三维形貌及颜色纹理的快速获取方法

为了在黑白摄像机中快速获取场景的三维形貌与颜色纹理,提出了绝对相位测量结合主动彩色照明的方法.首先向物体投影并拍摄两幅相移为1/3周期的条纹和一幅周期有微小差别的条纹图;然后分别向物体投射光强为给定强度的白、红及绿照明光,并拍摄图像.用改进的相移法求解第四幅图像与第一、第二幅变形条纹图中的相位;用改进的傅里叶变换法求解第四幅图像及第三幅变形条纹图中的相位;然后得出绝对相位值.最后利用第四幅图像与第五和第六幅图像求出场景反射的蓝色分量,并根据色度学原理恢复出场景的颜色纹理.实验表明,该方法在保证三维测量准确度的同时获得了高质量的颜色纹理,实现了30fps的三维数据及颜色纹理采集速度.     

基于双色条纹投影的快速傅里叶变换轮廓术

在实际傅里叶变换轮廓术测量中，获取的条纹图扩展的零频分量对傅里叶变换轮廓术的测量精度和测量范围有很大影响，甚至妨碍正确三维面形的恢复。π相移技术常被用来消除零频分量对测量的影响，但需要在测量系统中安装精密相移装置，并需要采集两帧具有π相位差的条纹图。传统傅里叶变换轮廓术中，完成精密相移需要较长的时间，影响了傅里叶变换轮廓术测量方法的实时性。提出了采用双色正弦光栅投影来实现从一帧条纹图中消除零频对傅里叶变换轮廓术测量的影响。该方法同传统的π相移方法相比，不需要相移装置，测量系统简单，并且能真正实现高速测量。     

一种两步相移相位解算方法

提出一种将傅里叶与相移法结合的三维物体快速测量方法.通过时域提取精确的均值包络与频域滤波结合的方法预处理条纹,结合基于相位半角的两步相移,只需要两幅相移条纹图,即可得到精确的相位信息.通过仿真和实验将本文方法与现有方法进行了分析对比,实验结果证明,本文方法可以获得优于现有两步相移方法的准确度,一般测量环境下的均方根误差在3×10~(-3) rad以内.本文提出的方法对噪声和表面突变不敏感,具有鲁棒性好、运算速度快、准确度高等优点,在三维快速测量领域有较高的应用价值.     

基准光栅重构傅里叶变换轮廓术

应用傅里叶轮廓变换术进行三维形貌测量中,为了获得待测物体的高度相位信息,通常需要采集两幅图像.因此当光学系统发牛变动时,必须重新采集基准光栅图像,不利于快速测量.提出一种从变形光栅图像中获取基准光栅图像信息的测量方法.首先在变形光栅图像中记录基准光栅信息,然后通过傅里叶分析提取基准光栅频率信息,通过图像分析获得基准光栅相位信息,最后重构出一幅完整的基准光栅图像,实现三维物体形貌测量.实验结果验证了该方法的可行的.     

通过相移条纹图差分测定相移量的方法

提出一种通过两幅相移条纹图相减来确定它们之间相移量的方法,进行了理论分析和实验验证。两幅相移条纹图相减并归一化后,得到的相移差分函数是振幅只与相移量有关的正弦函数,可以通过确定该函数最大极值的方法得到振幅,进而计算出相移量。介绍了极值直接查找法和平均法两种实现最大极值测量的方法。由于不使用傅里叶变换,减少了运算时间,既可以用于高空间频率条纹,也可以用于稀疏平行条纹,以及任意花样的条纹。在衬比度因子确定后,用这种方法就能够直接在空域内确定两幅条纹图之间的相移量,通过大量采样点进行统计计算,使结果达到很高的精度。将所得到的结果与用傅里叶变换方法得到的结果进行了比较,表明两种方法得到的结果具有完全相同的精度。     

结构光测量中快速相位解包裹算法的讨论

对Schofield等提出的快速傅里叶变换（采用4次傅里叶变换和4次逆傅里叶）解包裹算法和Volkov等提出的相位重建算法（仅采用两次傅里叶变换和一次逆傅里叶变换）进行了讨论,提出基于离散余弦变换的快速相位解包裹算法.指出前两种算法在处理一般带噪音的模拟相位图时具有明显的优势,其处理结果非常接近理想值,而在处理相位变化剧烈或不连续区域的实验相位图（采用四步相移法测量雕刻佛像的三维面形）时出现较大误差,甚至无法处理,而基于离散余弦变换算法能很好的解决这个问题,并且拥有比前两种算法更快的运算速度.在实际应用中,针对不同的相位图把Schofield所提出的算法与基于离散余弦变换的算法结合起来,可以解决大部分相位解包裹问题.     

