碳纳米管赋予大马士革钢刀锋利刀刃

高山仰止，景行行止；先生百年，谨赋为纪。 锦绣吴中，先生故里；其父以仁，一代名医。爱之如珠，教之以礼；孔孟儒学，从小沐浴。三十年代，血雨腥风；沪上游行，租界被拘。先生愤慨，目光如炬：“斯是吾国，关尔何事!”言语铿锵，巡捕无语。经此一事，明白一理：落后挨打，国弱被欺。立志救国，发奋学习。遂考清华，选修物理。为求深造，留学德域；师从迈特，才攀居里；名师相教，如虎添翼。漫步科学，畅游物理；先生勤勉，硕果丰裕。     

非晶金刚石膜的性能及其应用

非品金刚石薄膜具有超高硬度等一系列优异的特殊性能，为工程界孜孜追求的材料表面镀膜。用百纳科技公司研发制造的过滤阴极真空电弧离子镀膜机镀制的非晶金刚石薄膜，SP^3金刚石结构量≥80％，硬度高，膜／基结合力高，摩擦系数小，耐磨损，耐腐蚀，透光率高，在电子，机械，光学，生物医学上有广泛应用前景。我们已在视窗玻璃，丝锥，模具，硬质合金刀头等产品上成功应用。     

虚火花电子束源研制成功

虚火花电子束源研制成功王明常，朱俊彪，王之江，张立芬，陆载通，陆宾，冯诚士，黄羽．周慧芬（中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所，上海２０１８００）高功率，强流密度，高亮度虚火花电子柬源运转成功。近日出束，取得重大进展。座火花放电是在一种特殊结构称为虚火花...     

有关力学谱和内耗工作的综合与回顾

本文广泛地收集了有关内耗，力学谱，超声衰减方面的专著及会议文集。反映了20世纪在此领域的英文，俄文出版的书籍。也列出了历次国际会议及前苏联，乌克兰，中国的国内会议。文中包括了点缺陷，电，声子，位错，晶界，电畴等诸方面在内的内耗与力学谱工作。     

人物介绍

何新凤，女，瑶族，45岁，学士，教授，工程师，广西生态工程职业技术学院学术带头人，双师素质教师。主要研究方向：教学评价和教育信息化。中国物理学会教学委员会职教分委会和中国教育学会物理教学专业委员会职教工委会委员，     

富氧—乙炔原子吸收法测定野生白刺果汁上浮物中微量矿物元素的研究

本文介绍了利用火焰原子吸收分光光度法对宁夏野生白刺果汁上浮物中的铜，锌，铁，锰，钾，钠，钙和镁含量进行的研究工作。白刺果汁上浮物经湿消解法处理后，用原子吸收法测定。方法简单，快速，具有灵敏度和精密度高，选择性好，试剂消耗量小等优点。本法测定铜，锌，铁，锰，钾，钠，钙和镁的回收率均在９１．１－１０７．２％之间，变异系数均不超过５．３％。结果满意。     

霜形成对翅片管式蒸发器性能影响的研究

符号表A面积，mZ7汽化游热、kJ／kgi冰a热扩散半，m‘／s。运动粘度，m勺sdn进口C质量百分数6厚度，mfat潜热D质扩散｝．4｛，ma／sP密度，ng／m‘e出口7烩，＊U一，时间，S，管排m质量，kgA导热系数，W／inKs饱和状态M质流量，ug／s。含湿量，ng水儿g空气sen显热Q制冷量，W下角T总的R气体常数a空气I管S间距，mb翅片间的中心位置。蒸气T温度，KF霜w壁面。；。；w，x，y，z向速度，m／s／翅片x和距离有关的局部分量1目u竟亏目前，热泵的应用越来越广泛，所遇到的最大问题就是蒸发器的结霜问题。结霜使蒸发器的传热情况恶化，同时使…     

钨(Ⅵ)的富集与检测方法研究进展

检测W（Ⅵ）对环境科学和生命科学研究具有积极意义。本文就1991年以来国内外W（Ⅵ）的富集手段，检测方法概况作一综述，其中包括，荧光光谱法，分光光度法，原子发射光谱法，质谱法，动力学方法，极普法，化学发光法，中子活化分析及联用技术等。     

