Laboratory spectroscopic calibration of infrared tunable laser spectrometers for the in situ sensing of the Earth and Martian atmospheres

This paper reports the laboratory spectroscopic calibration of near- and mid- infrared tunable laser spectrometers used to determine in situ trace gases in the middle atmosphere of the Earth or in development for the investigation of the Martian atmosphere. The use of infrared absorption spectroscopy to measure gas concentrations requires a proper knowledge of the rotation–vibration spectra of the targeted molecules as well as a proper investigation of the tunable laser spectral emission properties. This last point is of particular importance for the use of new-generation lasers like quantum-cascade lasers or room-temperature multi-quantum wells laser diodes emitting between 2 and 3 μm. Purposely, we have developed various laboratory tunable laser set-ups to obtain accurate line strengths and pressure-broadening coefficients of atmospheric molecules and to test the performances of cutting-edge laser technology for trace gas sensing. In this paper, the spectroscopic calibration work is described. Several atmospheric applications of tunable laser are reported to stress the impact on concentration retrieval of a proper spectroscopic calibration work. PACS 07.57.T; 93.85; 07.87     

被动遥测光谱仪仪器响应函数的实验测定研究

被动遥测光谱技术在目标光谱探测、大气痕量气体监测等方面都有广泛的应用.为了得到准确和高灵敏度的遥测光谱测试数据,被动遥测光谱设备必须首先进行响应函数的测量,以消除仪器本身热量对测量数据的影响.利用标准高温黑体对BLUKER TENSOR 37型被动式FTIR光谱仪仪器响应函数进行了测定,得到了该型仪器在不同温度区间MCT探测器和InSb探测器仪器的响应函数和背景函数.实验发现MCT探测器响应函数随温度升高而增加,而InSb探测器则相反,随温度升高略有减小.背景函数不仅与背景相关,还与温度相关.MCT探测器背景函数随温度的升高而减小,而InSb探测器则相反,随温度升高而增加.     

芯片级硅基光谱仪研究进展

光谱仪作为光谱分析不可或缺的工具,在生物传感、食药检测、医疗、环境监测等领域有着广泛的用途。传统的光谱仪体积大、功耗高、价格昂贵和难以二次开发,应用范围受到了极大地限制。随着微型加工工艺的发展,微型化的光谱仪逐渐出现。相较于传统的大型光谱仪,微型光谱仪不仅成本低、体积小、功耗低,而且便于二次开发,扩展了光谱仪的应用范围。但是,微型光谱仪通常是基于分立的光学器件,通过将光学器件的小型化而实现的,集成度和灵活性不高。随着对便携性的要求越来越高,光谱仪的进一步小型化和集成化已成趋势,出现了芯片级的光谱仪。芯片级光谱仪具有明显的尺寸、重量和功耗的优势,将对光谱仪在无人设备、智能平台等新兴领域中的应用产生重要影响。在芯片级光谱仪的实现过程中,硅基光子技术因其成熟的加工工艺和良好的集成性能,为光谱仪的芯片化提供了一种集成化、低成本的解决方案,国内外研究人员针对芯片级硅基光谱仪展开了大量的研究,取得了丰富的成果。文章分析了硅基片上光谱仪的工作原理,将目前的芯片级硅基光谱仪分成了色散型和傅里叶变换型两大类进行介绍,分析了这两类光谱仪的主要特点和典型实现方式。文中给出了刻蚀衍射光栅、波导阵列光栅、多模波导等色散型硅基片上光谱仪和空间外差、驻波式、热调、数字以及基于微机电系统的傅里叶变换型硅基片上光谱仪的最新研究进展,分析了各种光谱仪的性能特点和适用范围。在此基础上,展示了本组的最新研究成果,通过创造性地将基于马赫曾德尔干涉仪的空间外差傅里叶变换型光谱仪结构和波导阵列光栅的色散型光谱仪结构相结合,可同时实现较大的光谱范围和较高的光谱分辨率,为硅基片上光谱仪的应用打下了较好的基础。最后,论述了硅基片上光谱仪的发展趋势与应用前景,为芯片级硅基光谱仪的研究提供了参考。     

