非球形烟尘粒子后向散射场的光谱分析

在利用后向散射法测量烟尘浓度和粒径的过程中,对烟尘粒子模型的后向散射光谱特性进了计算,确定影响后向散射光谱强度的主要因素并进行分析。对实际排放的烟尘进行显微观察表明,利用椭球、圆柱和广义切比雪夫3种非球模型可以较好地模拟烟尘粒子,其等效直径约1μm。通过"T矩阵法"对这3种非球形粒子模型后向散射场的光谱特性进行了分析,结果表明:非球形粒子的可见/红外波段后向散射现象较球形粒子明显,特别是广义切比雪夫粒子的后向散射光强最高可达到前向的3.5倍;对于吸收性非球形粒子(复折射率m=1.57-0.56i),后向散射光强远大于非吸收性非球形粒子(复折射率m=1.57-0.001i);随着粒子等效半径的增大,光源波长也应随之增加。这为在实际测量时光源及方位的选择提供了理论依据。     

利用转动拉曼测量大气气溶胶后项散射比

利用大气的弹性散射信号与整个转动拉曼信号的比值,不需要假设任何的气溶胶的消光与后项散射比值,就可得到大气气溶胶的后项散射比。通常测量部分转动拉曼谱线之和代替全部转动拉曼谱线之和。全部的转动拉曼谱线之和是不依赖温度,但部分的转动拉曼谱线之和却是与温度有关的。因此,利用转动部分拉曼谱线之和反演大气气溶胶的后项散射比就会带来误差。模拟了随温度变化不同转动量子数的拉曼谱线之和,并且计算了由这些不同转动拉曼谱线之和反演大气气溶胶后项散射比的误差。然后文章提出了一种新的方法,不需要测量整个转动拉曼谱线之和,而只需要测量单条转动拉曼谱线及大气温度,就可以获得大气气溶胶的后项散射比。最后通过实验给出了实际测量的大气气溶胶的后项散射比的结果。     

Electromagnetic backscattering from one-dimensional drifting fractal sea surface Ⅱ:Electromagnetic backscattering model

Sea surface current has a significant influence on electromagnetic(EM) backscattering signals and may constitute a dominant synthetic aperture radar(SAR) imaging mechanism. An effective EM backscattering model for a one-dimensional drifting fractal sea surface is presented in this paper. This model is used to simulate EM backscattering signals from the drifting sea surface. Numerical results show that ocean currents have a significant influence on EM backscattering signals from the sea surface. The normalized radar cross section(NRCS) discrepancies between the model for a coupled wavecurrent fractal sea surface and the model for an uncoupled fractal sea surface increase with the increase of incidence angle,as well as with increasing ocean currents. Ocean currents that are parallel to the direction of the wave can weaken the EM backscattering signal intensity, while the EM backscattering signal is intensified by ocean currents propagating oppositely to the wave direction. The model presented in this paper can be used to study the SAR imaging mechanism for a drifting sea surface.     

浅海小掠射角的海底界面声反向散射模型的简化

在浅海,尤其是负梯度声速剖面和海面较为平静的浅海波导,海底界面反向散射是浅海混响的主要来源.经验散射模型只适用于分析浅海混响平均强度衰减特性,而基于物理机理建立的反向散射模型克服了这一缺陷,但同时也引入了其受地声模型约束的问题.本文结合了海底反射系数的三参数模型,对浅海远场海底反向散射模型进行了简化,以减少地声模型的输入参数.理论分析了海底反射系数的相移参数可以描述海底对声场的散射作用,无需任何海底地声参数的先验知识.通过对海底反向散射模型近似简化,结果表明在临界角附近和甚小掠射角范围内的海底粗糙界面反向散射模型的角度特性和强度特性受海底沉积层的影响不同:在临界角附近,海底反向散射的角度特性受海底反射系数的相移参数加权,而其散射系数则近似与相移参数无关;对于甚小掠射角,海底反向散射的角度特性近似与海底反射系数的相移参数无关,其散射系数则近似与相移参数的4次方成正比.     

混浊介质中线偏振光和圆偏振光的后向漫散射特征

以标准的组织模型Intralipid脂肪乳溶液为研究对象,采用CCD偏振成像系统,通过测量该混浊介质的后向漫散射光的斯托克斯矢量,深入研究了不同方位的线偏振光及不同旋向的圆偏振光入射时,后向漫散射光的特征.研究结果表明：对不同的入射偏振态,后向漫散射强度、偏振度的空间分布具有方位选择性,强度和偏振度的大小随距离入射点的距离增加而减小;介质浓度增加,后向散射强度增加,偏振度减小,且同一浓度下,圆偏振光的偏振度总是高于线偏振光.     