中国工程物理研究院工学院电子电气技术及自动化系

中国工程物理研究院工学院电子电气技术及自动化系创建于1978年，是学院最早的系之一。经过二十几年的发展，办学规模不断扩大，办学条件不断改善，教学管理规范，教学效果优良。开设有电气技术、电子技术应用、家电技术等专业。在多年教学实践中，已逐步建立健全，完善了多层次的教学管理系统，形成有效的教学运行机制。目前有教职工22人，教师18人，实验员3人，另聘用专家教授5人。学历有本科10人，硕士2人，博士2人，有双师型教师9人。     

中国工程物理研究院工学院电子电气技术及自动化系

中国工程物理研究院工学院电子电气技术及自动化系创建于1978年，是学院最早的系之一。经过二十几年的发展，办学规模不断扩大，办学条件不断改善，教学管理规范，教学效果优良。开设有电气技术、电子技术应用、家电技术等专业。在多年教学实践中，已逐步建立健全，完善了多层次的教学管理系统，形成有效的教学运行机制。目前有教职工22人，教师18人，实验员3人，另聘用专家教授5人。学历有本科10人，硕士2人，博士2人，有双师型教师9人。     

Sound scattering from partially water-filled elastic spherical shell with an internal elastic plate

According to the equation of motion in the elastic medium and integral equation of target scattering, the sound scattering from the partially water-filled elastic spherical shells with and without an inner plate is studied using the finite element and boundary element method, and the scattering normalized form functions of the shell filled with different volume of water are computed and the mechanism of resonance scattering is analyzed. The results show that the resonance of the shell with partially water-filled and without the plate is mainly related to the volume of water, and the resonance is produced by inner water and the spherical shell. The resonance characteristics of partially water-filled elastic shell with the plate are similar to that of empty structured elastic spherical shell, and the sound field in inner water is weaker which indicates the main resonance characteristics are decided by spherical shell and the plate. In addition, the scattering characteristics of spherical shell with plate and one side full water-filled are greatly different from the partially water-filled ones.     

Carrier frequency offset and impulse noise estimation for underwater acoustic orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

The carrier frequency offset（CFO）and impulse noise always affect the performance of underwater acoustic communication_systems.The CFO and impulse noise could be estimated by using the null subcarriers to cancel the effects of the two types of interference.The null subcarriers estimation methods include optimal separate estimation and joint estimation.The separate estimation firstly estimates the CFO value and then estimates the impulse noise value.However,the CFO and impulse noise always affect each other when either of them is estimated separately.The performance could be improved by using the joint estimation.The results of simulations and experiments have showed that these two optimization methods have good performance and the joint estimation has better performance than the separate estimation method.There is 3 dB performance gain at the BER value of 10~（-2）when using the joint estimation method.Thus these methods could improve the system robustness by using the CFO compensation and impulse noise suppression.     

A robust and secure chaotic standard map based pseudorandom permutation-substitution scheme for image encryption

A novel and robust chaos-based pseudorandom permutation-substitution scheme for image encryption is proposed. It is a loss-less symmetric block cipher and specifically designed for the color images but may also be used for the gray scale images. A secret key of 161-bit, comprising of the initial conditions and system parameter of the chaotic map (the standard map), number of iterations and number of rounds, is used in the algorithm. The whole encryption process is the sequential execution of a preliminary permutation and a fix number of rounds (as specified in the secret key) of substitution and main permutation of the 2D matrix obtained from the 3D image matrix. To increase the speed of encryption all three processes: preliminary permutation, substitution and main permutation are done row-by-row and column-by-column instead of pixel-by-pixel. All the permutation processes are made dependent on the input image matrix and controlled through the pseudo random number sequences (PRNS) generated from the discretization of chaotic standard map which result in both key sensitivity and plaintext sensitivity. However each substitution process is initiated with the initial vectors (different for rows and columns) generated using the secret key and chaotic standard map and then the properties of rows and column pixels of input matrix are mixed with the PRNS generated from the standard map. The security and performance analysis of the proposed image encryption has been performed using the histograms, correlation coefficients, information entropy, key sensitivity analysis, differential analysis, key space analysis, encryption/decryption rate analysis etc. Results suggest that the proposed image encryption technique is robust and secure and can be used for the secure image and video communication applications.     

