利用T矩阵模型计算水体中非球形悬浮颗粒物光散射特性

水体中悬浮颗粒物的光散射特性是影响基于直接光谱法水质检测结果准确性的一个重要参数。依据T矩阵模型,研究了紫外-可见光照射下水体中非球形悬浮颗粒物的光散射强度特性。以藻类和泥沙类颗粒物为例,构造了椭球、圆柱和广义Chebyshev三种非球形粒子光散射模型,分析了入射光波长、悬浮颗粒物形状、复折射率与相对散射光强之间的关系,计算了不同悬浮颗粒物相对散射光强随波长、颗粒物尺寸以及旋转角变化的情况。数值仿真结果表明,不同种类非球形悬浮颗粒物的散射光强度均呈现出显著的变化。在200~800nm波长范围内,随入射波长的增大,粒子几何尺寸所带来影响逐渐减小,散射特性主要由复折射率决定。当粒子尺寸小于0.2μm或接近1μm时,在入射光波长位于紫外或红外的条件下,散射光强度较大且呈现强烈振荡;而当粒子尺寸r=0.3~0.9μm,散射强度较稳定,接近于0且受到入射光波长的干扰较小。这可为提高紫外-可见吸收光谱法的检测精度、抑制散射干扰提供一定依据。     

气溶胶激光散射信号的特征分析

本文应用Mie散射理论对微球体粒子光散射的性质进行了理论分析与数值计算,得出了散射光分布与微球体尺度参数、复折射率之间的关系。结果表明:不同尺度参数的粒子的散射光强的分布相差极大,随着尺度参数的增加散射光强越来越集中于前向;复折射率的变化对散射光强影响不大。并且在边界层大陆乡村型霾的气溶胶模型下对大气气溶胶的体角散射系数进行了分析与数值计算,得出:气溶胶粒子的散射光强主要分布在前向,并且随着散射角的增加有规律的减小。由此提出了利用气溶胶粒子体散射系数的性质,通过测量散射点前向散射光强和延迟时间来实现激光束的近轴定位的方法。     

非球形粒子的散射特性分析

本文首先利用T矩阵方法计算了复折射率吸收指数和折射指数变化时的椭球粒子和Chebyshev粒子在不同等效尺度参数下的光散射特性,并与等效的球形粒子的光散射结果进行了比较;然后分析以上两种类型非球形粒子散射特性之间的关系.结果表明:椭球粒子和Chebyshev粒子的散射特性与等效球形粒子的散射特性存在着差别,粒子的形状越偏离球形,这种差别就越大;复折射率折射指数的变化对非球形散射效率因子的影响要比吸收指数的影响更大一些;当等效尺度参数相同时,椭球粒子与等效球形粒子的散射效率因子的差别要远远大于Chebyshev粒子与等效球形粒子散射效率因子之间的差别.     

降雨粒子的无线紫外光散射特性

紫外光与降雨粒子相互作用发生散射，散射光特性改变能够反映降雨粒子的相关物理特性（如粒子尺寸参数、浓度、形态），因此研究粒子的物理参数对散射光特性的影响对有效提高光谱法定量探测降水的精度有很大意义。由于雨滴在非球形降水粒子中具有代表性，以群雨滴粒子为例，采用T矩阵理论，利用紫外光直视和非直视单次散射模型，分析了入射光波长、群雨滴粒子形态、降雨强度、粒径大小与散射光强之间的关系。并用蒙特卡洛方法仿真分析了非球形群雨滴粒子在不同降雨强度和粒径下散射角与散射光强之间的关系，以及降雨环境中的风切变对紫外光散射特性的影响。通过理论及仿真分析，得到了不同群雨滴粒子形态下的路径损耗，不同降雨强度、风切变率和粒径下的散射光强分布。仿真结果表明：在紫外光直视与非直视通信方式下，降雨环境中的通信质量比晴天条件下的通信质量差，即路径损耗增大。当粒径分布已知时，随着降雨强度的增大，衰减系数增大，路径损耗增加，且直视通信方式的路径损耗比非直视降低7 dB左右。随着降雨强度、风切变率和粒子粒径的增大，散射光强曲线整体呈下降趋势，其中，降雨强度的变化对散射光强分布影响程度最大。相同通信距离时，不同降雨强度下的紫外光散射光强分布均随着散射角的增大而减小，当散射角继续增大到90°时，有效散射体体积逐渐减小，接收到的光子能量减小，暴雨中的散射光强衰减程度最大。相同降雨强度下考虑风切变时，相比较无风时的路径损耗增大5 dB左右。除此之外，还研究了椭球形和切比雪夫形粒子对紫外光散射光强的影响，结果表明当粒子粒径分布相同时，椭球形粒子的散射光强衰减较广义切比雪夫形粒子大。根据散射粒子的散射光强分布以及路径损耗能够区分雨滴粒子是否由相同粒径及形态组成，为粒子测量提供理论基础。分析降水中群雨滴粒子的光散射特性，为提高光谱法评估降水衰减的数值模拟方面提供理论依据，为光学技术在探测识别降水现象等气象领域的广泛应用提供了设计参考。     

