中国透射式电子显微镜发展的历程

人眼的视力仅能分辨物体中0．1-0．2mm的细节．若借助光学显微镜,则可看到细胞、细菌．若借助电子显微镜,人能看到原子像、分子像!     

利用波像差评定显微物镜的像质

<正> 一、概述显微物镜的像质评定,不仅要从几何光学的观点来考虑,同时显微镜本身在于具有优良的分辨本领,所以成像的问题不能仅从几何光学的观点完成一个良好的设计,特别是对中倍显微物镜由于高级像差较大,就应该考虑到光     

几种非光学显微镜介绍

电子显微镜（ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎ ｍｉｃｒｏｓｃｏｐｅ） 电子显微镜是一种利用电子束照射物体并形成像的非光学显微镜．电子束通过作为电子折射媒质的静电透镜或磁透镜进行聚焦,通过加速电压,能够产生波长比普通光要短若干倍的电子波．根据显微镜原理,波长愈短,其分辨本领愈大．所以电子显微镜的放大倍数是普通光学显微镜的放大倍数的几千至数十万倍．电子显微镜一般有：透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和发射式电子显微镜等多种．透射电子显微镜的原理如图１所示． 它由以下几部分构成：产生等速电子束的电子源,把电子集中在样品上的…     

“禁戒光”近场光学显微镜原理与系统

扫描近场光学显微术是８０年代后期发展起来的一种分辨率超过衍射极限的新型光学显微镜技术。本文介绍了国外最近出现的“禁戒光”近场光学显微镜系统的工作原理及结构。透射式ＳＮＯＭ中部分光沿着光轴向前传播；部分光沿着大于全内反射临界角的方向传播。前者称为允许光；后者称为禁戒光。应用“禁戒光”近场光学显微镜可同时获得三幅图像，即允许光像、禁戒光像和反映样品表面形貌的剪切力图像。禁戒光图像能够提供很好的对比度和分辨率。     

共焦扫描光学显微镜的高分辨率

讨论了共焦扫描光学显微镜的高分辨率性质,指出共焦扫描显微镜由于采用点探测器,因而视场大大减小,信噪比大大提高,同时每幅图像逐点扫描形成,在光学系统信息能力不变的前提下,系统的空间域通带宽度增加和时域通带宽度减小。因而可成高分辨率的像,特别是其独特的深度分辨率特性使得可以实现光学断层扫描成像。给出了所研制的共焦扫描荧光显微镜所获得光学断层扫描图像     

微波模拟近场光学显微镜实验

介绍了近场光学显微镜的基本原理，并利用微波代替可见光模拟了近场光学显微镜实验．     

用MeF3金相显微镜研究LiNbO3晶体的光像

用MeF_3金相显微镜观察了多畴和单畴的LiNbO_3晶体的X、Y、Z切面的蚀像和光像.发现各切面光像形态与各切面的蚀像形态对应,并与晶体的对称性完全一致.利用晶体的光像确定晶体极性和晶轴是一种简便的光学方法.     

部分相干光学成像系统的光学传递函数和像质评价准则

根据光学成像理论，建立了部分相干成像光学系统的光学传递函数。该函数与非相干成像光学系统传递函数相同，因而部分相干成像和非相干成像两者的光学系统波面像差公差标准也是相同的。这一点解释了显微镜光学系统的光学设计惯用法则：镜头像差公差标准的选择，并不因为采用成像照明方式的不同而有所差异。     

亚微米分辨率Wolter显微镜的设计

受限于初始构型和光学加工能力,现有X射线成像诊断设备的最优空间分辨率被限制在3～5μm。提出一种基于开放式Wolter构型的亚微米分辨率X射线显微镜。详细介绍了显微镜的光学结构、设计方法和关键参数。提出一种适用于Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性诊断的大视场、高分辨率X射线显微镜的光学设计方案。开展了基于光线追迹的构型验证、像质仿真和系统响应效率评价。显微镜设计工作能点为2.5 keV,有效视场为±0.35 mm,在全视场范围内空间分辨率优于1μm,几何集光立体角为3.73×10^-5 sr,峰值响应效率为1.52×10^-5 sr。     

KBA型X射线显微镜精度控制方法

KBA(改进的KB)型X射线显微镜为掠入射非共轴反射成像系统.前一组反射镜和后一组反射镜之间并不是严格垂直的,给像质分析带来相当大的困难.通常的光学CAD软件难于适应这种光学系统.把共轴球面折射系统的向量公式调整后设计了掠入射非共轴KBA显微镜成像系统程序,并用该程序分析了KBA系统的像差及综合误差.分析结果表明,KBA显微镜系统是大像差系统,当物距公差为-0.4～ 1 mm,掠入射公差在-8"～0,双反射镜夹角公差在-20"～0,弥散斑的变化在允许的范围内.该程序对于分析和研制KBA显微镜系统具有重要意义.     