溶胶-凝胶双层三波长增透膜制备

通过理论模拟与实验相结合,研究了以双层膜的方式实现三波长增透的途径。以正硅酸乙酯为前驱体,采用酸催化与碱催化溶胶混合的方式调控了溶胶折射率,并配制了双层复合膜所用的两种溶胶,制备出了351nm处透过率大于99.5%,527nm透过率大于98%,1053nm透过率大于98%的三波长增透膜。用扫描电镜、原子力显微镜观测了膜层结构,用椭偏仪和分光光度计对膜层性能进行了表征。三波长增透膜对高功率激光装置的运行性能提升起到了积极的促进作用。     

三波长分光光度法测定色氨酸、酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸的研究

本文用三波长分光光度法测定了色氨酸、酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸。利用计算机选择最佳波长组合，可实现三种组分的同时测定。合成样品的分析结果表明，方法的准确度和精密度都令人满意。     

星载宽波段大气痕量气体临边探测仪光学设计

为满足大气痕量气体临边探测的迫切需求,克服传统Czerny-Turner光谱仪由于像散大导致空间分辨率低的缺点,设计了一种可以在宽波段内同时校正像散的改进型Czerny-Turner光谱仪,光谱范围为0.3～0.7μm,全视场角为2.4°,焦距为120mm,相对孔径为1∶6.将离轴抛物面镜与改进型Czerny-Turner光谱仪匹配设计了一个临边探测仪光学系统并运用光学设计软件ZEMAX对临边探测仪光学系统进行了光线追迹和优化并对设计结果进行了分析,结果表明该系统的像散得到充分校正,光学系统在各个谱段的光学传递函数均达到0.69以上,完全满足设计指标要求,也证明了所提出的在宽波段内同时像散校正方法是可行的.     

大气痕量气体遥感探测仪发展现状和趋势

阐述了大气痕量气体探测技术的发展历程;详细介绍了几种国外先进的大气痕量气体遥感探测仪器的设计理念、工作原理和功能、工作模式、谱段设置和主要技术指标。讨论了我国遥感用星载大气痕量气体探测仪器的发展现状,给出了两种典型探测仪器的工作模式、谱段设置和主要性能指标。指出了未来星载大气痕量气体探测仪器的发展方向是提高遥感仪器的光谱分辨率、空间分辨率、灵敏度和定标精度以及发展主动遥感技术等,意在为我国今后这一领域的发展提供借鉴。     

Continuous-wave quantum cascade lasers absorption spectrometers for trace gas detection in the atmosphere

Mid infra-red absorption spectrometry based on continuous-wave distributed feedback (DFB) quantum cascade laser (QCL) is more and more widely used for trace gas detection and pollution monitoring. The main advantages of this technique are high sensitivity, high selectivity and a potential for extreme compactness. Various examples of trace gas detection for atmospheric detection will be presented in this paper. Commercial QCLs available on the shelves were first implemented. A cryogenic QCL emitting at 6.7 μm was used to demonstrate the detection of water vapor and its isotopes. A room-temperature QCL was then used to simultaneously detect methane and nitrous oxide at 7.9 μm. Recently, we have developed a room-temperature top grating DFB QCL designed around 4.5 μm for the demonstration of N₂O detection in the ppb range. Atmospheric applications of these spectrometers will be presented. The improvements of QCL performances make it now possible to develop instruments that are more and more compact and therefore compatible with in situ applications.     

