近红外光谱快速鉴别不同产地药用植物重楼的方法研究

重楼属植物极具药用价值,野生资源主要分布在我国西南省区。应用近红外漫反射光谱,以贵州、广西和云南三个不同产区的70份野生药用植物重楼为研究对象进行产地鉴别。采用多元信号校正、标准正态变量、一阶导数、二阶导数、Norris平滑和Savitzky-Golay滤波六种方法,对训练集(50份样品)原始光谱进行优化处理。结果表明,多元信号校正结合二阶导数和Norris平滑预处理光谱效果最好。采用光谱标准偏差选择光谱波段(7 450~4 050cm-1),结合主成分-马氏距离(principal component analysis-mahalanobis distance,PCA-MD)建立分类模型,前三个主成分累计贡献率、R2、RMSEC和RMSEP分别为89.44%,97.58%,0.179 6,0.266 4,预测正确率90%;采用变量重要性图选择光谱波段(7 135.33~4 007.35cm-1),结合偏最小二乘判别分析法(partial least square discrimination analysis,PLS-DA)建立判别模型,前三个主成分累计贡献率、R2、RMSEC和RMSEP分别为89.28%,95.88%,0.234 8,0.348 2,预测正确率为100%。比较两种方法的结果可知:采用变量重要性图方法选择光谱波段结合偏最小二乘判别分析法建立的判别模型能更准确地鉴别不同产区的重楼,该方法的建立为中药材真伪和品质评价奠定基础。     

花生种子品质的可见-近红外光谱分析

利用600～1 100 nm波段研究花生品种的可见-近红外反射光谱,对选取的三种具有代表性的花生种子进行实验。使用近红外光纤光谱仪采集光谱数据,对原始光谱进行小波分析以提取光谱特征,再用主成分分析方法进行聚类分析,最后把每一个样品的前4个主成分得分作为识别模型的输入,品种类别作为模型的输出,以马氏距离作为判别函数,建立了线性判别分析模型。对于每个品种的50个样品,随机挑选30个样本作为训练集,剩余的20个样本作为预测集。该识别模型对3个花生品种的平均正确识别率为95%。表明该方法能有效的识别花生种子,得到较好的分类效果,为花生种子品质的区分和鉴别提供了一种新方法。     

近红外光谱的李果实褐变鉴别方法研究

在采后冷藏过程中,李果实很容易发生褐变,这是影响其品质的重要因素之一。有关李果实褐变的传统检验手段绝大多数为破坏性检验,且主观性强、一致性差。为此,使用了近红外光谱的方法来实现对李果实褐变和非褐变的无损、快速鉴别。采集4 000～12 500 cm-1波长范围内的124个李果实样品(褐变样品70个,非褐变样品54个)的近红外漫反射光谱,基于主成分分析的马氏距离判别分析和反向传播人工神经网络定性鉴别模型,通过比较和考察上述模型对褐变样品和非褐变样品识别的准确程度,筛选出能够有效鉴别李果实褐变的新方法。结果表明：在对样品全波段光谱数据做主成分分析后,以前10主成分得分作为输入变量所建立起来的马氏距离判别分析和反向传播人工神经网络模型均能够对李果实褐变与否进行有效识别,且后者判别效果更佳,其校正集和预测集的判别正确率分别为100%和97.56%,对非褐变样品和褐变样品的判别正确率分别达到100%和98.57%。因此,采用近红外光谱分析技术并结合化学计量学方法能够对李果实是否褐变进行快速、无损、有效的鉴别。     

应用近红外漫反射光谱对猪肉肉糜进行定性定量检测研究

利用傅里叶变换近红外漫反射光谱结合不同数学建模算法对不同部位取样的猪肉肉糜进行定性判别建模,并建立猪肉肉糜品质指标脂肪、蛋白质和水分含量的定量检测模型。结果表明:不同部位取样猪肉肉糜判别分析PLSDA模型性能良好,最优模型校正集判别正确率为100%,预测集判别正确率为96%;比较两种方法结合,不同光谱预处理建立各品质指标的定量模型,LS-SVM模型性能优于PLSR模型,脂肪和水分含量最佳预测模型校正及预测相关系数r均高于0.9,蛋白质含量最优模型校正及预测相关系数r,RMSEC,RMSEP和RMSECV分别为0.722,0.593,1.595,1.550和1.888,模型精度需进一步提高。研究表明利用傅里叶变换近红外漫反射光谱快速判别不同部位猪肉肉糜的方法是可行的,脂肪和水分含量定量分析模型从预测精度、稳定性及适应性考虑均具一定的通用性,具有良好的市场应用前景。     