浅海海底界面混响平均强度特性仿真

海底粗糙界面是产生混响的主要因素之一。本文通过理论分析和数值仿真的方法,根据浅海全波动混响模型对不同海底粗糙界面所引起浅海混响平均强度特性进行研究,主要考虑Goff-Jordan谱、Gauss谱和指数谱三种不同粗糙界面条件下的海底反向散射强度和混响平均强度特性。计算结果表明:海底粗糙界面会引起海底反向散射强度的频率特性的差异,进而导致海底平均混响强度的频率特性的差异,但随入射角度的变化不大。即使界面起伏的方差和相关长度相同,不同的粗糙度谱也会引起平均混响强度的差异。     

球形粒子在聚焦拉盖尔-高斯光束中的散射特性研究

研究了球形粒子在聚焦拉盖尔-高斯光束中的散射特性. 根据广义Mie理论, 推导出球形粒子在聚焦拉盖尔-高斯光束中散射系数的解析公式. 针对光束的电场分布及粒子散射强度进行了数值仿真, 讨论了散射强度随散射角、散射球粒子半径和拓扑荷的变化特性, 并通过散射系数解释了散射强度分布的振荡现象. 结果表明, 在聚焦拉盖尔-高斯光束照射下, 球形粒子的后向散射强度随着粒子半径的增大而逐渐增大; 后向散射强度开始增大时对应的粒子半径与拓扑荷有关. 通过与高斯光束的对比, 可以看出球形粒子在聚焦拉盖尔-高斯光束中散射特性的差异, 使其在粒径测量、光通信和大气后向散射探测等方面具有潜在应用价值.     

Mode-locked ring lasers for the backscattering measurement of mirrors

A new method for measuring the backscattering produced by mirrors is presented. A mode-locked ring laser allows us to achieve more sensitivity than with any other technique. The present sensitivity to a minimum intensity backscattering coefficient (ratio of backscattered versus incident intensity) of 10(-15) can be enhanced through stabilization. We compare results realized with this technique with results issued from classical bidirectional reflectance distribution function measurements.     

Dynamical Properties of Two-Mode Ring Laser with Injected Signal

The dynamical properties of two-mode ring laser with different values of mode coupling constants are investigated by the full saturation laser theory with an injected signal. By a one-dimensional approximation, the intensity correlation time T_c and effective eigenvalue λ_eff¹¹ are calculated. The effects of backscattering and injected signal are discussed.     

Modeling of LiFePO_4 battery open circuit voltage hysteresis based on recursive discrete Preisach model

This paper focuses on the modeling of LiFePO4 battery open circuit voltage(OCV) hysteresis. There exists obvious hysteresis in LiFePO4 battery OCV, which makes it complicated to model the LiFePO4 battery. In this paper, the recursive discrete Preisach model(RDPM) is applied to the modeling of LiFePO4 battery OCV hysteresis. The theory of RDPM is illustrated in detail and the RDPM on LiFePO4 battery OCV hysteresis modeling is verified in experiment. The robust of RDPM under different working conditions are also demonstrated in simulation and experiment. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the accuracy of LiFePO4 battery OCV hysteresis modeling when the battery OCV characteristic changes, which conduces to the online state estimation of LiFePO4 battery.     

背散射和饱和效应对双向环形激光场的影响

理论上分析了双向环形气体激光中背散射和饱和效应对光场统计性质的影响，求出了强度相关函数的有效本征值。与实验测量值比较表明，具有背散射的全饱和激光模型与实验吻合得更好，而其它激光模型偏差较大     

The Milne problem solution for the temporal correlation function of an electromagnetic field

The problem of multiple scattering of light by a medium occupying a half-space is solved in backscattering geometry. The solution obtained in the framework of the Wiener-Hopf method, which is a generalization of the well-known Milne solution for the electromagnetic field, has made it possible for the first time to calculate exactly the initial time dependence of the intensity correlation function as well as the dependence of the backscattering intensity on the scattering angle for different polarizations of the incident and scattered waves.     

激光陀螺中背向散射的研究

为了研究谐振腔形状变化对激光陀螺中背向散射的影响,基于矢量叠加理论,分析了激光陀螺背向散射源及其对总的背向散射的影响.根据背向散射对顺逆时针光的耦合作用,推导出了总的背向散射系数与顺逆时针旋转光光强的关系式.基于这一关系,设计实验,通过施加电压使谐振腔反射镜到不同位置来改变光腔形状变化,同时测量光强交流量的振幅,得到了总的背向散射系数的变化曲线.通过与仿真结果对比,验证了背向散射的矢量叠加理论.     

基于长脉冲光源的钠信标回光特性实验研究

采用与信标发射接收系统参数匹配的长脉冲光源,可在脉冲回光时间内产生较亮星等的钠信标,既有利于提高信标探测的信噪比,也有利于实现自适应光学系统的高频闭环校正.基于450 mm直径望远镜和大能量长脉冲光源,开展了钠信标探测实验,得到了长脉冲光源产生的钠信标回光特性.通过CCD和光电倍增管,采集得到了不同发射能量、出射偏振态下的回光强度,并获得了最大强度为15万光子/m2/pulse的回光,对应脉冲回光时间内约4.1等星的亮度.分析推算了实验条件下钠原子的柱密度.实验全过程未出现明显的饱和现象,验证了采用长脉冲钠信标光源避免饱和效应、得到高亮度钠信标的可行性.     

