弹性结构封闭空间有源消声

本文研究了外力激励弹性结构条件下封闭空间有源消声问题。首先根据声弹性理论，提出分步代入法求解初、次级声场，然后以矩形空间为例，研究了不同介质条件下有源消声规律。结果表明：对于弹性结构封闭空间有源消声，当结构一声腔耦合较弱时，次级声源基本上只能抵消声腔模态；当结构一声腔耦合较强时，次级声源不仅能抵消声腔模态，而且对抵消与声腔模态耦合良好的结构模态辐射声也有作用。最后，以有限长圆柱封闭空间为模型，完成了结构受点力激励，腔内为空气介质和水介质条件下的单次级声源有源消声实验。验证了理论结果。     

强弱耦合板-腔系统的声辐射模态计算与分析EI北大核心CSCD

针对板-腔耦合系统的声辐射模态(ARM)计算问题,提出了一种基于能量原理的声辐射模态计算方法,该方法从能量原理的动力学方程构建起声压模态幅值和结构模态幅值的关系,通过将声势能表示为结构模态幅值向量的二次型形式,得到板-腔耦合系统的声辐射模态,弥补了前人理论在解决声腔为阻抗壁面和结构-声为强耦合条件时的不足。通过数值算例验证了本文计算方法的正确性和有效性,在此基础上分析了壁面和结构-声耦合条件变化对声辐射模态特性的影响。结果表明:声辐射模态辐射效率曲线会在声腔模态频率处产生峰值,阻抗壁面的引入会降低声辐射模态辐射效率在峰值处的幅值,并且阻抗值越小,幅值衰减效应越明显,具体表现为声势能曲线在辐射效率峰值频率处幅值会下降;强耦合条件下低频段声势能响应主要由弹性板结构模态激发,响应峰值密度更高,幅值更低。低频同频宽的声辐射模态辐射效率峰值数更少,峰值频率更高。     

基于平面声源实施结构声辐射有源控制的理论研究

研究了利用分布式平面声源对结构声辐射进行有源控制的问题。首先建立了系统的数学模型,然后推导了有源控制条件下次级声源的强度和声功率降低的计算公式。在实际应用中,次级声源参数(面积大小、安放位置、个数等)对控制效果有重要影响,本文基于有源控制的物理机理和数值仿真研究这些问题。结果表明:一般情况下,次级声源板的振动模态分布与初级结构振动模态分布不相同,因此,在低频范围内,需要至少4个分布式次级声源,方能有效地控制初级结构声辐射。     

双层加筋结构有源隔声物理机制研究

深入分析双层加筋结构有源隔声的物理机制有助于控制系统的优化设计。用模态叠加法和声振耦合理论对双层加筋有源隔声结构建模。在辐射加筋板声功率最小的控制条件下,从模态耦合的角度对有源隔声的物理本质进行了详细阐述。分析结果表明,由于双层加筋板中筋的耦合作用影响,系统的声能量传输规律及有源隔声机理与现有的模态分析结论相比均发生改变。结合筋的耦合影响,对空腔声场的模态抑制与重构机理进行修正和补充,清晰解释了双层加筋结构有源隔声的物理本质。     

双层加筋结构有源隔声物理机制研究

深入分析双层加筋结构有源隔声的物理机制有助于控制系统的优化设计。用模态叠加法和声振耦合理论对双层加筋有源隔声结构建模。在辐射加筋板声功率最小的控制条件下,从模态耦合的角度对有源隔声的物理本质进行了详细阐述。分析结果表明,由于双层加筋板中筋的耦合作用影响,系统的声能量传输规律及有源隔声机理与现有的模态分析结论相比均发生改变。结合筋的耦合影响,对空腔声场的模态抑制与重构机理进行修正和补充,清晰解释了双层加筋结构有源隔声的物理本质。      

弱耦合封闭声腔的声辐射模态理论与计算

有源结构声控制是耦合封闭声腔的声辐射控制的有效方法。在此前的研究中有学者提出了"耦合封闭声腔的声辐射模态"概念,但其在概念和应用上均存在不便之处:其定义实质上是结构模态幅值的一组基函数,这与自由空间内声辐射模态是结构表面法向振速或声压的一组基函数的物理意义并不一致;另一方面,在计算和利用其进行控制时仍然需要用到结构模态,而在实际中辐射结构有用的结构模态信息难以准确、方便地得到。为了解决这些问题,类比自由空间声辐射模态理论,将声势能直接表示为结构表面法向振速的二次型形式,提出了新的结构向耦合封闭声腔的声辐射模态计算方法,并从理论上证明了当耦合面均匀离散时,在一定的条件下,可以简单地利用声腔模态投影向量代替耦合封闭声腔的声辐射模态,从而有效地节约计算资源。通过理论研究,形成了与自由空间内相统一、便于应用的耦合封闭声腔声辐射模态理论,数值计算案例表明,所提出的理论方法可以极大方便耦合封闭声腔的声辐射计算及其有源结构声控制。     

