螺旋管内汽水两相流摩擦阻力特性实验研究

在宽广的实验参数范围内(压力p=8～21 MPa,质量流速G=1200～4000 kg·m~(-2)·s~(-1),壁面热流密度q=0～1000 kW·m~(-2))对立式螺旋管内汽水两相流摩擦阻力特性进行了实验研究。实验段由内径为10 mm的不锈钢管弯制而成,其螺旋直径为301mm,节距为49 mm。通过研究,获得了压力、干度、质量流速及热流密度等参数对汽水两相摩擦阻力的影响规律;并在实验数据的基础上,采用Chisholm的B系数法,给出了一个适用于螺旋管高压高质量流速工况汽水两相摩擦阻力的计算关系式。     

立式螺旋管汽液两相流沸腾传热恶化实验研究

本文实验研究了低质量流速(500～800 kg·m~(-2)·s~(-1))下的立式螺旋管临界热负荷,对沸腾传热恶化壁温特性和螺旋管临界热负荷影响因素进行分析.并同前人工作汇总,以流量,压力和临界干度为参数,建立了基于局部条件假设的立式螺旋管临界热负荷查询表(Look-Up-Table),共272个点.压力范围6.5～21 MPa,质量流速范围500～1800 kg·m~(-2)·s~(-1).     

高质量流速下立式螺旋管内汽液两相传热特性研究

对高质量流速下立式螺旋管内高压汽液两相流沸腾传热特性进行了试验研究,参数范围为:系统压力8.0～15.0MPa;质量流速2500～4000kg/m2s;壁面热流密度200～1000kW/m2;实验段为Φ14的不锈钢管弯制而成的螺旋管直径比为D/d=30.1的管圈,总长为2.335m,考察了热流密度和质量流速对两相传热的影响,分析核态沸腾和两相强制对流沸腾机理在螺旋管内两相传热中所起的作用,得到了局部传热系数的分布特性和平均传热系数计算关联式,首次发现高质量流速区域内螺旋管内汽液两相传热效果亦趋近于相同条件下直管内的换热系数,并对已有的结论进行了分类比较分析.     

R134a卧式螺旋管内沸腾流型与阻力特性实验研究

在蒸发温度为5～15℃,热流密度范围为5～20 kW·m~(-2),工质质量流速变化范围为50～500kg·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和干度范围为0.01～0.9的条件下,对R134a在卧式螺旋管内的流动沸腾流型及阻力特性进行了实验研究。利用可视化技术对R134a在卧式螺旋管内的流动沸腾流型进行了观察分析,发现了两种新流型,对卧式螺旋管的上升段和下降段分别建立了流型图。获得了阻力特性的基础数据,通过对实验数据回归分析,发展了摩擦阻力系数计算关联式。     

水平细光管内R717流动沸腾换热及干涸研究

本文探究了内径3 mm水平光管内氨(R717)的沸腾两相流换热特性以及环状流的干涸特性.实验工况:饱和温度-10～10℃,热流密度10～30 kW/m2,质量流率40～200 kg/(m2·s),干度0.1～1.实验结果表明,质量流率、饱和温度及热流密度的增加都会强化沸腾换热.增加质量流率会强化环状流内的对流沸腾;增大...     

多孔细径微肋管内CO2流动蒸发换热特性的研究

对亚临界二氧化碳在带有微肋的微细通道内的蒸发换热特性进行了实验研究.实验段为长0.6 m,内径1.7 mm的八孔带0.16 mm高微肋的铝制扁管.实验中参数的变化为:蒸发温度1～15 ℃,质量流速100～300 kg/m2s,热流密度1.67～8.33 kW/m2,干度0.1～0.9.实验结果表明,二氧化碳在带有微肋的微细通道中的蒸发换热系数高于其在光滑微细通道内的换热.二氧化碳的流动蒸发换热系数主要受热流密度和蒸发温度的影响,基本上是换热系数随热流密度及蒸发温度的增加而增加,但同时临界干度前移及滞后,而质量流速对换热系数的影响较弱;压力损失随质量流速和热流密度的增加以及蒸发温度的降低而增加.     

亚临界压力区垂直上升管内传热特性实验研究

本文开展了亚临界压力下垂直上升内螺纹管中水的传热特性的实验研究,并与对应条件下光管内水的传热特性进行了对比、分析.结果发现:内螺纹管和光管中两相饱和流动沸腾换热随热流密度的增加或压力的升高而增大,基本不随质量流速的变化而变化;相同工况下内螺纹管的饱和沸腾换热系数大约为光管的1.1～1.2倍。内螺纹管和光管的过冷沸腾起始干度都随质量流速的减小或者压力的升高或者热流密度的增大而增大;在相同工况下本文实验内螺纹管中的过冷沸腾起始干度比光管中的要小至少0.2。光管中主要发生偏离核态沸腾(DNB),临界干度随热流密度的减小或质量流速的增加或压力的降低而增大;内螺纹管中主要发生烧干,运行参数对临界干度的影响不大。     

非均匀加热立式螺旋管内沸腾传热恶化特性研究

本文主要开展非均匀加热螺旋管内沸腾传热恶化特性实验研究。实验参数范围为:热流密度15~55 kW·m^-2;质量流速190~400 kg·m^-2·s^-1;压力0.8~1.1 MPa。实验包括一个均匀加热实验段及两个非均匀加热实验段,三个实验段尺寸一致,不均匀度分别为1.0,1.2和1.4。实验过程中共获得三种壁温飞升现象,而且发现随着质量流速及不均匀度的增大传热恶化位置逐渐向内侧管圈偏移,并由此导致非均匀加热螺旋管内初始烧干干度随着质量流速的变化规律与均匀加热螺旋管恰好相反。     

微通道内流动沸腾换热特性实验研究

采用实验方法对制冷剂R134a在内径为1.98mm的水平光滑铜管内的流动沸腾换热特性进行研究。试验中,质量流速范围720~900kg/(m~2·s),热流密度范围19~28k W/m~2,系统压力0.7MPa和0.81MPa(饱和温度为26.8℃、31.4℃)和干度范围0~0.65。结果表明:质量流速对换热系数的影响较大,随着质量流速的增大而增大;在低干度区,热流密度对换热系数的影响较大,换热系数随干度的增加近似成单调增加;系统压力对换热系数也有明显的影响;将试验结果与Sun-Mishima公式和Liu-Winterton公式进行比较,发现试验结果与Sun-Mishima公式计算值吻合度较高,最大误差为14.1%。     

高参数小管径内煤油的传热特性研究

本文对酸碱水洗煤油在高热流密度、高流速、高压、小直径圆管条件下进行了试验及理论研究,试验参数为热流密度q=0.8-50 MW/m2、亚临界压力p=2 MPa、超临界压力p=5,15 MPa、质量流速pw=8500-51000 kg/m2·s、圆管内径φ=1.7 mm。通过试验研究,获得了酸碱水洗煤油在亚临界及超临界压力条件下的传热特性、拟沸腾发生的界限条件以及传热恶化时的临界热流密度值及相关影响因素。在对试验结果分析的基础上,建立了临界热流密度关联式,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.