基于深刻蚀SiO2脊型波导的紧凑型多模干涉功分器

采用深刻蚀SiO2脊型波导,利用其弯曲半径小的优点,设计了一种紧凑型1×2多模干涉功分器.在输入/输出波导与多模干涉区域之间引入了逆向锥形波导,有效地减小了输出波导间距,从而减小了多模干涉区域宽度及其长度,进一步实现了多模干涉器件的小型化(仅为150 μm×20 μm).并采用三维束传播方法对多模干涉区域及输入/输出波导中的光场传输进行了模拟仿真,得到了一组最优参量设计值,从而实现其结构优化.     

一阶模的滤除及在Y分支和多模干涉结构中的应用

Y分支和多模干涉结构广泛应用于平面光波导器件中，在这些器件中，Y分支和多模干涉结构输出对称性具有重要意义。引入Y分支和多模干涉结构输出的不对称主要原因是这两种结构中产生了一阶导模，设计一种新的耦合器结构，在这个结构中．两根单模波导分别放置在一根多模波导两边，并且单模波导的传播常量与多模波导的一阶模的传播常量相同，这种结构可以将一阶导模滤除。在Y分支和多模干涉结构中使用了这种结构，模拟结果表明，采用这种耦合器的Y分支和多模干涉结构具有非常好的输出对称性。     

Analysis of multiple reflections in hybrid photonic crystal multimode interference coupler

In this paper the analysis of multiple reflections in photonic crystal (PhC) multimode interference (MMI) couplers using eigen-mode expansion method is presented. The analysis is conducted on a hybrid PhC structure which consisted of 1-D PhC multimode waveguide sandwiched between 2-D PhC input/output waveguides. In PhC multimode waveguide, where the mechanism of wave confinement is not due to total internal reflection but due to photonic bandgap properties, the reflectivity at 2-D PhC facet wall would be very large for all the guided modes in the waveguide when ever the image formed due to MMI effect does not coincides with the output access waveguide.     

Integrated thin film InGaAsP laser and 1 x 4 polymer multimode interference splitter on silicon

We report on a thin film InGaAsP laser integrated with a 1 x 4 polymer multimode interference (MMI) splitter on a silicon substrate for planar optical signal distribution. The thin film laser had a threshold current of 40 mA and was endfire coupled to the integrated passive polymer MMI splitter, and the optical signal from the laser was distributed to the four output waveguides of the MMI coupler. The measured loss of the MMI splitter was 0.79 dB. The normalized powers of the four MMI output ports in the integrated system were measured to be 0.823, 0.978, 0.852, and 1.     

High-performance 90° hybrid based on a silicon-on-insulator multimode interference coupler

We propose a multimode interference coupler (MMI) design for high-index-contrast technologies based on a shallowly etched multimode region, which is, for the first time to our knowledge, directly coupled to deeply etched input and output waveguides. This reduces the phase errors associated with the high-index contrast, while still allowing for a very compact layout. Using this structure, we fabricate a 2 × 4 MMI operating as a 90° hybrid, with a footprint of only 0.65 mm × 0.53 mm, including all the structures necessary to couple light to a fiber array. We experimentally demonstrate a common mode rejection ratio better than -20 dBe and phase errors better than ±5° in a ~50 nm bandwidth.     

采用三维波束传输法的多模干涉耦合器成像位置的数值计算

多模干涉(MMI)耦合器需要精确定位成像位置,以便器件的设计制作。针对强限制和弱限制的三维多模波导干涉耦合器,采用三维交替方向隐式有限差分光束传输法(BPM),数值计算得出多模波导长度、输入波导和输出波导位置。首先通过对对称干涉多模干涉耦合器的数值分析求得多模干涉耦合器的等效宽度Weq及最低二阶模之间的拍长Lc,然后将这些参量结合光束传输法直接用于器件设计。计算显示该方法得到的成像位置和导模传输分析法(MPA)的理论预测比较接近,但Weq和Lc却是由光束传输法计算得到的,导模传输分析法理论只能在得到Weq和Lc的前提下才能得到成像位置。该方法直接针对三维波导进行,没有采用基于等效折射率方法的从三维波导到二维波导的简化处理,并且也没有采用导模传输分析法所采用的近似,保证了计算精度,对于实际多模干涉器件的设计制作可起参考作用。     

弱导波导多模干涉耦合器结构参量优化设计

本文分析了以硅基底上二氧化硅波导为代表的弱导波导多模干涉(MMI)耦合器件输入(出)波导位置及宽度和MMI长度等结构参量对器件性能的影响.提出了参量空间法,在给定工艺材料参量和多模波导宽度情况下,通过匹配各结构参量,制出均匀性好、附加损耗低的弱导波导多模干涉耦合器件.     