Wavenumber Calibration of CCD Detector Raman Spectrometers Controlled by a Sinus Arm Drive

Abstract

The calibration procedures needed for use of dispersive Raman spectrometers have been reviewed. Like other high‐precision spectrometers incorporating moving gratings, Raman spectrometers are subject to problems with wavenumber scale accuracy. Commercially available Raman spectrometers of types DILOR‐HORIBA LabRam and RENISHAW System 1000 have been examined for wavenumber scale stability, linearity, and reproducibility. For reliable use of the wavenumber data, daily calibration is a necessity. A procedure to examine the linearity of such mechanical drive systems is presented. A new finding was that the examined spectrometers give wavenumber calibration errors that were quite reproducible from day to day at a given temperature in the laboratory but depended markedly on the selected setting of the gratings. Knowledge of this linearity problem is essential for obtaining a reliable calibration. The most correct calibration was obtained by the use of certain “golden” settings of the sinus drive at a constant temperature of the laboratory. In this way, the examined spectrometers could be used with better precision, without daily calibration, provided the temperature of the room was constant or corrected for. A procedure for correction of these errors by the software is suggested.     

Principles and performance of an electron spin echo spectrometer using far infrared lasers as excitation sources

We have built an electron spin echo spectrometer operating at 604 GHz, extending the frequency limit of existing spectrometers by more than a factor of 4. In order to handle this high frequency we have used optical techniques, i.e., molecular gas lasers for the excitation pulses and far infrared techniques for the heterodyne detection system. The different components of the spectrometer are described in detail and first experimental results are given.     

空间遥感大气痕量气体临边探测仪设计与研究

为满足空间大气痕量气体探测的迫切需求,设计并研制了一个空间遥感大气痕量气体临边探测仪原型样机.该样机光学系统由离轴抛物面望远镜和改进型Czerny-Turner光谱仪组成,工作波段为380~570 nm.在工作波段内,点列图半径的均方根值均小于9 μm,校正了像散,整个工作波段内同时获得了良好的成像质量.原型样机质量12 kg,体积420×350×200 mm³,空间像元分辨力0.6 km,光谱分辨力0.86 nm,各项指标均满足要求.利用临边探测仪原型样机进行了外场观测试验,外场观测光谱数据与模拟光谱数据进行了比对,二者具有很好的一致性,表明大气痕量气体临边探测仪功能和性能良好,满足大气痕量气体探测的应用要求.     

Frequency-comb-referenced mid-IR sources for next-generation environmental sensors

We report on recent development of IR spectrometers based on non-linear optical generation and quantum-cascade lasers. Frequency stabilization and referencing to optical frequency-comb synthesizers is described. Their characteristics for spectroscopic as well as metrological applications are pointed out. The potential of the combination of mid-IR sources with enhancement cavities for high-resolution and sensitive measurements of gas spectra is illustrated. Finally, we describe wave-front engineering of long wavelength beams for spatial control and imaging applications.     

Multichannel Neutral Atom Energy Spectrometers for Plasma Diagnostics

Multichannel neutral atom energy spectrometers for energies of 0.3-10 keV for use on fast pulsed plasma experiments are described. The spectrometers consist of a gas stripping cell, a fixed or variable magnetic prism, and a row of scintillator-photomultiplier detectors. Calibration, data analysis, and some operating experience are described.     

靶丸内混合气体的质谱法测量技术

 叙述了四极质谱(QMS)的结构和气体分析质谱(GAM)的定量分析工作原理。四极质谱具有快速扫描响应，较高的响应灵敏度的特点，在经过标准气体校准后，加上独特的气体进样系统，可用于惯性约束聚变(ICF)靶丸内混合气体组分含量及总量的定量分析。同时，在经过坐标尺度放大等手段，可以对混合气体中质量数极为接近的氘(4.028 2)和氦(4.002 6)在高分辨模式下进行基线分离。用四极质谱对各种靶丸结构、不同混合气体种类的气体进行了定量组分分析，为ICF实验用靶提供了同批次实验数据。     