基于快速傅里叶变换的实时相移校正算法

在相移测量剖面术（ＰＭＰ）中,提出了一种基于快速傅里叶变换的相移校正算法,利用最初多采的一幅条纹图的信息和傅里叶变换调制度模板,快速地计算出当前的相移值。采用该算法,能实时准确地控制投影光栅的移动,大大提高了测量系统的工和自动化程度,具有极大的实用价值。     

抑制傅里叶变换法恢复的X射线相衬像中的伪影

在基于光栅的X射线相衬信号的恢复方法中,主要有相移法和傅里叶变换法两种方法.相移法具有精度高、噪声小的优点,但由于至少需要三幅图像才能恢复出相衬信号,样品所受的辐射剂量大.而傅里叶变换法只需一幅图像即可恢复出物体的相衬信号,具有快速、实时的优点,但恢复出的信号精度低,易受伪影影响.因此,本文利用两幅图像傅里叶变换法恢复X射线相衬信号,该方法能够有效地抑制相衬信号中由于频谱混叠所产生的伪影.另外,通过增加载波条纹的频率,能够拉大频域中的频谱间隔,从而进一步抑制伪影的产生.     

倾斜相移闭合干涉图的非迭代相位提取方法

针对带倾斜相移误差的闭合干涉图,提出一种非迭代的高精度相位提取方法.该方法用傅里叶变换估计闭合条纹的相位,并用图像分割校正相位的符号,然后利用Zernike多项式拟合确定倾斜相移量,最后用最小二乘拟舍得到高精度相位.数值模拟结果表明:该方法的相位提取误差随着干涉图中条纹根数的增多而减小;当干涉图中条纹根数为4.5时,倾斜相移的估计误差为0.37％.实验结果表明该方法的残余误差均方根值为0.121 7rad.该方法精度高,且无需迭代计算,可应用于相移干涉测量.     

复杂刚性运动物体的高精度三维测量算法

基于相移法的三维形貌重建精度高,对环境噪声和阴影等不敏感,但由于多幅条纹解相位,难以应用于动态物体的三维测量中,为此,提出了一种新的算法.基于Harris算法提取刚性运动棋盘格的角点,确定相邻两帧采集条纹图像之间的像素偏差并校正采集条纹图像;根据投影仪和摄像机的标定参数建立投影图像和采集图像之间的空间变换矩阵,并根据变...     

Conversion from phase map to coordinate: Comparison among spatial carrier, Fourier transform, and phase shifting methods

For full-field phase measurement methods, many algorithms have been developed to extract a phase map from fringe image(s). Both phase wrapping and unwrapping algorithms have been extensively investigated by many researchers, but few papers can be found on how to calculate the coordinates of surface points from a phase map. This paper focuses on algorithms that show how a phase map can be used to calculate coordinates. Details are given for single image methods such as Fourier transform, spatial carrier methods, and multiple image methods like traditional phase-shifting methods. Algorithms that can be used to convert a phase map to coordinates and some issues related to these conversion algorithms are discussed. An artifact is measured using these phase measurement methods. The results show that using the correct algorithm to convert a phase map to coordinates is a key to obtaining accurate measurement results.     

Surface profile measurement of moving objects by using an improved π phase-shifting Fourier transform profilometry

The π phase-shifting Fourier transform technique is introduced into the surface profile measurement of moving objects. A digital grating comprising two regions, which have a π phase shifting is projected onto the object. Two line-scan CCD cameras are used to capture two deformed fringe patterns with π phase shifting at the same time. As the object is moving, each point at the object surface can be captured twice. The digital correlation method is used to calibrate the experimental system. The zero-order component can be eliminated by subtracting intensities of the same surface point in two captured images. And then the phase can be extracted by Fourier transform without the disturbance of zero-order component. Experimental results demonstrate that this method is feasible for the moving surface profile detection and the measurable slope of height variation can be extended.     

