known relation between the contributions of the ladder and cyclical diagrams to the intensity which allows to express these contributions in terms of radiative transfer theory. The tensor transfer equation for the electromagnetic field in a half-space occupied by point-like scatterers is explicitly solved with the aid of the Wiener-Hopf method. For the case of normal incidence the angular distribution of the backscattered intensity and the enhancement factor are found for arbitrary angles between the incident and detected linear polarizations and the scanning plane. To describe spatial anisotropy of the backscattering cone the half width at half maximum of the intensity is calculated as a function of these angles. Coherent backscattering of circularly polarized light is also considered.     

Mode-locked ring lasers for the backscattering measurement of mirrors

A new method for measuring the backscattering produced by mirrors is presented. A mode-locked ring laser allows us to achieve more sensitivity than with any other technique. The present sensitivity to a minimum intensity backscattering coefficient (ratio of backscattered versus incident intensity) of 10(-15) can be enhanced through stabilization. We compare results realized with this technique with results issued from classical bidirectional reflectance distribution function measurements.     

Enhanced backscattering and transmission of light from random surfaces on semi-infinite substrates and thin films

The enhanced backscattering of light from a random surface is manifested by a well defined peak in the retro-reflection direction in the angular distribution of the intensity of the incoherent component of the light scattered from such a surface. In this paper we present several new theoretical and experimental results bearing on the conditions under which enhanced backscattering occurs, and the way in which this phenomenon depends on the nature of the random surface roughness, both in the case that the random surface bounds a semi-infinite scattering medium and in the case that it bounds a film, either free-standing or on a reflecting substrate. In addition, we present new results on the transmission of light through thin metallic films bounded by random surfaces, which display the phenomenon of enhanced transmission, namely a well defined peak in the antispecular direction in the angular distribution of the intensity of the incoherent component of the light transmitted through such films.     

球形粒子在聚焦拉盖尔-高斯光束中的散射特性研究

研究了球形粒子在聚焦拉盖尔-高斯光束中的散射特性. 根据广义Mie理论, 推导出球形粒子在聚焦拉盖尔-高斯光束中散射系数的解析公式. 针对光束的电场分布及粒子散射强度进行了数值仿真, 讨论了散射强度随散射角、散射球粒子半径和拓扑荷的变化特性, 并通过散射系数解释了散射强度分布的振荡现象. 结果表明, 在聚焦拉盖尔-高斯光束照射下, 球形粒子的后向散射强度随着粒子半径的增大而逐渐增大; 后向散射强度开始增大时对应的粒子半径与拓扑荷有关. 通过与高斯光束的对比, 可以看出球形粒子在聚焦拉盖尔-高斯光束中散射特性的差异, 使其在粒径测量、光通信和大气后向散射探测等方面具有潜在应用价值.     

双层散射介质的单次后向散射光谱分析

从上皮组织的结构特点出发,基于米氏(Mie)散射理论,建立了双层散射介质的单次后向散射光谱的理论模型,该模型通过偏振门屏蔽来自下层的噪声背景,只保留来自上层的单次散射光。计算分析了粒子的形态学参量如平均尺寸及其分布、相对折射率变化时,单次散射光谱的特征。并用傅里叶波形分析法研究了这些参量对单次后向散射光谱曲线形状及其谐波幅值的影响。结果表明,这些只经历了表层粒子单次散射的光谱信号对表层粒子的平均尺寸及其分布、相对折射率具有灵敏性。对光谱曲线波纹结构的幅值、频率,散射强度,光谱谐波的幅值有直接的影响。研究结果对早期癌症的散射光谱特征识别及其特征提取有重要的实用价值。     

Enhanced backscattering and transmission of light from random surfaces on semi-infinite substrates and thin films

Abstract

The enhanced backscattering of light from a random surface is manifested by a well defined peak in the retro-reflection direction in the angular distribution of the intensity of the incoherent component of the light scattered from such a surface. In this paper we present several new theoretical and experimental results bearing on the conditions under which enhanced backscattering occurs, and the way in which this phenomenon depends on the nature of the random surface roughness, both in the case that the random surface bounds a semi-infinite scattering medium and in the case that it bounds a film, either free-standing or on a reflecting substrate. In addition, we present new results on the transmission of light through thin metallic films bounded by random surfaces, which display the phenomenon of enhanced transmission, namely a well defined peak in the antispecular direction in the angular distribution of the intensity of the incoherent component of the light transmitted through such films.     