近红外光谱技术在葡萄及其制品品质检测中的应用研究进展

葡萄具有丰富的营养价值、药用价值和经济价值,是世界上种植面积最大的水果之一。根据人们的消费需求及产品的贮运要求,葡萄被加工成葡萄干、葡萄汁、葡萄酒、葡萄籽油等常见葡萄制品。基于食品质量安全的关注以及高品质果蔬农产品的需求,如何快速有效地评价葡萄及其制品的质量已成为当务之急。随着无损检测技术及装备的快速发展,近红外光谱（NIR）技术因其快速、无损、精确、经济及便于在线分析的优点,也逐渐被应用在果蔬等农产品质量品质检测领域。近年来,国内外学者利用NIR技术在不损坏被检测葡萄及其制品的前提下,结合化学计量法、主成分聚类分析（PCA）、偏最小二乘判别分析（PLS-DA）、主成分回归（PCR）、偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）、支持向量机（SVM）及神经网络（NN）等数据处理方法探究了糖、酒精、酸等一般成分及色素、单宁、芳香物质等特有成分含量与有效光谱信息的关联性,以此建立了葡萄及其制品主要品质指标的定性鉴别与定量分析模型,为便携式近红外葡萄品质检测设备的研制和在线葡萄汁、葡萄酒酿制过程监测系统的开发提供了一定技术支持。文章系统概述了近十年来国内外NIR技术在葡萄、葡萄酒、葡萄汁及葡萄副产物检测中的应用现状,旨在为葡萄及其制品在后续分类鉴定与品质评价研究方面提供参考。研究表明NIR技术通过定量定性分析可实现葡萄复杂理化成分的多组分检测和分类鉴别,在测定葡萄理化特性与内部品质方面的研究已经有了一定的进展,且在葡萄酒、葡萄汁的品质过程监测和定性鉴别方面的研究应用逐渐增多,并逐步应用于葡萄皮中多酚、花青素等葡萄副产物分析,以及葡萄藤、葡萄叶营养生长状况监测等其他方面,进一步证实了NIR技术正成为检测葡萄及其制品品质的一种有效工具,为进一步提高葡萄及其制品品质价值以及实现葡萄果园的实时、高效生产管理提供了技术支持,应用前景极为广泛。如何深入挖掘葡萄及葡萄制品不同类检测数据所反映信息的内在关联性,结合视觉、味觉、嗅觉等多源信息融合技术建立预测精确度更高、更稳健的模型去全面评价葡萄生产、果园管理、成熟期收获及产后加工全过程,实现对葡萄及其制品生产全过程质量控制和在线监测将成为今后的发展趋势。     

Influence of substrate process tolerances on transmission characteristics of frequency-selective surface

Frequency-selective surface （FSS） is a two-dimensional periodic structure consisting of a dielectric substrate and the metal units （or apertures） arranged periodically on it. When manufacturing the substrate, its thickness and dielectric constant suffer process tolerances. This may induce the center frequency of the FSS to shift, and consequently influence its characteristics. In this paper, a bandpass FSS structure is designed. The units are the Jerusalem crosses arranged squarely. The mode-matching technique is used for simulation. The influence of the tolerances of the substrate＇s thickness and dielectric constant on the center frequency is analyzed. Results show that the tolerances of thickness and dielectric constant have different influences on the center frequency of the FSS. It is necessary to ensure the process tolerance of the dielectric constant in the design and manufacturing of the substrate in order to stabilize the center frequency.     

State-of-the-art advantages and drawbacks on the application of vibrational spectroscopy to monitor alcoholic fermentation (beer and wine)

Wine production is directly linked with the monitoring of the fermentation and critical fermentation parameters such as total sugars and ethanol concentration, and the production of CO₂. Commonly used sensors applied in the wine industry to monitor wine fermentation are those based in single sensors such as temperature probes and manual density measurements (e.g., specific gravity). These sensors are used several times per day and have been the only source of data available from which the stage of the fermentation and the evolution rate could be monitored. Therefore, an ideal method for fermentation process control and monitoring should enable a direct rapid, precise, and accurate determination of several target compounds, with minimal or no sample preparation and reagent consumption. This article reviews the state of the art in the applications of both near and mid infrared spectroscopy to monitor beer and wine fermentation.     