基于平面声源的三层有源隔声结构物理机制研究

次级源为平面声源的三层有源隔声结构,深入理解有源隔声的物理机理有助于挖掘降噪潜力及实现系统优化设计。首先对三层有源隔声结构建模并求解系统的振动响应。然后,对控制前三层结构中声能量的传输规律进行深入分析。最后,在辐射板声功率最小条件下,通过分析控制前后声能量传输特性的变化阐述了隔声的物理机理。结果表明,声能量在三层结构中传输形成四个等效的传输通道,中间板与两腔的作用类似带通滤波器,不同的传输通道具有相似的带通特性。有源隔声机理在于,通过控制抑制了通带内的能量传输,显著提高了三层结构整体的隔声性能,从而有效阻止了声波的向后传播。      

三层平板结构声能流计算及传输规律

为了理解多层有源隔声结构的物理机理,同时优化被动隔声结构,需深入分析三层结构中声能量的传输规律。首先对三层板腔结构建模并求解系统的振动响应,然后用数值方法求解平板向封闭空间辐射声的声传输阻抗,并计算各层结构的辐射声功率。最后,通过分析各子系统所占的能量及各层结构四类模态组辐射声功率的变化获得声能量的传输规律。结果表明,按模态类型的不同,能量传输可等效认为存在四个传输通道,各通道的能量传输具有相似的带通特性,其成因在于不同的平板与空腔模态对的耦合强弱不同。      

基于声辐射模态的有源结构声传入及其辐射控制

从辐射模态的概念和角度研究利用结构误差传感方法对弹性封闭空间结构声辐射进行传感和有源控制。首先分析了辐射模态的数学和物理意义并揭示了辐射模态与声腔模态之间的内在耦合关系。通过声辐射模态建立了弹性封闭空间结构声辐射传感和有源控制模型,并提出了通过传感器阵列测量结构表面有限点的振速分布和设计特定的辐射模态空间滤波器来获得控制所需的误差信号。在此基础上对封闭空间结构声辐射有源控制和误差传感策略进行了深入的理论和数值仿真分析,重点讨论了传感器的数量和布放对辐射模态传感及其有源控制效果的影响。结果表明:辐射模态与声腔模态的耦合具有严格的选择性,各阶辐射模态的形状和与相耦合的主导声模态在耦合面上的形状非常相似;利用结构传感技术传感封闭空间的辐射模态时测点不足或空间采样不足将可能产生较严重的模态泄漏问题,使得不希望的结构模态泄露进所测的辐射模态当中来。在低频范围内,一般只需传感并最小化前三阶有效辐射模态声势能,在更低频和空间声模态频率附近,只需最小化前一阶最有效辐射模态声势能,便能和总声势能最小化策略控制效果基本一样。      

水下充水圆柱声腔内声场自适应有源控制实验研究

本文研究了有限长充水圆柱置于水中，外声场透射形成的腔内声场自适应有源控制实验研究，结果显示，由于圆柱结构与水介质的耦合，有源控制中的声控制方法能够较好的抵消声腔主导模态和强耦合的结构主导模态，因而能够抵消在圆柱腔内较宽频带范围的声场，实验还研究了消声频带，误差传感器布放位置及肖声区域等问题。     

Impacts of structural-acoustic coupling on the performance of energy density-based active sound transmission control

This paper investigates numerically the performance of the active sound transmission control into a rectangular cavity through a flexible panel under the energy density-based error-sensing algorithm. Full coupling between the sound transmitting panel and the enclosed space is considered. A pure vibration actuator, a pure acoustic source and a combined control source system are used as the secondary control source in the active control and their performances are studied. Formulae for the coupled eigenfrequencies of the cavity and the flexible panel are also derived. The strength of the structural-acoustic coupling, the ratio between the first eigenfrequencies of the cavity and the panel and the difference between the excitation frequency and the coupled eigenfrequencies, especially the latter, are found to have crucial impacts on the performance of the active control regardless the type of control source used.     

Comparison of various decentralised structural and cavity feedback control strategies for transmitted noise reduction through a double panel structure

This paper compares various decentralised control strategies, including structural and acoustic actuator–sensor configuration designs, to reduce noise transmission through a double panel structure. The comparison is based on identical control stability indexes. The double panel structure consists of two panels with air in between and offers the advantages of low sound transmission at high frequencies, low heat transmission, and low weight. The double panel structure is widely used, such as in the aerospace and automotive industries. Nevertheless, the resonance of the cavity and the poor sound transmission loss at low frequencies limit the double panel's noise control performance. Applying active structural acoustic control to the panels or active noise control to the cavity has been discussed in many papers. In this paper, the resonances of the panels and the cavity are considered simultaneously to further reduce the transmitted noise through an existing double panel structure. A structural–acoustic coupled model is developed to investigate and compare various structural control and cavity control methods. Numerical analysis and real-time control results show that structural control should be applied to both panels. Three types of cavity control sources are presented and compared. The results indicate that the largest noise reduction is obtained with cavity control by loudspeakers modified to operate as incident pressure sources.     

