提高激光板形仪图像检测系统抗背景热噪声干扰的能力

介绍一种在激光热轧带钢板形测量系统中使用的图像检测系统。针对在生产中当带钢纵向温度辐射波动较大时，会造成被测图像大面积背景灰度的变化，影响图像分割与光斑提取，导致系统无法在线稳定测量的问题，提出了所谓门限化阈值跟踪的方法。该方法根据仪器设计的自适应原则，在线分析局部图像的直方图，预报图像分割所需的阈值，补偿带钢纵向温度的波动对图像灰度分布的影响，提高了检测系统的自适应性能。     

信号发生器输出幅度平坦度测量中的非线性与相关性问题研究

信号发生器输出幅度平坦度是评价信号发生器输出特性的一项重要指标,本文介绍了输出幅度平坦度的测量方法,并且针对其不同的计算公式建立了测量的数学模型。由于该数学模型是非线性模型,并且由于输入量之间可能存在相关性,所以在进行测量不确定度分析的过程中必须考虑在合成标准不确定度时是否需要加入数学模型按泰勒级数展开后所得方差的高阶项以及表征相关性的协方差项。根据高阶项对合成标准不确定度整体的贡献大小判断是否可以忽略。同时比较了通过实验方法得到相关系数与相关系数直接取0或取1时对应扩展不确定度的大小。最后针对幅度平坦度的测量提出有效避免处理相关问题的方法。     

水下低噪声目标辐射噪声垂直嵌套阵测量方法

研究了一种水下低噪声目标辐射噪声垂直嵌套阵测量方法。首先通过分析试验水域背景噪声和被测目标辐射噪声特性,掌握不同测量频段的增益需求;然后采用凸优化方法,建立波导环境中超宽带、高稳健恒定束宽波束形成技术,推导水下目标辐射噪声垂直嵌套阵测量及空间阵列信息处理方法;最后研制垂直嵌套阵测量系统,并开展湖上试验验证。研究结果表明该测量方法具有测量带宽大、稳健性高、测量不确定度低等优点,辐射噪声测量不确定度约2 dB。     

倾斜管式液体粘度测量方法理论及实验研究

本文提出了一种适用于高压下及低沸点物质液相粘度的测量方法-倾斜管式粘度测量方法,并设计和搭建了粘度测量系统.采用粘度测量系统标定的标准物质-纯水,通过测量其运动粘度,对该测量系统进行了检测.结果显示,该测量系统的相对偏差绝对平均值为0.65%,验证了该方法原理的正确性及测量系统的准确性.此外,测量了R134a饱和液体的运动粘度,进一步检测了该粘度测量系统.     

星上定标漫射板远紫外BRDF测量方法

针对星载漫射板远紫外波段(140~240nm)的双向反射分布函数测量过程中,探测器响应线性问题和紫外光源稳定性差的问题,提出一种采用光源监测比例补偿的相对测量方法.根据测量方法设计了一种基于六自由度转台结构形式的测量系统,该系统采用漫射板两维平移+两维转动、探测器两维转动的组合运动形式,可实现漫射板半球空间内任意点、任意方位的双向反射分布函数测量.用所提方法进行测量实验,并对影响系统测量结果的主要因素进了不确定度分析,结果表明总测量不确定度约为5.5%.     

基于单个四条带BPM的非拦截式能散度测量方法

能散度是反映束流品质的重要参数,采用传统测量方法测量时打到靶上的束流不能得到利用,测得的数据也是多个宏脉冲的平均值,利用该方法的测量结果进行束流调节时,要等待荧光靶从束流轨道中反复插入和提出,调节时间很长。基于单个四条带束流位置检测器,结合发射度测量的方法,实现了非拦截式能散度测量方法。该方法能在不加入额外设备的情况下对每个束流宏脉冲的能散度进行测量,测量结果与传统的拦截式测量方法结果相吻合。进行了误差分析,指出为了减小测量系统误差,需要尽可能使束流通过束流位置检测器中心。     

成像法测量积分球的亮度均匀性

为测量某项目中经过投影物镜观察到的胶片位置处的亮度均匀性,设计采用了成像式亮度测量方法,该方法能够获得整个辐照面的相对亮度分布,较传统的采用光辐射计、光电池等采点取样测量方法便捷经济,采用成像式亮度测量方法测量得到的不均匀度为4.24%,与采用光辐射计测量得到的不均匀度3.92%基本一致,相对误差仅为8.16%,该方法可以推广应用于太阳模拟器均匀性检测及场馆均匀照明检测等方面。     