红外成像光谱测量中Dyson光学系统的研究进展

传统的红外成像光谱仪难以同时实现弱遥感信号下的高信噪比和仪器小型化的要求,基于Dyson同心光学结构的新型遥感红外成像光谱仪具有数值孔径大、信噪比高、结构简单、体积小、重量轻的优点,用于强背景信号下的微弱红外成像光谱信号测量时,可实现传统的红外成像光谱仪难以实现的高信噪比测量。本文概述了Dyson同心光学结构的产生、发展及最新研究动态,重点介绍了Dyson同心光谱仪的原理、研制过程中的难点以及在高性能遥感红外成像光谱测量中的应用,为高性能红外成像光谱仪的研究提供了参考。     

煤层气排采动态的被动式超低频频谱分析

煤层气的勘探与开发具有很强的经济意义、环境意义以及社会效益.煤层气排采过程动态监测与准确评估是煤层气高效开发的关键.文章从煤层气排采动态的天然源超低频电磁探测原理出发,采用北京大学超低频电磁探测仪器,通过分析煤层气排采过程中不同时间段的超低频电磁探测频谱,揭示煤层气排采的动态变化.山西沁水盆地实际探测结果表明:被动式超低频电磁探测技术能够简单、有效、尤损伤的探测煤层气排采动态.     

Small-size spectrometer for emission analysis of low-temperature plasma flows

Calculation data for characteristics of concave holographic arrays are reported, allowing development of low-size spectrometers with medium and high spectral resolution. The holographic arrays were fabricated around new subnanostructured films of chalcogenide semiconductors. A medium-resolution, small-size spectrometer was used to measure the distribution of temperature in the gas flow emanating from a DC plasmatorch with sectioned inter-electrode insert by the relative-intensity method. Presently available methods for measuring the temperature of non-uniform optically thin plasma were employed. A comparison of spectral and thermophysical methods for temperature measurements is given.     

临边成像光谱仪的发展现状与进展

介绍了临边观测模式的探测原理及其特点,给出了美国、欧洲等发达国家关于临边成像光谱仪的研究状况,并列出了各临边成像光谱仪的核心设计方案及具体的技术指标。最后,介绍了国内唯一一例临边成像光谱仪的开展情况,包括设计方案到技术指标。通过对比分析国内外临边成像光谱仪的研究进展,为我国进一步提高临边成像光谱仪的性能及技术指标提供了理论基础。     

结合环境参数修正的高温气体光谱检测系统设计

随着工业化进程加快，大气污染监控已受到广泛关注，为实现工业过程痕量气体浓度的准确监测，采用可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS)搭建了气体浓度在线监测系统，并以LabVIEW为软件开发平台完成了可视化界面。重点设计了数据处理功能及浓度反演算法，通过同步获取的环境压力参数对特征吸收光谱的有效拟合范围进行修正，提高吸光度信号的准确性，再通过读取的环境温度参数修正气体吸收线强以获得精确的浓度结果。将该系统应用于高温氨浓度在线测量实验中，获得高温不同压力下的氨气浓度测量结果。实验结果表明，在500 K温度下，不经过压力、温度参数修正的最大氨浓度反演偏差为18.81%，通过参数判断后再进行光谱提取和修正，得到浓度最大偏差为3.96%。该系统能够准确反演不同环境参数(压力、温度)下的气体浓度，实现了工业高温现场气体的实时、精确在线测量。     

可调谐激光二极管吸收光谱系统信号分析及谱线畸变校正技术研究

利用可调谐激光二极管吸收光谱技术进行气体检测时,波长调制伴随的光强幅度调制,会使解调出的谐波谱线发生畸变.在傅里叶分析的基础上对可调谐激光二极管吸收光谱任意调制幅度的波长调制光谱信号进行了分析,给出了光强幅度调制引起吸收谱线畸变的理论解释.提出了在波长调制过程中进行旧步平抑幅度调制的方法来消除谱线畸变,设计了实验方案并...