Mechanisms of active control of sound transmission through a linked double-wall system into an acoustic cavity

The mechanism of active control on sound transmission through a mechanically linked double-wall structure into an acoustic cavity is investigated in this paper. Two control methods, i.e., structural control and acoustic control under two linkage cases (soft and hard) are investigated to analyze the effect of the links on the selection of control strategies and the corresponding control mechanisms. Simulations are performed to examine the dominant control mechanism (modal suppression or modal rearrangement) in different frequency ranges for each control case. The alteration in the structural-acoustic coupling is also analyzed so as to explain the mechanisms of sound attenuation. In addition, the dominance of the acoustic mode (0, 0, 0) in the energy transmission process as well as its use in designing a more effective sensor/actuator arrangement is discussed.     

ACTIVE CONTROL EXPERIMENTS FOR ACOUSTIC RADIATION REDUCTION OF A SANDWICH PANEL: FEEDBACK AND FEEDFORWARD INVESTIGATIONS

Experiments were conducted on a square panel of a honeycomb sandwich material, to compare and evaluate various active control strategies for acoustic radiation reduction. The panel was clamped between two soundproofed rooms, the receiving room being equipped with a moving system and a microphone. This paper compares different sensor/actuator arrangements. The two basic configurations are 8 PVDF patches used as sensors on one side of the panel and 8 PZT patches on the other side, versus several accelerometers or microphones as sensors and secondary shakers as actuators. In all cases, the primary excitation is provided by a shaker generating either pure tones or broadband noise on wide frequency bands (0-800 Hz). The second comparison level is relative to the control approaches: LMS feedforward and collocated feedback control strategies are investigated for broadband primary excitations. One of the most interesting aspects of the problem is to evaluate active control methods applied to a highly damped material. In particular, modal analysis and system identification are much more difficult than when applied to lightly damped metallic structures, due to the high modal overlap.     

Virtual sensors for active noise control in acoustic-structural coupled enclosures using structural sensing: part II--Optimization of structural sensor placement

The work proposed an optimization approach for structural sensor placement to improve the performance of vibro-acoustic virtual sensor for active noise control applications. The vibro-acoustic virtual sensor was designed to estimate the interior sound pressure of an acoustic-structural coupled enclosure using structural sensors. A spectral-spatial performance metric was proposed, which was used to quantify the averaged structural sensor output energy of a vibro-acoustic system excited by a spatially varying point source. It was shown that (i) the overall virtual sensing error energy was contributed additively by the modal virtual sensing error and the measurement noise energy; (ii) each of the modal virtual sensing error system was contributed by both the modal observability levels for the structural sensing and the target acoustic virtual sensing; and further (iii) the strength of each modal observability level was influenced by the modal coupling and resonance frequencies of the associated uncoupled structural/cavity modes. An optimal design of structural sensor placement was proposed to achieve sufficiently high modal observability levels for certain important panel- and cavity-controlled modes. Numerical analysis on a panel-cavity system demonstrated the importance of structural sensor placement on virtual sensing and active noise control performance, particularly for cavity-controlled modes.     

An indirect hybrid sound transmission loss controller

The control of sound transmission through panels is an important noise control problem in the aerospace, aeronautical, and automotive industries. The trend towards using lightweight composite materials that have lower sound insulation performance is a negative factor regarding low frequency transmission loss. Double-panel partitions with the gap filled with sound absorption materials are often employed to improve the sound insulation performance with reduced added weight penalty. However, in the low frequency range, the strong coupling between the panels through the air cavity and mechanical paths may greatly reduce the sound transmission performance, making it even lower than the performance of a single panel in some frequency ranges. In this work, an experimental investigation of a new kind of hybrid (active/passive) acoustic actuator is presented. The idea consists of replacing the acoustic absorption material by a hybrid actuator aiming at improving the transmission loss at low frequencies without altering the passive attenuation. A prototype of the system is tested in a plane wave acoustic tube setup. Different kinds of SISO feedforward control implementations were used to attenuate the sound power transmitted through the hybrid active–passive panel using an error microphone or a particle velocity sensor placed downstream with respect to the sample panel. Measurement results of the transmission loss with active and hybrid attenuation are presented and discussed.     