Low-coherence enhanced backscattering beyond diffusion

An analytical theory for coherent backscattering (CBS) of low-coherence light is presented. An expression linking the CBS profile to the radial distribution of the incoherent backscattered light is derived when the incident light is partially spatially coherent. The backscattered snake light, which has experienced exactly two large-angle scatterings, is taken into account together with the diffuse light in the analysis. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the model describes well the CBS profile as long as the spatial coherence length, L(c), of the incident beam is larger than the scattering mean free path of light in the medium. The intensity of the enhanced backscattered light in the exact backscattering direction and the width of the CBS cone are found to be proportional to L(c) and L(c)(-1), respectively, in the limit of small L(c).     

随机介质的相干背散射与局域化研究

研究了不同尺度参数和粒子浓度下的ZnO随机介质相干背散射强度的分布规律,采用时域有限差分法分析了不同浓度随机介质的光场能量空间分布,预测了随机激光器阈值的高低。结果表明:同一折射率的介质随着介质尺寸的增大,相干背散射的带宽变窄,局域化参量kl值相应增大,使得局域化程度呈较大幅度减弱趋势;并且随着介质浓度的增加,相干背散射的带宽变宽,局域化程度增强,阈值降低。相干背散射有着光子局域化的先期特征,现在已成为研究光子局域化出现与否的基本判断依据,对研究光子局域化以及随机激光器具有重要意义。     

利用转动拉曼测量大气气溶胶后项散射比

利用大气的弹性散射信号与整个转动拉曼信号的比值,不需要假设任何的气溶胶的消光与后项散射比值,就可得到大气气溶胶的后项散射比。通常测量部分转动拉曼谱线之和代替全部转动拉曼谱线之和。全部的转动拉曼谱线之和是不依赖温度,但部分的转动拉曼谱线之和却是与温度有关的。因此,利用转动部分拉曼谱线之和反演大气气溶胶的后项散射比就会带来误差。模拟了随温度变化不同转动量子数的拉曼谱线之和,并且计算了由这些不同转动拉曼谱线之和反演大气气溶胶后项散射比的误差。然后文章提出了一种新的方法,不需要测量整个转动拉曼谱线之和,而只需要测量单条转动拉曼谱线及大气温度,就可以获得大气气溶胶的后项散射比。最后通过实验给出了实际测量的大气气溶胶的后项散射比的结果。     

Reflection of waves from a strong scatterer buried in a random medium

Reflection of waves from a mirror covered by a random layer of isotropic, absorbing scatterers is studied and the angular distribution of the scattered intensity is calculated both analytically and numerically. It is shown that backscattering enhancement as well as an enhancement of the incoherent signal in the specular direction take place even in the singly scattered random field. The dependence of the retroreflected intensity is shown to be a non-monotonic function of the depth of the mirror, with a maximum at a depth of the order of the scattering mean free path. Possibilities for employing the results obtained to detect buried strong scatterers and to retrieve parameters of the random media are discussed. In particular, it is shown that in the case of strong absorption the reflecting plane manifests itself by the presence of a peak in the retroreflected intensity which is missing from the scattering diagram of a free-standing or an infinitely thick random layer.     

