共面蝴蝶结混合表面等离子体波导模式特征研究

基于传统纵向蝴蝶结混合表面等离子体波导(BTHPW),提出一种共水平面BTHPW集成光波导结构,是由半导体硅肋和金属Ag肋两种波导对放在一个SiO_2基底面上构成,采用有限元法对其混合模式特征进行数值模拟,分析该波导传播长度、归一化有效模场面积和品质因子等特性随波导几何尺寸的变化规律。结果表明,该波导模式具有传播损耗较小同时又较强光限制能力的特点,最长传播距离可达108μm,最小有效模面积可达λ~2/3000左右。该波导结构制作工艺简单,并可应用于高灵敏度折射率传感器和微纳米光子集成器件等领域。     

一种低损耗的对称双楔形太赫兹混合表面等离子体波导

本文研究了一种适用于太赫兹频段的对称双楔形混合等离子体波导.采用有限元法对其混合模式特征进行数值模拟,阐述了波导的传播长度、归一化有效模场面积和品质因子等特性随波导几何参数的变化规律.结果表明,对称双楔形混合等离子体波导在太赫兹频段可获得良好的模场约束能力和低损耗特性,在有效模场面积达到λ2/10280时,传播长度达到51 × 103 μm.波导参数最优时的平行对称楔形波导在忽略波导间串扰时,波导间距小于16 μm时的耦合长度约为8958 μm.通过对比发现,相比于先前的对称微楔形波导结构和对称蝴蝶结波导结构,对称双楔形混合等离子体波导在传输特性和耦合特性方面都具有更大的优势,将在光学力捕获、生物分子传输以及高密度集成电路设计等方面具有潜在的应用前景.     

涂覆双层石墨烯的介质纳米线表面等离子体光波导的模式特性研究

设计了一种由涂覆双层石墨烯的圆形介质纳米线组成的表面等离子体光波导。利用有限元法(FEM),数值分析了纳米线半径、介质夹层厚度、石墨烯化学势以及工作频率对波导所支持的电磁场模式的有效折射率、传播长度、归一化模式面积以及品质因数等模式特性的影响。结果表明,这种新型的混合表面等离子体光波导具有很强的模式束缚能力,归一化模式面积非常小,可以实现极高密度的器件集成,并且传输损耗较低。     

领结形中空表面等离子体波导的传输特性

设计了一种领结形中空表面等离子体波导.采用频域有限差分法,对这种波导所支持的基模的能流密度分布、有效折射率、传播长度和模式面积随几何结构参数和工作波长的依赖关系进行了分析.结果表明,沿纵向的能流主要分布在两个上下突起所形成的中间区域.通过调整几何参数及工作波长,可以调节模式的有效折射率、传播长度和模式面积.在工作波长确定的条件下,有效折射率随突起半径的增大呈减小趋势,而传播长度和模式面积则随着突起半径的增大呈增大趋势,四个角上的圆弧半径对波导的传输特性有微调作用,左右扇形区域的半径对波导的传输特性有较明显 关键词： 集成光学 光波导 表面等离子体波导     

蝴蝶形中空表面等离子体波导的传输特性

本文设计了一种蝴蝶形中空表面等离子体波导,并对其传输特性进行了研究.采用频域有限差分法,对这种波导所支持的基模的能流密度分布、有效折射率、传播长度和模式面积随几何参数和工作波长的变化关系进行了分析.结果表明:沿纵向的能流主要分布在由四个圆洞所构成的上下两个尖角之间的区域,且越接近尖角,沿纵向的能流越大.对中空圆洞的半径、上下两排圆洞圆心间横向距离和左右两列圆洞圆心间的纵向距离进行调节,模式的有效折射率、传播长度和模式面积也随之变化.在工作波长确定的条件下,相对于b=r/4的情况来说,当b=r/2时,上下两个尖角之间的距离较大,场与金属的相互作用较弱,有效折射率就较大,传播长度也较大.在几何参数确定的条件下,相对于λ=705.0 nm的情形来说,在λ较大时,场的分布范围较大,场与金属表面的接触面积较大,场与金属的相互作用较弱,有效折射率较小,传播距离较长.与由两个和三个空心圆柱构成芯区的表面等离子体波导相比较,蝴蝶形中空表面等离子体波导具有良好的传输特性.如果在波导结构中心填充增益介质,可以克服较大的传播损耗,因此这种蝴蝶形中空表面等离子体波导可以用于光子器件集成领域和传感器领域.     

