基于T-A方程的三相同轴超导电缆电磁损耗研究

交流损耗作为超导电缆本体的主要损耗,其数值大小将影响超导电缆性能及设计长度。使用传统H公式计算CORC电缆损耗时所需时间长、计算复杂。针对以上缺点,提出一种基于有限元仿真软件COMSOL Multiphysics下的T-A公式计算方法,通过对三相同轴超导电缆主要结构参数的设计,并建立稳态下超导电缆电磁场模型。此外,分析了导体层绕制角与电磁损耗之间的变化规律。结果表明,各相导体层绕制角均为20°情况下电缆本体总电磁损耗为0.203 W/m,满足设计要求。在此基础上,增加各相绕制角均可减少电缆电磁损耗,其中增加C相绕制角时损耗降低幅值最大。然而增加绕制角将增加电缆制造成本,综合考虑其对电缆制造成本与运维成本的影响,计算得到最佳绕制角为38°。     

三相同轴冷绝缘超导电缆结构设计

三相同轴超导电缆具有节约高温超导带材用量、减小电缆体积和降低制冷功率等优点,是目前配电网应用的热点。受超导电缆短路热稳定性、载流能力及交流损耗的影响,三相同轴超导电缆结构设计难度较大。本文通过研究铜稳定层截面、超导层带材排布方式来设计三相同轴超导电缆,获得超导电缆的载流能力及交流损耗特性。建立故障电流下超导电缆热传导模型,提出了三相同轴冷绝缘高温超导电缆结构设计流程,并以10 kV/2.3 kA的高温超导电缆为例进行了优化设计。结果表明,在故障电流下,合理设计结构可有效减小电缆产生的焦耳热,增大超导电缆对故障电流的承受能力。     

具有多层结构的BSCCO电缆交流损耗测量研究

为了研究带有屏蔽层超导电缆的交流损耗,实验选取了5m BSCCO电缆作为样品,通过电测法评价其交流损耗,并将测量结果与热测法和数值分析法的结果进行对比讨论。此次热测法测量的是100m BSCCO电缆在75.6K和66.6K下的总交流损耗。理论研究中利用直线多边形模型和绕制圆柱形模型计算交流损耗。实验结果表明,热测法和电测法归一化的总交流损耗值是一致的。电测法测量出的总交流损耗和导体层交流损耗分别与对应的数值分析计算结果相吻合。其中绕制圆柱形模型的计算结果更接近电测法结果,说明带材的绕制结构比多边形结构对交流损耗的影响更为重要。     

单通道冷绝缘高温超导电缆铜骨架的设计计算

单通道冷绝缘高温超导电缆的铜骨架直径的主要决定因素为超导电缆的短路热稳定性、载流能力以及交流损耗.除此之外,由于超导层带材的排布方式间接地影响了超导电缆的载流能力、交流损耗以及超导电缆的机械强度,因此在设计时带材排布方式也是必须要考虑的设计铜骨架直径的因素.文中综合考虑各因素之间的重要程度,提出了设计单通道冷绝缘高温超导电缆铜骨架的设计流程,并以110kV/3kA的高温超导电缆为例进行了设计计算.     

高温超导方形细线的交流损耗特性研究

当前超导电缆能否实现大规模应用还面临着多项关键技术问题,进一步改进超导电缆的结构和绕制技术、进一步降低交流损耗就是其中的两个方面。将多根高温超导方形细线(Soldered-Stacked-Square HTS wire)通过并联形成一根双根结构的高温超导缆线,采用电测量法,在77 K、零外场及不同频率条件下,对高温超导方形细线通以不同运行电流时产生的交流传输损耗进行测量,可以获得双根高温超导方形细线的交流损耗与传输电流频率之间的关系,结果表明两者无关,并且超导方形细线的双根并联结构对减小线材的交流损耗能够产生一定影响。     

10kV三相同轴高温超导电缆暂态电热特性分析

三相同轴高温超导电缆会受到电力系统中短路故障电流冲击,产生大量热,并可能被损坏。通过采用超导电缆各层的电流分布解析算法和温度分布数值计算法,构建了电缆仿真分析模型,包含电路模型、热模型和电热耦合模型。对10 kV/1.5 kA三相同轴高温超导电缆在20 kA,持续0.21 s故障电流冲击时的电流、电阻和温度分布进行计算。结果表明,在故障时间内,伴随着温度的上升,电缆各相等效电阻逐渐上升和电流逐渐下降。电缆三相同时短路时超导层的温度上升最大,温度最高可达131.1 K。电缆单相或两相短路时通过中性线的电流最大。分析结果为电缆的参数优化和保护运行系统的装置设计提供了参考依据。     