球形雾霾粒子的紫外光散射偏振特性研究

在我国经济社会快速发展的同时,雾霾天气成为了突出的环境问题,雾霾粒子的测量非常重要。偏振紫外光与大气雾霾粒子发生散射后,散射光偏振状态(Stokes矢量以及偏振度)的改变能反映雾霾粒子的相关物理特性(粒径、复杂折射率等)。基于Mie散射理论建立了紫外光雾霾球形粒子直视和非直视单次散射模型,研究了单个球形粒子和链状结构球形粒子物理特性的改变对散射光偏振状态的影响,并用蒙特卡洛仿真分析已知粒径分布的雾霾粒子浓度对散射光偏振状态的影响。结果表明:针对单个球形粒子,随着粒子粒径的增大Stokes矢量中散射光光强(I_s)随之增强,粒子复折射率虚部为先增大后较小,偏振度也是在不断增大,且复折射率虚部较小时,偏振度增加趋势快;对于粒径分布不变的雾霾粒子,随着粒子的浓度增加,雾霾粒子的散射系数、消光系数和吸收系数均呈线性增加,但是I_s先增大后减小。针对链状球形粒子,随着粒子个数的增加,I_s均呈现增大的趋势,且偏振度可用于区分链状球形粒子是否由相同球形粒子组成;相同球形粒子组成链状结构中,I_s随着粒子数量的增加而线性增大,偏振度不改变;不同球形粒子组成的链状结构,I_s以及偏振度的变化趋势可以区分粒子物理特性。     

切比雪夫雾霾粒子的紫外光散射偏振特性研究

雾霾天气已严重影响人们的日常生活，通过检测雾霾粒子的紫外光散射偏振特性可以有效分析雾霾成因。矿物粒子、灰尘粒子等雾霾颗粒均有小规模表面粗糙度的形态学特征，因此可用切比雪夫粒子作为模型分析。“日盲”紫外光与切比雪夫雾霾粒子相互作用发生散射，散射光偏振特性可反演切比雪夫雾霾颗粒物理性质(如粒子尺寸参数、复杂折射率、粒子形变、波纹参数)。采用紫外光单次散射模型和T矩阵方法，仿真分析切比雪夫雾霾粒子物理参数与散射光偏振特性(Stokes矢量和偏振度)之间的关系，结果表明：粒径对散射光Stokes矢量Is和Qs随散射角的变化趋势影响很大，粒子的粒径和复杂折射率虚部的变化会造成散射光偏振度随散射角的变化趋势的改变；具体分析散射角度为10°时，得到粒径对Is和Qs的数值影响最大，当粒径r<1 μm时，Is随粒径呈现抛物线趋势；切比雪夫粒子形变的增大，Is呈现先增大后减小的趋势。     

随机取向椭球粒子的吸收特性

用Ｔ矩阵方法计算了折射率虚部的范围在０．００１至０．１的几种椭球粒子随机取向时在几种等效尺度参数下的光散射与吸收特性，并与等效的球形粒子的光散射结果进行了比较。分析结果表明：椭球粒子的吸收特性与等效的球形粒子的吸收特性存在着差别，这种差别随粒子的形状、尺度和折射率而改变，考虑到目前气溶胶粒子复折射率虚部的测量精度，以等效的球体粒子处理非球形粒子的吸收不会带来显著的误差。     

悬浊液光谱透射法测量烟尘粒子的复折射率

光谱复折射率是计算烟尘粒子散射特性的重要参数。该文在光谱透射法反演烟尘粒子复折射率理论的基础上,将烟尘粒子弥散于水中形成烟尘粒子悬浊液,通过可见光分光光度计测量该悬浊液的光谱透射率,通过激光粒度仪获得烟尘粒子的粒径分布,利用悬浊液光谱透射法对烟尘粒子的复折射率进行了反演。研究结果表明,烟尘粒子在可见光波长范围内没有明显吸收带,但随着波长的增加,透过率逐渐降低。烟尘粒子复折射率的反演结果与KBr样片法的反演结果吻合较好。利用悬浊液光谱透射法测量烟尘粒子的复折射率,实验过程简单,约束条件少,并可利用红外分光光度计测量透射率后,拓展至红外波段。     