Review of near-field optical microscopy

This review has introduced a new near-field optical microscope (NOM)—atomic force microscope combined with photon scanning tunneling microscope (AF / PSTM). During scanning, AF/PSTM could get two optical images of refractive index image and transmissivity image, and two AFM images of topography image and phase image. A reflected near-field optical microscope (AF/RSNOM) has also been developed on AF/PSTM platform. The NOM has been reviewed in this paper and the comparison between AF/PSTM & RSNOM and the commercial A-SNOM & RNOM has also been discussed. The functions of AF/PSTM & RSNOM are much better than A-SNOM & RNOM.     

基于成像板-X射线条纹相机的精密耦合技术

为实现惯性约束聚变(ICF)实验中同时获取靶点的X射线1维动态和2维静态积分图像,提出了一种全新的X射线图像采集方法。结合成像板与X射线条纹相机的工作特性,通过在阴极狭缝前精密耦合成像板,实现X射线图像到达狭缝的同时采集其外围区域的静态积分图像。该方法具有对靶点X射线图像的1维动态与2维静态图像对比分析、成像系统像面位置精密空间定位的功能。利用该方法在神光Ⅱ装置上实现搭载Kirkpatrick-Baez(KB)显微镜获得内爆靶球压缩流线图,并应用于流体不稳定性实验中。     

Ion assisted deposition of magnesium fluoride films at low temperature

Various papers from 1987 to the present have reported efforts to deposit MgF2 at low temperatures with less than satisfactory results. Process parameters have been developed here for magnesium fluoride coatings which can be deposited without process heat and meet the same performance as is usually achieved in a 300 °C process. Such films on BK7 glass have an index of refraction in excess of 1.39 at 550 nm without significant absorption or scattering and pass the usual mil-spec eraser-rub hardness/abrasion test. Design of Experiments Methodology has been used to find the ion assisted deposition parameters suitable for the Veeco Mark-II ion source using nitrogen as the working gas in a chamber with a 2500 L/s pumping speed. The topology of the surface has been investigated with AFM measurement. Also, the images of some samples have been taken by microscope. AFM and microscope images are analyzed. The scattering of samples are attributed more to cracks on the surfaces than roughness.     

Selfassembly of gold nanoparticles onto the surface of multiwall carbon nanotubes functionalized with mercaptobenzene moieties

We have developed a new and effective method to robustly self-assemble gold nanoparticles onto the surface of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) functionalized with mercaptobenzene moieties. Fourier transform infrared and electron diffraction spectroscopy were used to verify whether or not the mercaptobenzene moieties have been attached to the π-conjugated body of MWNTs. Transmission electron microscope images give direct evidences for the success of selfassembly of gold nanoparticles onto the functionalized MWNTs.     

X射线高空间分辨多色显微成像系统研制及应用

在激光间接驱动惯性约束聚变(ICF)领域中,获得具有极高空间分辨率(优于5μm)的X射线辐射图像,是研究烧蚀不稳定性、内爆流线等关键物理过程的数据基础。基于掠入射反射式成像原理的Kirkpatrick-Baez(KB)显微成像系统作为一种具有高空间分辨率和集光效率的X射线显微诊断设备,目前已成为国际ICF装置的X射线关键诊断设备。在神光Ⅱ和神光Ⅲ原型装置条件上开展了KB诊断技术及设备的研究,在KB系统的光学设计、光学元件和物镜与系统装调技术等方面取得了许多重要进展,研制了大视场KB、多色KB等高分辨率X射线显微成像系统。这些系统已应用于我国的ICF内爆芯部发光和流线测量、流体不稳定增长测量等实验中,为关键物理量的测量提供了高空间分辨率的清晰图像。     