液氢温区YBCO超导带材的交流损耗研究

超导电缆具有载流能力强、损耗低等优势,是电力输送的良好选择。但是,超导电缆需工作于低温环境。液氢温度为20K,可为超导电缆提供低温条件,将超导电缆输电与液氢燃料输送相结合,可解决超导电缆在输电中的瓶颈问题。开展了液氢替代液氮后高温超导带材的传输交流损耗研究。针对美国超导公司提供的黄铜加强YBCO带材,采用H法有限元模型,仿真分析了液氢、液氮冷却时超导带材的传输交流损耗。结果表明采用液氢作为超导带材的冷却介质时,带材正常金属产生的涡流损耗和磁性基底产生的铁磁损耗对总损耗的影响程度较小。所得结果可为液氢温区超导电缆的设计和运行提供参考。     

端部松动对高温超导电缆导体交流损耗影响的定性分析（英文）

高温超导电缆由于其较低的交流损耗和高传输电流密度的特点,随着地下电缆容量的不断提升在人口密集城区具有潜在的应用前景.交流损耗是是高温超导电缆的一个重要参数,对其运行稳定性和运行成本具有重要影响.为了研究高温超导电缆的交流损耗,用YBCO涂层导体绕制了一根长1.5米的冷绝缘电缆导体,此电缆导体包括一层导体层,绝缘层,和一层屏蔽层.基于Bean临界态模型对电缆导体的交流损耗进行了分析并在工频77K条件下用电测法对交流损耗进行了测量.结果在计算值与试验结果之间有难以置信的差异.本文基于电缆导体两端的几何与机械结构对产生这种现象的原因进行了定性分析.     

冷绝缘高温超导电缆电磁特性计算与分析

为了获得超导电缆电磁特性变化规律,针对冷绝缘高温超导电缆本体的基本结构,采用安培定律推导了超导电缆导体层和屏蔽层自感、互感的计算公式.通过110kV冷绝缘超导电缆的实例计算,研究了超导电缆导体层、屏蔽层的内径、绕向角、绕制方向三个结构参数对电磁特性的影响,总结了电感参数变化规律.     

结构参数对波纹管内液氮流动与能量损失的影响

高温超导电缆通常浸泡在采用真空多层绝热保护的双层波纹管内程管的液氮中。液氮在超导电缆内流动的压力损失和冷却效果是其运行系统设计的重要参数。对不同直径的波纹管进行了不同流量下的CFD仿真计算,结果表明流量越大、直径越小,压降越大;波高直径比与波高波距比不变时,波纹管的达西流动阻力系数与波纹管的直径基本无关;波纹管直径对超导电缆的沿程温升几乎没有影响;增大波纹管的直径能够大幅降低超导电缆的沿程能量损耗。该文结果为超导电缆设计过程中波纹管的选取提供了理论依据。     

AC losses in circular arrangements of parallel superconducting tapes

The DC and AC properties of superconducting tapes connected in parallel and arranged in a single closed layer on two tubes (corresponding to power cable conductor models with infinite pitch) with different diameters are compared. We find that the DC properties, i.e., the critical currents of the two arrangements, scale with the number of tapes and hence appear to be independent of the diameter. However, the AC loss per tape (for a given current per tape) appears to decrease with increasing diameter of the circular arrangement. Compared to a model for the AC loss in a continuous superconducting layer (Monoblock model) the measured values are about half an order of magnitude higher than expected for the small diameter arrangement. When compared to the AC loss calculated for N individual superconducting tapes using a well known model (Norris elliptical) the difference is slightly smaller.     

基于补偿法的超导单元交流损耗测量系统设计

交流损耗是影响超导电力装置运行稳定性和成本的关键因素之一.本文提出了一种基于电压补偿法的大载流超导单元交流损耗测量方法,通过串联在回路中的大电流补偿线圈,抵消超导单元的感性电压来实现.在系统设计上,通过数据采集卡和运动控制器,获取超导单元、补偿线圈的电压信号,同时控制步进电机拖动补偿线圈.通过相位的对比计算,实现精确定位补偿,从而测量超导单元的交流损耗.最后,在不同频率下,测量了0.2 m长、110 kV/1.5 kA的高温超导电缆样缆的交流损耗,得出的交流损耗曲线与计算结果基本吻合.实验结果表明,采用补偿线圈的交流损耗测量系统具有自动检测、定位和测量功能,可以实现具有大电流容量超导单元交流损耗的准确测量.     

Electro-mechanical behavior of single twisted high-temperature superconducting tape under transverse Lorentz force

In recent years, several cabling methods of high temperature superconducting (HTS) cable have been proposed; e.g., the conductor on a round core cable (CORC), the Roebel assembled coated conductor cable, the helical twisted stacking-tape cable (TSTC) and the twisted-stack slotted core HTS cable (TSSC). These cabling methods allow the high temperature superconducting tapes widely used in the high-field magnets. The single superconducting tape performance under applied loads directly relates to the transport performance of the cable and the choice of the cabling method. In this paper, we investigate the effect of twisting morphology on the electro-mechanical properties of HTS tapes. Particular attention is given to the transverse Lorentz force of a pre-twisted HTS tape. The analytical solution of the deflection of the HTS tape under transverse Lorentz force is derived. Then, the current distribution and AC loss of the tape are calculated by using H-formulation. The effects of twist angle and loading conditions are examined for different HTS tape lengths. The results show that the stiffness resistance ability to Lorentz force of the HTS tape can be increased in several ranges by increasing the twist angle. The twisting structure can also reduce current degradation and AC loss, and thus enhance the transport capacity of HTS tape. This study helps understand the electro-mechanical properties of pre-twisted HTS tapes and provides theoretical reference for the design of novel HTS cable structures.     