基于紫外LED阵列光催化降解抗生素的研究

抗生素的大量使用对生态环境造成巨大的影响,光催化技术具有操作简单且无二次污染等特点被广泛应用于污染物的降解。在光催化降解抗生素过程中,光源对其降解效率至关重要,与传统的汞灯催化光源相比,紫外LED技术具有更高的能源效率及更低的功耗,使光催化工艺发生了巨大的变化。首先建立基于紫外LED阵列的光催化平台,采用光栅光谱仪和紫外照度计对LED阵列光源光谱特性及装置内光场分布进行测量分析。结果显示紫外LED光源波长介于265～295 nm之间,其主波长为275 nm,由于光场叠加效果,光照强度随着装置径向位置距离的增大而明显增大,装置轴向位置光照强度分布较为均匀;其次通过三维超景深显微镜、UV-Vis光谱测量技术对P25型光催化剂的粒子结构进行表征分析,同时使用半导体求导公式对TiO₂粉末进行禁带分析,结果显示TiO₂为球形,由于空气中相对湿度过大,水在TiO₂微粒表面的润湿性加强了微粒间的粘附力,因此有团聚现象产生,其禁带宽度为3.1 eV;最后以紫外LED阵列和高压汞灯为催化光源,P25型TiO₂为催化剂分别对甲基橙、磺胺类抗生素进行光催化降解,使用紫外-可见光分光光度计测量降解过程中的吸收光谱曲线,进而对抗生素降解率进行分析。结果表明,甲基橙和磺胺二甲嘧啶在紫外LED阵列为光源条件下均能够被降解,分别经过160和240 min的催化降解过程后,降解率分别达到70%和36%,符合一级动力学方程,经计算LED阵列光源与汞灯对甲基橙的降解动力学常数分别为-0.007 5和-0.113 5 min-1,对磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解动力学常数分别为-0.001 9和-0.019 4 min-1。因此对甲基橙和磺胺二甲嘧啶进行降解时,汞灯降解速率高于紫外LED阵列;由于紫外LED阵列和汞灯系统在催化降解污染物过程中功率和其与反应器中轴线距离不同,对两种光源的抗生素降解效率建立评价方法,即对紫外LED和汞灯以单位功率为标准进行距离降解效率分析,对于甲基橙,汞灯在单位功率下的距离降解效率高于紫外LED,但对于抗生素,紫外LED阵列的距离降解效率明显高于汞灯。依据以上各类光谱分析和应用结果,紫外LED阵列是一种有竞争力的光催化应用替代光源,此技术的广泛应用为抗生素的降解提供新途径。     

天水仙人崖石窟壁画颜料层原位-无损分析研究

壁画是我国极为重要的文化遗产类型,具有极高的历史价值、艺术价值、科学价值、文化价值和社会价值。颜料层作为壁画的核心价值所在,包含古代历史文化、宗教信仰、政治经济、科学技术等多方面的信息内涵。常规的颜料层分析方法有原位无损和微损取样两种,取样分析方法虽能满足这类珍贵、脆弱文物的研究,但获取样品数量有限且会对本体造成不可逆转的损伤。综合运用数字成像以及光谱等分析技术对天水仙人崖石窟壁画颜料层进行工艺与制作材料研究。结果显示,正射影像图能够真实记录壁画当前纹理信息,色度仪可以量化表征壁画颜料的颜色,红紫外摄影可以提取可见光下不易探查的壁画绘制线稿、修复痕迹等隐含信息,高倍数码显微镜可观察壁画表面的微观形态及破损处的层次信息,便携式X射线荧光光谱仪可检测出颜料中的元素由此判断主要显色元素,高光谱采集所得数据与标准图谱比较后能够准确判定颜料的矿物种类。因此,多种原位无损分析方法的联合运用,可以减少对文物的直接干预,亦可达到对壁画颜料层认知的目的。这些非接触式的无损检测方法,可精细化研究壁画颜料层的色彩、物理、化学属性等内容,是壁画现场分析的重要手段,可在石窟寺、寺观殿堂、墓葬壁画的研究上进行推广,发挥其应有之用。     