不同形状的非球形粒子对偏振传输特性的影响

针对自然界的非球形粒子问题,对典型非球形粒子的偏振传输特性进行研究,采用T矩阵算法研究椭球、圆柱和切比雪夫粒子的偏振传输特性,及其与球形粒子偏振传输特性的差异。研究结果表明:对于横纵轴之比中等的椭球粒子,当散射角小于60°时,不同形状椭球粒子的偏振度(DOP)差异较小,可用Mie散射方法进行粒子偏振特性的近似计算;当散射角大于60°时,DOP随横纵轴之比的变化较大,且球形与椭球粒子的DOP差异随着横纵轴之比的增加而增大;对于直径与高度之比中等的圆柱体粒子,DOP的变化相比于椭球粒子更加平稳,但后向散射与侧向散射区域仍不能采用Mie散射进行近似计算;形状比例极端的椭球粒子和圆柱体粒子的偏振曲线均类似于钟形,且在散射角约为90°时DOP达到最大值;切比雪夫粒子的形变参数和级次都对粒子前向散射偏振特性的影响较小,但对后向散射偏振特性的影响较大,且灵敏度随级次的增加而减小。本研究结果可为非球形粒子偏振传输特性的研究及球形粒子近似提供理论指导。     

非球形火星沙尘粒子的光谱散射特性研究

针对复杂的火星大气环境,基于T-matrix理论,对三种非球形火星沙尘粒子的散射特性进行了研究,计算了服从对数正态分布的非球形火星沙尘粒子的散射特性,分别在有沙尘暴和无沙尘暴两种条件下,分析非球形火星沙尘粒子的传输衰减和透射率随粒子数浓度、波长以及高度的变化趋势,并与球形粒子进行对比。结果表明:非球形与球形粒子的消光效率因子和散射效率因子存在较大差异,两者之间的最大差值分别为1.786 8和1.761 9,而切比雪夫粒子的散射特性与球形粒子最接近;当入射波长为0.55μm时,火星上沙尘粒子群整体的散射主要集中在前向40°以内,且非球形与球形粒子在前向60°以内散射强度基本相等,大于60°时非球形的散射强度比球形粒子高;非球形火星沙尘粒子的传输衰减和透射率(随波长、粒子数浓度和高度)的变化趋势与球形的基本一致,且其尺寸的比值越接近于1,传输衰减和透射率越接近于球形粒子的值。     

Estimation of required parameters for detection of small smoke plumes by lidar at 1.54 μm

Parameters of eyesafe lidar at 1.54 μm for detection of small plumes of smoke from burning wood or oil have been evaluated. It was assumed that a diode-pumped solid-state Er:glass laser at 1.54 μm or a Nd:YAG laser with a Raman cell or optical-parametric oscillator is used as a light source and that detection of backscattered light is performed with an avalanche photodiode. Ash and soot particle size distributions were taken from experiments. A backscattering coefficient at 1.54 μm for various source of smoke was estimated. In computing the laser energy, range between lidar and smoke, receiver optics diameter, fuel mass burned in unit time, fire source radius, laser pulse duration and visibility were varied. Results of the computations enabled estimation of the required laser energy, which ranges from 0.05 to 1400 mJ depending on the parameters. Received: 5 January 2000 / Revised version: 3 March 2000 / Published online: 11 May 2000     

混浊介质中后向单次漫散射米勒矩阵特征

采用斯托克斯(Stokes)矢量形式,推导出当无限窄的连续光束垂直入射到混浊介质表面时,后向单次漫散射米勒(Mueller)矩阵的解析表达式。基于米氏(Mie)散射模式,详细分析了单次散射米勒矩阵元素的分布模式,以及与介质粒子数密度,粒子尺寸参量之间的关系。研究表明:单次散射米勒矩阵的方位变化随粒子数密度的增加,逐渐消失,而矩阵元素m22,m33,m23,m32随粒子数密度的变化,具有更显著的方位变化特征。矩阵元素m22,m33在方位角=45°时的值随尺寸参量的变化有一定的规律性,当尺寸参量小于某一特征参量时,其值呈下降趋势,反之则呈波动上升趋势。当介质粒子数密度以及粒子尺寸参量改变时,米勒矩阵元素强度的径向分布模式不变,即在任何方位,强度随径向距离都近似成指数规律衰减,方位变化呈周期性。     

Light scattering properties of sea-salt aerosol particles inferred from modeling studies and ground-based measurements

Direct climate radiative forcing depends on the aerosol optical depth τ, the single scattering albedo ?, and the up-scatter fraction β; these quantities are functions of the refractive index of the particles, their size relative to the incident wavelength, and their shape. Sea-salt aerosols crystallize into cubic shapes or in agglomerates of cubic particles under low relative humidity conditions. The present study investigates the effects of the shape of dried sea-salt particles on the detection of light scattering from the particles. Ground-based measurements of scattering and backscattering coefficients have been performed with an integrating nephelometer instrument for a wavelength . The measurements are compared to two models: the Mie theory assuming a spherical shape for the particles and the Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) model for the hypothesis of cubic shape of the sea-salt aerosols. The comparison is made accurately by taking into account the actual range of the scattering angles measured by the nephelometer in both models that is from 7° to 170° for the scattering coefficient and from 90° to 170° for the backscattering coefficient. Modeled scattering and backscattering coefficients increase for nonspherical particles compared to spherical shape of particles with diameter larger than about 1 μm. However, the comparison of the modeling results with the measurements gives best agreement for particles diameter less than about 1 μm. The size distribution of the particles is measured with two instruments with different size bins: an electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI) and an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS). It is found that the size of the bins of the instruments to determine the number concentration of the particles in accordance with their diameter is critical in the comparison of measurements with modeling.     