Optimal design for a flat-top AWG demultiplexer by using a fast calculation method based on a Gaussian beam approximation

Passband broadening of an AWG (array waveguide grating) demultiplexer with an MMI (multimode interference) coupler connected at the end of a tapered input waveguide is considered. An explicit formula based on the field propagation of an approximate Hermit-Gaussian beam is used to calculate quickly and reliably the spectral response of the AWG demultiplexer. The widths of the input waveguide, the output waveguides and the MMI coupler are optimized. The optimal design is verified with the experimental measurement.     

Analysis of optical rib self-imaging multimode interference (MMI) waveguide devices using the discrete spectral index method

We have developed a semianalytical approach to study the propagation characteristics of multimode interference (MMI) waveguide structures. The effect of transverse crosssection geometry on self-imaging length and optical power throughput are investigated. We present results confirming that the nonquadratic modal dispersion encountered in stripe-loaded waveguides impairs self-imaging performance. Results indicate that the image degradation is more predominant for asymmetrically fed MMI waveguides.     

1x2 Multimode interference couplers based on semiconductor hollow waveguides formed from omnidirectional reflectors

A 1x2 hollow multimode interference (MMI) coupler based on semiconductor hollow waveguides formed from omnidirectional reflectors (SHOW-ODR) is demonstrated. The device has a shorter coupling length than a conventional silicon-on-insulator MMI coupler. A 2 dB uniformity was achieved at operating wavelengths between 1520 and 1562 nm. The device exhibited a weak polarization dependence in the TE and TM modes.     

Multimode-interference-based crossing for metal-insulator-metal waveguides

We report a waveguide crossing based on a multimode-interference(MMI)structure for metal-insulator-metal(MIM)waveguides.The MMI-based crossing comprises two orthogonal intersecting MMI waveguides that are connected to the single-mode input/output waveguide symmetrically.Single self-images are formed at the crossing center and output plane of the MMI waveguide,thereby mitigating the crosstalk and improving the throughput.The characteristics of the proposed MMI-based crossing are investigated with the finite element method of Comsol Multiphysics.The results show that the throughput reaches -1.8 dB and the crosstalk is less than -46 dB at the wavelength of 1550 nm.     

二维限制MMI耦合器自镜像特性

采用扩展的导模传输分析法,对二维限制多模干涉(MMI)耦合器的自镜像效应进行分析,详细讨论了二维限制多模干涉耦合器的自镜像特性和在两个方向上各自都成完整像的要求,并用三维全矢量非旁轴近似光束传输法进一步验证了分析结果.结果表明,一维限制多模干涉耦合器的自镜像效应在一定条件下,可以拓展到二维限制多模干涉耦合器上.并且在强限制的波导结构中,二维自镜像效应可以看成二个相互垂直、独立的一维自镜像效应的叠加.     

Self-guiding multimode interference threshold switch

We propose a new passive optical thresholding device that combines the principles of multimode interference (MMI) with self-guiding. The multimode region is composed of a nonlinear optical material that will support a self-guided beam (i.e., a material with a positive Kerr nonlinearity). The device operates by switching between the MMI mode of operation and the self-guiding mode of operation, depending on the input light intensity. We describe the basic principles of a self-guiding MMI device, simulate the device, and discuss design issues associated with these optically controlled optical switches.     

Single-transverse-mode output from a fiber laser based on multimode interference

An alternative original approach to achieve single-transverse-mode laser emissions from multimode (MM) active fibers is demonstrated. The fiber cavity is constructed by simply splicing a conventional passive single-mode fiber (SMF-28) onto a few centimeters-long active MM fiber section whose length is precisely controlled. Owing to the self-imaging property of multimode interference (MMI) in the MM fiber, diffraction-limited laser output is obtained from the end of the SMF-28, and the MMI fiber laser is nearly as efficient as the corresponding MM fiber laser. Moreover, because of the spectral filtering effect during in-phase MMI, the bandwidth of the MMI fiber laser is below 0.5 nm.     