太阳能帆板平面度测量系统中光斑图像处理方法研究

太阳能帆板的平面度测量是卫星生产制造过程中的一个关键技术，现有的测量方法存在着精度差，效率低的问题。该文在基于实际工程课题的太阳能帆板平面度测量系统基础上，针对测量系统中光斑图像处理这一关键技术进行了详细的研究。对现有测量方法进行了比较与分析，介绍了测量系统的基本原理、图像采集系统设计过程中采取的主要措施、图像处理的具体方法与步骤和测量系统的基本组成。提出了一种新的快速滤波算法和光斑图像能量中心求取算法，大大提高了光斑图像能量中心的求取精度和实时性，提高了太阳能帆板平面度的测量精度。给出了光斑图像处理结果、静态测量重复性误差以及实际帆板的测量结果与分析，实验结果证明所采用的光斑图像处理方法可以满足对实际帆板测量精度的要求。     

一种在线式电子束能量测量方法

针对直线感应电子加速器中的束流特点,设计了一种在线式电子束能量测量方法。该方法使用分析磁铁和束位置探测器对电子束团切片平均能量进行测量,避免了束团取样带来的误差及测量过程对束流的影响,可以实现电子能量的在线测量。使用该方法对某强流直线感应电子加速器的电子束团能量进行了测量,获得了电子束团切片平均能量随时间变化的曲线,能量测量不确定度为0.177 MeV,能散度测量不确定度为0.39%。     

基于Levenbery-Marquardt算法的点衍射三维坐标测量方法

针对现有点衍射三维坐标测量系统中的坐标高精度解调问题,提出了一种基于Levenbery-Marquardt(LM)算法的点衍射干涉测量方法。基于L-M算法的点衍射测量技术是以点衍射干涉理论为基础,在实现干涉场相位分布信息解调的基础上运用基于L-M算法的二重迭代算法重构出点衍射源的三维坐标。为验证所提出测量方法的可行性,同时进行了计算机仿真和测量实验,并与三坐标测量机的测量结果进行了对比。结果表明:该测量方法可在xyz三维方向上100mm×100mm×300mm空间范围内实现优于微米量级的测量精度。该测量方法具有不依赖算法迭代初值、测量精度高、运算速度快、抗噪声能力强等诸多优点,在三维坐标测量及测量系统的校准中具有较好的实用性。     

Determination of surface flatness by spectral interferometric method

In this study a novel method for determining surface flatness based on spectral interferometry is reported. In the traditional method a laser is used to produce intensity interference fringes and by measuring the shift in the position of a fringe when a test plate is put on a reference plate, the surface flatness of the test plate is determined. In the present study we have used a broad-band source for determining the flatness of a test plate. By studying the changes in the spectrum of the source on interference that are produced when a test plate is put on a reference plate, the surface flatness is determined. It has been found that the surface flatness determined by spectral studies comes out to be of the same order as that with a quasi-monochromatic laser light. This method might provide an edge over the present method by reducing the time taken in the study and also provide a cost-effective solution.     

基于蒙特卡罗法的平面度测量不确定度评定

形位误差的测量不确定度评定是目前测量领域研究的热点;但由于其测量的复杂性和测量结果评定的多样性,导致在实际测量结果中形位误差测量的不确定度评定成了难题;为此,根据形状误差评定准则,选取最小二乘法建立数学模型,确定形状误差数学模型中各参数值的传递系数和单点不确定度,并分析具体的测量方法和测量过程中的不确定度来源,根据传统的GUM法对其进行不确定度评定;然后采用蒙特卡罗伪随机数的方法来模拟实际测量数据,从而得到平面度误差的不确定度;通过设置实验对比,验证了蒙特卡罗法评定平面度不确定度的可靠性和准确性;该方法不需要求出数学模型中的传递系数,利用MATLAB软件很容易实现,为平面度误差测量结果不确定度评定提供了更加简便的方法,值得推广和应用。     

非接触式钢板平坦度检测系统

本文提出一种非接触式钢板表面平坦度的检测方法，利用了激光及ＣＣＤ技术。目前本系统可以实现实验室静态模拟测量，测量范围（钢板幅度变化）为０～５ｍｍ，测量精度达到±０．５ｍｍ以上。应用本方法到实际现场测量中，无需测钢板走带速度，可实现实时检测     