用基于方位分辨的漫后向散射光确定粒子尺寸分布及相对折射率

基于偏振门技术,提出了利用漫后向散射光随线偏振光入射方位的变化来测量双层模型表层的粒子尺寸分布及相对折射率。双层物理模型用来模拟上皮组织,上层分别由聚苯乙烯小球或HeLa细胞悬浮液组成,下层由脂肪乳溶液组成,每层的光学特性与上皮组织光学特性匹配。根据米氏(Mie)散射理论,建立了与散射体形态参量相关的偏振后向漫散射强度随入射偏振方位变化的理论模型,并采用浮点遗传算法反演程序获得表层粒子的尺寸分布(PSD)及相对折射率。将理论值和实验测量值进行比较。研究结果表明通过测量随方位变化的后向漫散射光的偏振差分信号,能够获得类上皮组织模型表层的形态结构信息。     

Instantaneous in-flame measurement of soot volume fraction, primary particle diameter, and aggregate radius of gyration via auto-compensating laser-induced incandescence and two-angle elastic light scattering

A new combination of soot diagnostics employing two-angle elastic light scattering and laser-induced incandescence is described that is capable of producing non-intrusive, instantaneous, and simultaneous, in situ measurements of soot volume fraction, primary particle size, and aggregate radius of gyration within flames. Controlled tests of the new apparatus on a well-characterized laminar flame show good agreement with existing measurements in the literature. From a detailed and comprehensive Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis of the results, it was found that the uncertainty in all three measured parameters is dominated by knowledge of soot properties and aggregation behavior. The soot volume fraction uncertainty is dominated by uncertainty in the soot refractive index light absorption function; the primary particle diameter uncertainty is dominated by uncertainty in the fractal prefactor; while the uncertainty in the aggregate radius of gyration is dominated by the uncertainty in the width of the distribution of aggregate sizes.     

Interrelating scattering characteristics to internal electric fields for Gaussian-random-sphere particles

We investigate the single-scattering interference mechanism related to the negative polarization branch (NPB) and intensity enhancement branch (IEB) near the backscattering direction for wavelength-scale Gaussian-random-sphere particles. Previously, we showed that for wavelength-scale spherical particles there is a two-part mechanism related to the longitudinal and the transverse components of the internal electric fields that are responsible for producing both the NPB and IEB near the backscattering direction. For comparison with the previous study, we have chosen the ensemble-averaged parameters of the Gaussian-random-sphere particles to be equivalent to those for spherical particles. We conclude that the same mechanism also can explain the NPB and IEB for non-spherical particles and that the mechanism seems to be stronger inside spherical particles, mainly because of stronger interference, and becomes weaker as the particle becomes more non-spherical.     

Study on the Range of Particles Size Measured by Backscattering Method in Visual‐infrared Incident Spectrum

For the measurement of particles size with backscattering method, the suitable range of particles size measurement have been presented by independent algorithm in Visual‐infrared incident spectrum. We defined the range according to the retrieved results based on the analysis and comparison to many kinds of R‐R distribution function. The simulation computation results showed that the particles size measurement range is from 0.05 μm to 18 μm with incident spectrum from 0.4 μm to 2 μm and different refractive index. The results retrieved were satisfied even if 1 % noise was added into the backscattering intensity.     

不同波长的散射介质后向散射光偏振度特性

基于Stockes矢量,通过测量以线偏振光和圆偏振光入射时脂肪乳剂后向散射光的偏振度,研究了532 nm、650 nm和780 nm三个波长的光与散射粒子粒径为325 nm的脂肪乳剂溶液作用后,其后向散射光的偏振度特性.研究结果表明,对于入射线偏振光,780 nm波长后向散射光中的线偏振光成分多于圆偏振光成分,而532 nm波长则相反;对于入射圆偏振光,三个波长后向散射光中的圆偏振光成分均多于线偏振光成分;532 nm波长的总偏振度高于650 nm和780 nm两个波长各自的总偏振度;线偏振光的保偏性优于圆偏振光的保偏性,但偏振光在散射介质中的穿透深度较小.因此,后向散射成像技术适用于物体表层成像,而且选择波长略大于粒径的线偏振光可以提高成像质量.