Measurement of refractive index homogeneity of parallel optical component

In this paper, we present a method for enhancing the measurement capability of refractive index homogeneity for parallel optical components, which phase-shifting interferometry cannot handle with. With the help of wavelength-modulation phase-shifting interferometry, a series of multiple-surface interference fringes are obtained and analyzed by Fourier transform. Based on the fact that the interference fringe corresponding to each interference cavity has its own variation frequency, the wavefront aberrations induced by each interference cavity are obtained and the refractive index homogeneity is then obtained. It is proved by experiment that the enhanced method can measure the refractive index homogeneity of parallel optical components more accurately and conveniently compared with the traditional measurement approach. Therefore, it will have potential application forwards in optical measurement field.     

The architecture of a multipurpose fringe pattern analysis system

A review of the advantages and disadvantages of analytical phase measurement methods of automatic fringe patterm analysis is given. The pros and cons for their applications due to the complexity of an interferogram, the accuracies required and the type of quantity measured are considered. The architecture of the system which enables a proper choice between the Fourier transform method, temporal and spatial phase-shifting methods is described. The modular structure of the software gives the possibility of getting the results in the most efficient way.     

基于分数阶傅里叶变换的模式测控一体化方法

提出了一种基于分数阶傅里叶变换的模式测控一体化方法。利用分数阶傅里叶变换光路对光纤模式耦合态进行空间调制和相位调制,以实现模式的有效分解。与双重傅里叶变换（F2）法以及空间和频谱成像（S2）法相比,采用的分数阶傅里叶变换法,通过改变分数阶参数,控制模式的空间分布以及模式间的叠加状态,更易于分解出高阶模式。基于分数阶傅里叶变换的模式测量方法可在更广泛空间,研究模式的空间和相位叠加以及模式分解,也可退化为F2法和S2法。     

Three-dimensional coordinate measurements using a multiple-pinhole interferometer

We propose a method for noncontact measurements of three-dimensional (3D) coordinates based on a Y-typed multiple-pinhole (MP) interferometer and demonstrate its feasibility in experiments. In this method, a Y-typed MP plate is inserted between the target and an image sensor to form a common-path interferometer. The 3D coordinates of the target are found by an effective algorithm using the discrete phase values on the measurement pinholes of the MP plate. These phase values can be directly extracted from a Fourier transform of the recorded intensity pattern without need of any iterative or phase-shifting algorithm. The method could be significant in real-time coordinate measurements and position tracking applications.     

A three dimensional on-line measurement method based on five unequal steps phase shifting

A three-dimensional on-line measurement method based on five unequal steps phase-shifting with phase measuring profilometry is presented. While only one sinusoidal grating pattern is projected onto the measured object moving with the pipe-line, five arbitrary deformed patterns are captured by CCD as the measured object moves within a duty cycle of the grating pattern. The modulation distribution based on Fourier transform profilometry is introduced to realize pixel matching so as to calculate the corresponding equivalent shifted phase on the deformed patterns. A five unequal steps phase shifting algorithm is developed, which is suitable for non-uniform motion of the pipeline. The experiments verify its feasibility and validity.     

Evaluation of spectral phase in spectrally resolved white-light interferometry: Comparative study of single-frame techniques

Spectral phase in a white-light interferogram contains information about the absolute optical path difference (OPD) in the interferometer. Evaluation of spectral phase is therefore important in applications such as profilometry with white light. In spectrally resolved white-light interferometry (SRWLI) the white-light interferogram is spectrally decomposed by a spectrometer in order to determine this phase. Several single-frame techniques in SRWLI have been proposed for the evaluation of the phase including Fourier transform, Hilbert transform, spatial phase shifting, windowed Fourier transform and wavelet transform. In this paper we present a comparative study of these techniques in this application in relation to the temporal phase-shifting technique which is a multi- frame method. Further, we also propose a modified method to remove the influence of source spectrum modulation in Hilbert transform procedure.     

Single fringe projection profilometry based on sinusoidal intensity normalization and subpixel fitting

A novel fringe projection profilometry using a single sinusoidal fringe pattern projected is proposed. Computer-generated sinusoidal fringe and uniform intensity patterns are firstly projected on a testing object by a liquid crystal display projector. The variable reflection intensity of a fringe pattern is then roughly normalized by division operation applied to the grabbed fringe and uniform intensity patterns projected. Fringe intensity is further normalized by employing an interpolation algorithm. The deformed sinusoidal pattern encoding object shape is converted to a wrapped phase map without using phase-shifting or Fourier transform. Computer simulation and experimental performance are evaluated to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. The experimental results compared with those of the four-step phase-shifting and fast Fourier transform methods are also presented.