Airborne Nanostructured Particles and Occupational Health

Nanotechnology is leading to the development in many field, of new materials and devices in many fields that demonstrate nanostructure-dependent properties. However, concern has been expressed that these same properties may present unique challenges to addressing potential health impact. Airborne particles associated with engineered nanomaterials are of particular concern, as they can readily enter the body through inhalation. Research into the potential occupational health risks associated with inhaling engineered nanostructured particles is just beginning. However, there is a large body of data on occupational and environmental aerosols, which is applicable to developing an initial assessment of potential risk and risk reduction strategies. Epidemiological and pathological studies of occupational and environmental exposures to airborne particles and fibers provide information on the aerosol-related lung diseases and conditions that have been observed in humans. Toxicological studies provide information on the specific disease mechanisms, dose–response relationships, and the particle characteristics that influence toxicity, including the size, surface area, chemistry or reactivity, solubility, and shape. Potential health risk will depend on the magnitude and nature of exposures to airborne nanostructured particles, and on the release, dispersion, transformation and control of materials in the workplace. Aerosol control methods have not been well-characterized for nanometer diameter particles, although theory and limited experimental data indicate that conventional ventilation, engineering control and filtration approaches should be applicable in many situations. Current information supports the development of preliminary guiding principles on working with engineered nanomaterials. However critical research questions remain to be answered before the potential health risk of airborne nanostructured particles in the workplace can be fully addressed. Disclaimer The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health     

基于荧光光谱技术研究胶原蛋白溶液中分子的聚集行为

对胶原分子聚集行为的研究,不仅能改善其理化特性,同时也为其在食品、组织工程和生物医药等领域的应用提供理论指导。基于胶原分子中苯丙氨酸(Phe)和酪氨酸(Tyr)的内源荧光特性,采用常规波长、同步荧光和二维(2D)荧光光谱技术研究了不同浓度和温度下胶原分子的聚集行为。研究结果表明：(1)在激发波长275 nm条件下,胶原分子仅在发射波长303 nm处出现了归属于Tyr的特征峰;选取波长差(Δλ)为15 nm的同步荧光扫描胶原分子,发现其在261和282 nm处出现了分别归属于Phe和Tyr的特征峰。(2)特征峰的荧光强度与胶原浓度呈现良好的线性关系,表明了基于常规波长和同步荧光光谱技术对胶原定量分析的可行性。(3)随着胶原浓度的增加,Tyr和Phe的含量逐渐增大,且胶原分子间距逐渐降低并聚集成纤维束,使得Tyr和Phe相互靠近并参与形成大量的氢键,从而导致荧光强度不断增大。然而随着温度的升高,荧光基团与溶剂碰撞的猝灭机会增大,且胶原分子中Tyr和Phe的荧光量子产率逐渐降低,同时胶原分子动能增大,其聚集体逐渐松散,其三股螺旋结构逐渐坍塌,Tyr和Phe参与形成的氢键被破坏,从而导致荧光强度随温度的升高不断降低。(4)275 nm常规波长的2D荧光光谱分析表明,胶原分子在297,303和310 nm处出现了相关峰,其中303 nm归属于Tyr,297 nm归属于胶原分子聚集过程中参与氢键形成的Tyr;310 nm可能归属于Tyr的激发态,其不断的蓝移形成稳定的基团,以便参与氢键的形成,从而促进了胶原分子的聚集。以浓度为外扰的基团响应顺序为303 nm>297 nm>310 nm;以温度为外扰的基团响应顺序为297 nm>310 nm>303 nm。(5)2D同步荧光光谱分析表明,随着胶原浓度和温度的升高,Phe均比Tyr优先响应。综上,采用常规波长、同步荧光光谱技术均能较好的研究胶原分子在不同浓度和温度下的聚集行为,且为胶原的定量分析提供了一种新的方法,但同步荧光光谱技术可将量子产率较低的Phe显现出来,体现了其具有窄化谱带和提升分辨率的优点。此外,结合2D荧光分析技术,可进一步研究胶原分子基团的响应顺序。