低频混响信号中的简正波衰减系数提取方法

提出一种从低频混响信号中提取简正波衰减系数的方法。利用简正波过滤技术对垂直阵混响信号进行分析,获得单阶简正波混响声场。假设海底反向散射矩阵可分离,从单阶简正波平均混响强度中提取出有效海底反向散射矩阵元素,最后利用不同距离上的有效海底反向散射矩阵元素计算出简正波的衰减系数。利用该方法从混响信号中提取出的简正波衰减系数预报的声传播损失和相同海域实测声传播损失一致。该简正波衰减系数提取方法有效避免了海底散射衰减和简正波传播衰减耦合的问题,同时对海底参数反演和水声环境的快速评估也具有重要的意义。      

Study on the Range of Particles Size Measured by Backscattering Method in Visual‐infrared Incident Spectrum

For the measurement of particles size with backscattering method, the suitable range of particles size measurement have been presented by independent algorithm in Visual‐infrared incident spectrum. We defined the range according to the retrieved results based on the analysis and comparison to many kinds of R‐R distribution function. The simulation computation results showed that the particles size measurement range is from 0.05 μm to 18 μm with incident spectrum from 0.4 μm to 2 μm and different refractive index. The results retrieved were satisfied even if 1 % noise was added into the backscattering intensity.     

非球形烟尘粒子后向散射场的光谱分析

在利用后向散射法测量烟尘浓度和粒径的过程中,对烟尘粒子模型的后向散射光谱特性进了计算,确定影响后向散射光谱强度的主要因素并进行分析。对实际排放的烟尘进行显微观察表明,利用椭球、圆柱和广义切比雪夫3种非球模型可以较好地模拟烟尘粒子,其等效直径约1μm。通过"T矩阵法"对这3种非球形粒子模型后向散射场的光谱特性进行了分析,结果表明:非球形粒子的可见/红外波段后向散射现象较球形粒子明显,特别是广义切比雪夫粒子的后向散射光强最高可达到前向的3.5倍;对于吸收性非球形粒子(复折射率m=1.57-0.56i),后向散射光强远大于非吸收性非球形粒子(复折射率m=1.57-0.001i);随着粒子等效半径的增大,光源波长也应随之增加。这为在实际测量时光源及方位的选择提供了理论依据。     

Observation of sunlight enhanced backscattering from the sea bottom near the beach

The paper describes a natural manifestation of the enhanced backscattering effect in conditions when sunlight is scattered by the sea bottom covered by shallow rippled water. In this system the water surface plays the role of a phase screen that focuses the light on the bottom, while the sandy bottom acts as a set of random single scatterers.     

Polarization Properties of the Enhanced Backscattering of Light from the Fractal Aggregate of Particles

The polarized intensity enhancement of the light backscattered multiply from a fractal aggregate of particles is numerically investigated using Monte Carlo simulations. It is confirmed only for the co-polarized intensity component that an effective mean free pathlength l_D defined for a fractal medium has the same physical meaning as a mean free pathlength l for a homogeneously random medium. Furthermore, co- and crosspolarized components of the backscattering intensity enhancement decrease in accordance with θ^2.16-1.03D and θ^4-1.8D in the far-field plane and with ζ^0.93D-3.94 and ζ^1.07D-3.98 in the boundary plane between the scattering medium and the air. Therefore, the two-dimensional Fourier transform relation is satisfied only between the co-polarized intensity distributions in the far-field and the boundary planes but not the cross-polarized ones with the accuracy of the numerical simulation. Finally, we notice the applicability of the enhanced backscattering light to estimating the dimension of the absorbent fractal medium on the basis of the result that the slope of the intensity decay of the intensity peak is directly proportional to the dimension of the medium but is independent of the absorption.     

Online ef fective backscattering estimation for ring laser gyro

Lock-in phenomenon in ring laser gyroscopes is directly related to effective backscattering,which includes both backscattering and nonuniform loss.Effective backscattering often differs in different states and can only be reflected in a working state via online estimation in the working state.Moreover,effective backscattering can result in the intensity modulation of beams in the opposite directions.The effective backscattering parameters can be obtained by measuring the weak modulations in the intensity signals under different rotation rates and by using the curve-fitting method.This letter demonstrates the online estimation of backscattering.