基于表面等离子体激元的纳米激光器设计

设计了一种基于纳米线/间隔层/金属层的纳米激光器结构.该结构中,金属界面的表面等离子体模式与高增益介质纳米线波导模式耦合,提高了场增强效应.采用有限元法,分析了该结构的模式特性和增益阈值随几何尺寸的变化规律.结果表明:该结构具有较低的传播损耗和较强的光场限制能力,有效传播损耗最小值仅为0.013 3,归一化模式面积最小值仅为0.007.该纳米激光器结构可为发展新一代高效纳米激光器件提供理论和技术支持.     

深亚波长约束的表面等离子体纳米激光器研究

本文提出了一种新颖的基于半导体纳米线/空气间隙/金属薄膜 复合结构的表面等离子体纳米激光器, 并给出了理论研究和仿真分析. 这种结构通过金属界面的表面等离子体模式与高增益介质纳米线波导模式耦合, 从而使场增强效应得到显著提高. 同时通过数值仿真研究, 得到该混合波导结构的模式特性和增益阈值随空气槽宽度、纳米线半径的变化规律, 表明它可以实现对输出光场的深亚波长约束, 同时保持低损耗传输和高场强限制能力. 通过最优化选择, 最终得到纳米等离子体激光器的最优结构尺寸. 关键词： 表面等离子体 混合等离子体波导 纳米激光器     

一种基于不平坦基底结构的混合等离子体波导

提出了一种工作于太赫兹波段的、基于半圆柱形"不平坦"InSb基底结构的混合等离子体波导.分析了半导体材料InSb的相对介电常量随工作频率的变化特性,重点研究了该混合波导以及两种不同形变结构的有效模场面积、传播长度、品质因数、能量分布等随波导工作频率、波导尺寸的变化情况.结果表明,本文提出的"不平坦"基底结构波导可以达到与传统结构几乎相同的传播长度,有效模场面积较传统结构减小了一个数量级以上,具有非常强的模场约束性,适合于太赫兹频段高密度集成电路中的应用.     

非线性介质的表面等离子体波导设计和优化

设计了一种基于非线性介质Si-NC/SiO2的混合表面等离子体波导,利用有限元方法定量分析了这种波导所支持基模的能流密度分布、有效折射率、传播长度和有效面积与几何结构参数以及非线性介质的依赖关系.分析结果表明,光场主要被限制在非线性区域,通过调节非线性层的厚度以及非线性比例因子,可以实现模式的有效折射率和传播长度等传输特性参数的调节.固定非线性介质比例因子,有效折射率和传播距离随非线性层厚度增加而增大;固定波导尺寸,有效折射率随比例因子增大而增大,传播距离和有效面积较小.最后,根据分析结果对非线性效应进行优化,优化后波导最优结构尺寸为波导宽度为250nm,非线性材料层厚度为100nm,硅层厚度为150nm.     

一种石墨烯波导褶皱激发表面等离子体激元的设计

设计了褶皱石墨烯波导结构激发表面等离子体激元,通过设计周期阵列结构实现了表面等离子体激元传播损耗的补偿.理论分析了周期阵列结构的表面等离子体激元传播模型和补偿损耗的方式,结果表明褶皱衍射激发表面等离子体激元波导不仅能够激发表面等离子体激元,还能利用表面等离子体激元波矢关系实现器件参数控制,周期阵列增益全程补偿损耗的方式可以显著增加表面等离子体激元的传播距离.数值分析结果进一步表明:该结构具备了保持亚波长尺寸的强局域化优势;周期阵列增益全程补偿可以显著提高纳米腔中的电场强度,降低传输损耗;波导结构的粒子反转水平较高,自发辐射噪声的扰动较低.设计的石墨烯波导器件可以为微纳光学集成、光子传感和测量等领域提供理想的亚波长光子器件.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.