可见-近红外漫反射光谱技术对羊毛和羊绒的鉴别研究

应用可见-近红外漫反射光谱技术对甘肃不同地区的130个羊毛和羊绒样品进行定性鉴别研究。结果表明：采用主成分-马氏距离聚类判别分析法,羊毛和羊绒样品界线;主成分回归分析技术结合多元离散校正、一阶导数等预处理方法,以及最佳主成分因子为8、不确定因子为1.00等参数,建立的定性鉴别模型预测性能较好,外部验证正确率为100%。说明利用可见-近红外漫反射光谱定性分析技术可以快速鉴别羊毛和羊绒。     

基于拉曼光谱技术鉴别新陈大米的方法研究

基于拉曼光谱检测技术结合化学判别方法,建立新陈大米拉曼光谱判别模型;建立适当的样品预处理方法,确保样品制备的均一性,使用拉曼光谱仪对新陈大米共计60组样品进行检测,在785 nm波长激光激发下,获取样品200～2 400 cm-1的拉曼光谱信息;对原始拉曼光谱进行基线校正、平滑、滤波等处理。利用主成分分析法（PCA）对拉曼光谱进行降维处理及粗分类鉴别;基于偏最小二乘分析法（PLS）,建立新陈大米快速鉴别模型,该模型对建模训练集鉴别正确率为100%,模型验证集鉴别正确率为95%。结果表明：该模型判断新陈大米是可行的,为大米新陈度的快速判别提供了一种新的方法。     

主成分分析和SIMCA的甘蓝与杂草光谱识别方法研究

为了提高杂草识别的准确性和快速性,利用光谱反射率差异区分作物与杂草。首先利用SG卷积求导法与多元散射校正法的不同组合对原始光谱数据进行预处理,然后利用主成分分析法(PCA)对各类植物进行聚类分析,并根据主成分分析结果中各个最佳主成分对应的载荷图,提取对各类植物识别敏感的特征波长,最后以特征波长为输入变量,用簇类的独立软模式(SIMCA)分类法对各类植物进行分类识别。甘蓝与杂草的分类结果表明,在1阶3次51点SG卷积求导法加上多元散射校正法(MSC)的最佳预处理基础上,根据主成分分析中前3个主成分,提取到23个特征波长,以它们为输入变量,利用SIMCA方法进行分类时,建模集和预测集的识别率分别达到98.6%和100%。     

近红外光谱技术鉴别海面溢油

为快速了解和掌握海面溢油的种类,以便采取应急措施,提出了近红外光谱技术结合模式识别鉴别海面溢油的方法。自行配制了56个汽油、柴油、润滑油的模拟海水样品,用有机溶剂萃取出海水中的溢油后记录其近红外光谱,将原始光谱进行多元散射校正(MSC)和Norris一阶导数平滑预处理后,在主成分分析(PCA)提取不同种类溢油样品特征的基础上引入马氏距离建立溢油样品的识别模型。研究了光谱预处理对溢油鉴别的影响;探讨了马氏距离阈值的确定。结果表明,主成分分析可将原始数据压缩而马氏距离判别可给出离群点的阈值,本文建立的校正模型能正确判别浓度在0.4 μL·mL-1以上的溢油类别,为近红外光谱结合化学计量学方法建立校正模型进行海面实际溢油样品的分类提供了思路。     

基于拉曼光谱快速鉴别新陈大米的方法研究

利用拉曼光谱技术结合化学判别方法建立新陈大米拉曼光谱判别模型。选取合适的样品预处理方式,使用拉曼光谱仪对新陈大米共计60组样品进行检测,在785nm波长的激光下,获取样品200~2 400cm-1的拉曼光谱信息,并对原始拉曼光谱进行基线校正、平滑、滤波等处理。应用主成分分析法(PCA)对光谱数据进行降维处理及粗分类鉴别;基于偏最小二乘分析法(PLS),建立新陈大米快速鉴别模型,该模型对建模训练集鉴别正确率为100%,模型验证集鉴别正确率为95%。结果表明:该模型判断新陈大米是可行的,为稻谷新陈度的快速判别提供了一种新的方法。     

基于近红外漫反射光谱的香梨类别定性分析

基于近红外(near infrared, NIR)漫反射光谱分析技术对库尔勒香梨中的脱萼果和宿萼果进行了自动化判别试验研究。用对不同波段范围、不同光谱预处理方法(MSC、SNV、微分光谱)和不同主成分因子数对香梨类别判别结果的影响进行了对比分析,建立了香梨类别的定性判别模型。研究结果表明：用判别分析(discrimant analysis,DA)方法在9 091～4 000 cm-1范围结合原始光谱建立的DA判别模型最优,该方法对校正集正确分类率达100%,预测集正确分类率为95%。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.