9-cell TESLA超导加速腔研制中Dumb-Bells的测量与调整

为了保证9-cell超导加速腔在场的平滑度、TM010模的频率以及加速器的总长度达到TESLA国际标准, 必须确保每个Dumb-Bell在以上各方面达到标准要求. 由于冲压、机加工以及电子束焊接等过程会引起形变, 因此, 必须在完成iris和加强筋的电子束焊接之后对Dumb-Bells进行微波和机械测量, 并根据测量的结果对其腔形和长度等作必要的调整. 北京大学已经建立了一套完整的测量和调整Dumb-Bells的装置, 本文深入研究了Dumb-Bells的测量与调整的方法.     

光刻机硅片表面不平度原位检测技术

随着光刻特征尺寸的不断减小,硅片表面不平度对光刻性能的影响越来越显著.该文提出了一种新的硅片表面不平度的原位检测技术本文在分析特殊测试标记成像规律的基础上,讨论了测试标记的对准位置偏移量与硅片表面起伏高度的变化规律,提出了一种新的硅片表面不平度原位检测技术.实验表明,该技术可实现硅片表面不平度及硅片表面形貌的高准确度原位测量.该技术考虑了光刻机承片台吸附力的非均匀性对硅片表面不平度的影响,更真实反映曝光工作状态下的硅片表面不平度大小.与现有的原位检测方法相比,硅片表面不平度的测量空间分辨率提高了1.67%倍,可实现硅片表面形貌的原位检测.     

On mechanical characteristics of nanocrystals

The dependence of the elastic moduli of a nanocrystal on its size is investigated theoretically with reference to a two-dimensional single-crystal strip. It is shown that the uncertainty (of a fundamental nature) in the size of a nanocrystal causes the determination of many of its mechanical characteristics to be ambiguous. It is found that the Cauchy-Green relations are modified and the elastic-constant tensor ceases to be symmetric; the size and shape of a nanocrystal render its mechanical properties more anisotropic. For a single-crystal strip, the Poisson ratio decreases and the Young modulus increases with decreasing thickness of the strip; in the case of a very thin crystal film (two atomic layers thick), these elastic moduli can differ from their macroscopic values by a factor of two. The size effects which make the continuum elasticity theory inapplicable to nanocrystals are estimated. The size effects that occur when the molecular dynamics method is applied for modeling macroscopic objects are also discussed.     

Behaviour of the current in a two-dimensional Bttiker Landauer motor with entropic barriers

The behaviour of the current in a two-dimensional Büttiker--Landauer motor, which is a position-dependent temperature-driven Brownian motor, is investigated in the presence of entropic and energy barriers. It is found that the motion of the Brownian particles is influenced by the shape of the channel. The existence of an entropic barrier can cause an asymmetric current as the flatness ratio of the shape varies. There exists an optimized flatness ratio (nonzero) at which the current reaches its maximum value.     

Edge states of graphene bilayer strip

The electronic structure of the zig-zag bilayer strip is analyzed. The electronic spectraof the bilayer strip is computed. The dependence of the edge state band flatness on thebilayer width is found. The density of states at the Fermi level is analytically computed.It is shown that it has the singularity which depends on the width of the bilayer strip.There is also asymmetry in the density of states below and above the Fermi energy.     

Applications of Moiré topography measurement methods in industry

Moiré topography is able to determine the shape of an object, by pattern measuring, in a short time. Recently moiré topography has been used in various industrial fields because it has superior features that point measurement doesn't have. As it becomes popular various related techniques that fit specific needs have been developed and there is the prospect that moiré topography will become a more important measurement method and strengthen its position in the near future.

This paper explains the grid irradiation method and the grid projection method as the basis of the moiré topography measurement method and describes the existing status and prospects of utilizing moiré topography measurement in the applied fields of shape measurement, flatness measurement and detection of abnormality.     

Analysis of the impacts of mechanical errors on the RF performance of a single spoke cavity

Mechanical errors can not be avoided in fabrication. They will cause geometry errors and have impacts on the cavity performance. This paper systematically analyzes the impacts of mechanical errors on the RF performance of Peking University single spoke cavity. The various kinds of shape and size errors are considered, the influences on the resonation frequency and field flatness are studied by numerical simulation and the theoretical models are analyzed. The results show that the single spoke cavity is robust with respect to the mechanical tolerance. It also indicates the most essential factors for fabrication.