无扫描光源调制层析成象显微镜(1)-理论

分析普通显微镜的成象过程可以看到,它不能进行层析成象的原因在于并非所有的空间频率都随着离焦量的增加而衰减.通过改装普通显微镜的照明光路,采用调制光源照明物体,从而获得物体的层析象与普通显微镜成象的叠加象,该叠加象经过快速算法运算后,可实时获得类似于共焦显微镜的层析象,最终实现层析成象.本文通过对本显微镜成象光学系统物理模型的简化,解释了该系统的层析能力和解码方法.根据分析可以发现,这种照明调制显微镜实际上是一种选择性照明显微镜,即选择有限宽度的层进行照明.     

Nanometer-scale probing of optical and thermal near-fields with an apertureless NSOM

We have used a home-made apertureless near-field scanning optical microscope (ANSOM) for mapping nanometric steps between SiC and gold regions under visible (λ=655 nm) and infrared (λ=10.6 μm) illumination. The images, obtained with a signal demodulation at the tip oscillation frequency and at higher harmonics, clearly show optical contrasts with a subwavelength resolution of about 30 nm. Other images recorded in the visible on a YBa₂Cu₃O₇ crystal indicate that the tip used in our experiments is able to reveal polarization effects. We also present a near-field thermal optical microscope (NTOM) which operates without any external illumination. In this new kind of microscope, the laser source which is usually used to excite the evanescent waves, is replaced by a simple heating of the sample. The electromagnetic radiation locally scattered by the tip comes from the thermal radiation. Our results with this new technique prove a 200 nm lateral resolution.     

Imaging biological specimens with the confocal scanning laser microscope/macroscope

A new confocal scanning laser microscope/macroscope (cslm/M) has recently been developed. It combines in one instrument the high resolution capability of a confocal scanning beam microscope for imaging small specimens, with good resolution confocal imaging of macroscopic specimens. Some of its main features include: (a) 0.25 μm lateral resolution in the microscope mode and 5 μm lateral resolution in the macroscope mode; (b) a field of view that can vary from 25 μm × 25 μm to 75,000 μm × 75,000 μm; (c) capability for acquiring large data sets from 512 × 512 pixels to 2048 × 2048 pixels; (d) 0.5 μm depth resolution in the microscope mode and 200 μm depth resolution in the macroscope mode.

In this work the cslm/M was used to image whole biological specimens (> 5 m diameter), including insects which are ideal specimens for the macroscope. Specimens require no preparation, unlike scanning electron microscope (SEM) specimens which require a conductive coating. The specimens described in this paper are too large to be imaged in their entirety by a scanning beam laser microscope, however they can be imaged by slower scanning stage microscopes. In the macroscope mode the cslm/M was used to acquire a large number (e.g. 20–40) of confocal image slices which were then used to reconstruct a three-dimensional image of the specimen. High resolution images were collected by the cslm/M by switching to the microscope mode where high numerical aperture (NA) objectives were used to image a small area of interest. Reflected-light and fluorescence images of plant and insect specimens are presented which demonstrate the morphological details obtained in various imaging modes. A process for three-dimensional visualization of the data is described and images are shown.     

Theoretical near-field optical properties of branched plasmonic nanoparticle networks

Extended branched networks of single-nanoparticle chains have recently been self-assembled from colloidal suspensions. In particular, gold nanoparticle linear chains and complex chain networks have revealed unique signatures of plasmon modes in their extinction spectra. In this Letter, we investigate theoretically their near-field optical properties and show that a real space mapping of these modes can be achieved with a photon scanning tunneling microscope setup. A distinct subwavelength patterning of the optical near-field gives rise to well-resolved photon scanning tunneling microscope images that can be used to identify the network segments able to efficiently carry optical energy.     

A scanning superconducting quantum interference device microscope for room temperature samples

We have constructed a scanning low-T_c superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) microscope, in which the SQUID is mounted on the lower end of a copper rod and cooled to liquid helium temperature. There is a 65μm thick sapphire window under the SQUID. The sample at room temperature underneath the window can be scanned to produce magnetic images. The microscope has a spatial resolution of 100－150μm and a magnetic field sensitivity of 3－60pT/$\sqrt{Hz}$ in a magnetically unshielded environment. We have used this scanning SQUID microscope to measure various room temperature samples.