A New Deep Dual Temporal Domain Adaptation Method for Online Detection of Bearings Early Fault

With the quick development of sensor technology in recent years, online detection of early fault without system halt has received much attention in the field of bearing prognostics and health management. While lacking representative samples of the online data, one can try to adapt the previously-learned detection rule to the online detection task instead of training a new rule merely using online data. As one may come across a change of the data distribution between offline and online working conditions, it is challenging to utilize the data from different working conditions to improve detection accuracy and robustness. To solve this problem, a new online detection method of bearing early fault is proposed in this paper based on deep transfer learning. The proposed method contains an offline stage and an online stage. In the offline stage, a new state assessment method is proposed to determine the period of the normal state and the degradation state for whole-life degradation sequences. Moreover, a new deep dual temporal domain adaptation (DTDA) model is proposed. By adopting a dual adaptation strategy on the time convolutional network and domain adversarial neural network, the DTDA model can effectively extract domain-invariant temporal feature representation. In the online stage, each sequentially-arrived data batch is directly fed into the trained DTDA model to recognize whether an early fault occurs. Furthermore, a health indicator of target bearing is also built based on the DTDA features to intuitively evaluate the detection results. Experiments are conducted on the IEEE Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) Challenge 2012 bearing dataset. The results show that, compared with nine state-of-the-art fault detection and diagnosis methods, the proposed method can get an earlier detection location and lower false alarm rate.     

Pekeris波导中垂直发射阵的阵增益快速估计

为了利用单换能器的声强级估计垂直发射阵的声强级,研究了Pekeris波导中快速估计发射阵增益的方法。首先,基于等效深度简正波理论,计算了Pekeris波导中垂直发射阵的平均声强,进而得到用模态阶数求和表示的发射阵增益的表达式。然后对模态阶数用积分代替求和,并对引入的误差进行修,得到3/2次方衰减场区发射阵增益的快速估计表达式;有效声影区声场由于只剩1阶简正模态,可直接简化得到发射阵增益的快速估计表达式,在海底参数未知时可用海深近似代替等效深度来估计有效声影区的发射阵增益。计算机仿真和海上实验得到的阵增益快速估计误差均小于1 dB,验证了快速估计方法的有效性,这一发射阵增益快速估计方法可以为工程应用提供参考。      

On universal quantum cloning and state estimation

Both perfect cloning and perfect state estimation of an unknown pure quantum state are impossible, due to principles of quantum mechanics. Nevertheless, they can be performed imperfectly. A link between these two scenarios allows us to derive an upper bound for the fidelity in one of them, given an upper bound is known in the other. Furthermore, it is shown that also a lower bound on cloning is related to an upper bound on state estimation. Received: 15 June 1999 / Revised version: 23 September 1999 / Published online: 10 November 1999     

双环形腔并联瑞利后向散射式光纤陀螺

基于单环后向瑞利散射式光纤陀螺原理,提出了一种双环形腔并联的瑞利后向散射式光纤陀螺仪新结构.利用两个2×2单模光纤耦合器,建立了并联双环形腔瑞利后向散射式光纤陀螺仪的理论模型,给出了信号表达式.利用优化的环长和分光比两结构参量,分析了瑞利后向散射式光纤陀螺仪信号的输出特性.选择双环的长度分别为1500 m和1078 m,2×2光纤耦合器的耦合系数分别为95.23%和94.88%构建了测试系统,用光时域反射计(OTDR)对不同转速所探测到的后向瑞利散射信号进行测量,验证了这种新结构的可行性.同单环后向瑞利散射式光纤陀螺仪相比,双环的采用,增加了测试的有效数据,使其更有利于识别,提高了测量转速的精度.     

Coherent backscattering of light in nematic liquid crystals

Multiple light scattering by director fluctuations in nematic liquid crystals is considered. A uniform director orientation is assumed to be specified by an applied magnetic field. The coherent backscattering effect, which consists in the presence of a sharp light backscattering peak, is studied. The Bethe-Salpeter equation is used to calculate the multiple scattering intensity taking into account the contributions of ladder and cyclic diagrams. An analytical expression for the angular and polarization dependences of the coherent backscattering intensity is obtained in terms of the diffusion approximation. The calculation and experimental results are compared. The developed theory is shown to qualitatively describe the elliptical shape of the backscattering cone, to explain the absence of a coherent contribution for crossed polarizations, and to calculate the relative peak height.     

不同时间尺度下锂电池SoC估算研究

针对当前电池荷电状态(SoC)估算算法在处理器运算过程中计算量大,耗费处理器资源多的问题,提出在SoC估算中同时增大辨识时间尺度和估算时间尺度。采用带遗忘因子递推最小二乘算法辨识电池模型参数,并探究不同大小的时间尺度对SoC估算精度的影响。仿真结果表明,随着辨识时间尺度和估算时间尺度增大,SoC估算精度下降且计算量快速下降,计算消耗时间呈指数减少;当时间尺度过大时,SoC估算精度难以保证,计算消耗时间减少不明显,收敛时间长;在综合考虑估算精度和计算耗费时间情况下,可以找到一个最优的时间尺度用于保证SoC估算精度同时大大降低计算量。该方法为后续实现电动汽车SoC在线估算提供理论依据。