不同衬底折射率的多模干涉耦合器

设计了一种具有不同衬底折射率的新型多模干涉耦合器,在多模波导区引入了更强的光场限制,激发更高阶的导模,从而提高映像质量.采用二维有限差分波束传播方法模拟了这种新型的结构,结果表明:与传统结构相比,以功率均衡性和附加损耗为衡量标准的映像质量有了明显提高.这种结构可以应用于三维SOI脊形波导中.     

Applications of multimode interference effects in gradient waveguides produced by ion-exchange in glass

The paper is concerned with applications of multimode interference structures (MMI) as the elements of integrated optic circuits. Investigations of MMI produced by ion-exchange in glass, obtained by visualization method of light propagation in gradient structures, using fluorescence of the substance covering the MMI section, are presented. Experimental results concern the self-imaging phenomena for symmetrical and paired interference for TE, TM and unpolarized light excitation. On the base of investigations and BPM simulations the applications of MMI are proposed.     

Power splitting ratio couplers based on MMI structures with high bandwidth and large tolerance using silicon waveguides

We show that it is possible to obtain 2 × 2 couplers based on multimode interference (MMI) structures with nineteen new power-splitting ratios by cascading three or four MMI couplers. The other aim of this study is to use silicon waveguides, that are compatible with the existing CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) fabrication technology, for designing the proposed devices. The proposed MMI couplers with new power splitting ratios have simple geometries and low losses. These MMI couplers can offer valuable new possibilities for designing MMI waveguide-based photonic integrated circuits such as all-optical interconnects, microring resonators, clock distribution, Mach Zehnder Interferometer based on MMI couplers and other all-optical processing applications. The transfer matrix method (TMM) and modified effective index method (MEIM) along with the support of the 3D Beam Propagation Method (3D BPM) are used to optimize the proposed devices.     

三平行光子晶体单模波导的耦合特性及其应用

将三光子晶体单模波导的相互耦合看成一个多模干涉系统.本征模的色散曲线相交或近于相交并出现简并模，简并模之间存在强烈耦合并导致模式的分布方式发生转变.多模干涉系统中，不同波长的光波能量在传输过程中由于相干而具有不同的空间输出行为，在近简并点处多模之间的相干解除，能流限制在原输入方向，不发生转移.三光子晶体单模光波导的这种特性可用来制作波分复用或解复用器件. 关键词： 光子晶体波导 简并模 多模干涉 波分复用或解复用     

Ultra-compact multimode interference InGaAsP multiple quantum well modulator

We propose a new structure for an ultra-compact multimode interference (MMI) InGaAsP multiple quantum well modulator. The operating principle is based on restricting the coupling of the self-image produced by the MMI region into a single mode output waveguide. The key is to excite only the even modes within the MMI region, and this is achieved by operating the MMI waveguide under the condition of restricted symmetric interference. By asymmetrically inducing a phase change of along a selected area within the MMI region, mode conversion of all the even modes to odd modes is achieved. Since only the fundamental mode can be coupled to the output waveguide, neither an individual mode, nor any combination of the modes will be coupled, and therefore the injected light is fully attenuated. The modulation characteristics are analyzed using the finite-difference beam propagation method. Extinction ratios as low as –37 dB are demonstrated without electro-absorption effects. For the case of low electro-absorption, which corresponds to a more realistic situation, this value is only increased to –35 dB.     

MZ-MMI-based all-optical switch using nonlinear coupled waveguides

We propose an all-optical switch (AOS) based on Mach-Zehnder (MZ) and Multi-mode interference (MMI) using nonlinear closely coupled waveguides. The device operates by switching between two states of coupled waveguides. In first state the refractive index of waveguides are same and light field will completely couple to nonlinear waveguide in half length of coupler and will back in the second half. We will have π phase difference in this procedure and the input field will appear in Bar-state output. In the second state the refractive index of nonlinear waveguide increase with high intensity control field. In this case, we have lower coupling and change in phase. But, we choose the best refractive index change to obtain the phase change of multiple of 2π necessary for Cross-state in output. The beam propagation method is used to simulate the device operation.