新型高温超导复合导体的磁场仿真与实验分析

针对兆伏安级容量的超导变压器,通过绕组初步设计,考虑导体的电流密度、载流量和交流损耗,提出面向大容量超导变压器应用的新型超导复合导体结构,介绍了含内外超导层的新型高温超导复合导体的结构。引入电流矢量T和磁矢量势A的方法,考虑临界电流密度J_c和磁场B的关系,建立了导体不对称三维数值载流模型,计算分析了不同结构参数对导体临界电流的影响规律。通过绕制的新型高温超导复合导体短样,在液氮环境下对其自场临界电流进行了测量,计算结果和实验结果基本吻合,验证了模型的合理性。     

Numerical minimization of AC losses in coaxial coated conductor cables

Power cables are one of the most promising applications for the superconducting coated conductors. In the AC use, only small resistive loss is generated, but the removal of the dissipated heat from the cryostat is inefficient due to the large temperature difference. The aim of this work is to minimize the AC losses in a multilayer coaxial cable, in which the tapes form current carrying cylinders. The optimized parameters are the tape numbers and lay angles in these cylinders. This work shows how to cope with the mechanical constraints for the lay angles and discrete tape number in optimization. Three common types of coaxial cables are studied here to demonstrate the feasibility of optimization, in which the AC losses were computed with a circuit analysis model formulated here for arbitrary phase currents, number of phases, and layers. Because the current sharing is practically determined by the inductances of the layers, the optima were obtained much faster by neglecting the nonlinear resistances caused by the AC losses. In addition, the example calculations show that the optimal cable structure do not usually depend on the AC loss model for the individual tapes. On the other hand, depending on the cable type, the losses of the optimized cables may be sensitive to the lay angles, and therefore, we recommend to study the sensitivity for the new cable designs individually.     

Development of YBCO power devices in Japan

A new Japanese national project, called M-PACC, to develop high temperature superconducting electric power devices started in June last year (FY2008–FY2012). This project aims to develop three different types of electric power devices that are expected to provide stable power supplies with large capacity and small size by using YBCO coated conductors. The first program is the development of a 2 GJ class superconducting magnetic energy storage system to control stable electric power systems. It is planned to develop several sets of element coils for a 20 MJ class system as a technological feasibility study for a 2 GJ class coil. The second program is the development of two different types of power cables with higher performance than existing power cables; one is a three-core 66 kV–5 kA class large current cable and the other is a single-phase 275 kV–3 kA class high voltage cable. These cable were required several technological developments, namely, large current and low AC loss, high voltage insulation and low dielectric loss, and power and heat balance for both cables. The third program is the development of a 20 MVA class power transformer with 66 kV/6.9 kV as a distribution transformer. In this project, power transformer systematization technology including 2 kA class large current coil technology, anti short-circuit wire winding technology, AC loss reduction technology, and winding technology will be developed.     

超导电缆的性能检测方法研究

超导电缆与常规电缆在电磁特性上有很大差异。因此,有必要对其试验内容、性能检测方法和试验设备进行研究和规范。文中从超导电缆的电磁特性出发,探讨了超导电缆的试验内容及性能检测方法,并重点介绍了超导电缆交流损耗的测量方法。     

一种实验用交流超导磁体的研制

该文介绍了用于探测线圈法测量超导材料交流损耗的一种交流超导磁体的设计、加工与绕制。超导磁体设计采用成熟的螺线管磁体技术,磁体骨架为低温环氧树脂加工而成,所用超导线为NbTi/Cu复合超导绞线。为了满足磁体的稳定性,每两层超导线间留出了一条冷却通道。所绕磁体的磁场强度和均匀度都满足设计要求。     

The similarities in loss creation in LTS and HTS cables

The coupling current losses represent an essential contribution to AC losses in most practical superconducting conductors. The origin of this loss type is well known, being caused by induced currents in different loops consisting of superconducting and non-superconducting parts. However, the ‘current pattern' in different conductor types (strands, flat or round cables, more complicated cable structures, CICC) varies appreciably. These differences are mainly due to geometrical effects (size and shape of filaments and/or strands, their spatial distribution, conductor aspect ratio, demagnetization effects). Although the general knowledge about AC losses in low temperature cable structures is by far not complete (mainly at higher frequencies, in inhomogeneous fields and for inhomogeneous cable structure), an attempt is made to summarize those results which can be adopted to high T_c conductors and some remarks are made about new features of AC losses in these conductor types.