New modeling method and mechanism analyses for active control of interior noise in an irregular enclosure using piezoelectric actuators

A new modeling method is developed in this paper for the active minimization of noise within a three-dimensional irregular enclosure using distributed lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric (PZT) actuators, and the control mechanisms for irregular enclosure are analyzed. The irregular enclosure is modeled with four rigid walls and two simply supported flexible panels, and PZT actuators are bound to one of the flexible panels. The process of the new modeling method is as follows. First, the modal coupling method is used to establish the motion equations, which contain important coefficients such as modal masses and modal coupling coefficients, etc., of acoustic-structural-piezoelectric coupling system. Then, the acoustic modes and the modal masses of irregular enclosure are calculated by numerical methods. Last, the modal coupling coefficients in motion equations are calculated according to the numerical results of the acoustic modes of irregular enclosure and the modes of two panels. The validity of this modeling method is verified by a regular hexahedron enclosure. Two cost functions are applied to this model. With the two cost functions, good results are obtained in minimizing the sound-pressure level (SPL) within irregular enclosure according to numerical investigations. By comparing the results obtained under controlled and uncontrolled states, the control mechanisms of the system are discussed. It is found that the control mechanisms vary with disturbance frequencies. At most disturbance frequencies, the SPL within enclosure is reduced by restructuring the modes of two panels simultaneously. When the disturbance frequency comes close to one of the natural frequencies of panel a, the dominant mode of panel a is suppressed, while the modes of panel b are reconstructed. While the disturbance frequency is near one of the natural frequencies of panel b, the modes of two panels are restructured at the same time.     

Finite element reduced order model for noise and vibration reduction of double sandwich panels using shunted piezoelectric patches

This work concerns the control of sound transmission through double laminated panels with viscoelastic core using semi-passive piezoelectric shunt technique. More specifically, the system consists of two laminated walls, each one composed of three layers and called sandwich panel with an air cavity in between. The external sandwich panel has a surface-mounted piezoelectric patches. The piezoelectric elements, connected with resonant shunt circuits, are used for the vibration damping of some specific resonance frequencies of the coupled system. Firstly, a finite element formulation of the fully coupled visco-electro-mechanical-acoustic system is presented. This formulation takes into account the frequency dependence of the viscoelastic material. A modal reduction approach is then proposed to solve the problem at a lower cost. In the proposed technique, the coupled system is solved by projecting the mechanical displacement unknown on a truncated basis composed by the first real short-circuit structural normal modes and the pressure unknown on a truncated basis composed by the first acoustic modes with rigid boundaries conditions. The few initial electrical unknowns are kept in the reduced system. A static correction is also introduced in order to take into account the effect of higher modes. Various results are presented in order to validate and illustrate the efficiency of the proposed finite element reduced order formulation.     

Vibroacoustic properties of thin micro-perforated panel absorbers

This paper presents theoretical and experimental results on the influence of panel vibrations on the sound absorption properties of thin micro-perforated panel absorbers (MPPA). Measurements show that the absorption performance of thin MPPAs generates extra absorption peaks or dips that cannot be understood assuming a rigid MPPA. A theoretical model is established that accounts for structural-acoustic interaction between the micro-perforated panel and the backing cavity, assuming uniform conservative boundary conditions for the panel and separable coordinates for the cavity cross-section. This model is verified experimentally against impedance tube measurements and laser vibrometric scans of the cavity-backed panel response. It is shown analytically and experimentally that the air-frame relative velocity is a key factor that alters the input acoustic impedance of thin MPPAs. Coupled mode analysis reveals that the two first resonances of an elastic MPPA are either panel-cavity, hole-cavity, or panel-controlled resonances, depending on whether the effective air mass of the perforations is greater or lower than the first panel modal mass. A critical value of the perforation ratio is found through which the MPPA resonances experience a frequency "jump" and that determines two absorption mechanisms operating out of the transitional region.     

Active control of acoustic reflection,absorption, and transmission using thin panel speakers

This paper explores the development of thin panels that can be controlled electronically so as to provide surfaces with desired reflection coefficients. Such panels can be used as either perfect reflectors or absorbers. They can also be designed to be transmission blockers that block the propagation of sound. The development of the control system is based on the use of wave separation algorithms that separate incident sound from reflected sound. In order to obtain a desired reflection coefficient, the reflected sound is controlled to appropriate levels. The incident sound is used as an acoustic reference for feedforward control and has the important property of being isolated from the action of the control system speaker. In order to use a panel as a transmission blocker, the acoustic pressure behind the panel is driven to zero. The use of the incident signal as a reference again plays a key role in successfully reducing broadband transmission of sound. The panels themselves are constructed using poster board and small rare-earth actuators. Detailed experimental results are presented showing the efficacy of the algorithms in achieving real-time control of reflection or transmission. The panels are able to effectively block transmission of broadband sound. Practical applications for these panels include enclosures for noisy machinery, noise-absorbing wallpaper, the development of sound walls, and the development of noise-blocking glass windows.