Splicing of index-guiding microstructured optical fibers and single-mode fibers by controlled air-hole collapse: an analytical approach

Low-loss splicing of index-guiding microstructured optical fibers (MOFs) and conventional single-mode fibers (SMFs) can be achieved by enlarging the mode field diameter of MOFs, which leads to an optimum mode field match at the joint interface. We study analytically the low-loss fusion splicing between an MOF and an SMF by expanding the modal field of MOF, using the controlled air-hole collapse method. Our method is simple and offers analytical solution for light coupling between MOFs and SMFs. Comparisons with available experimental and simulation results have also been included.     

双芯高双折射光子晶体光纤耦合特性研究

设计了一种双芯高双折射光子晶体光纤,采用多极法（multipole method）和光纤的模式耦合理论研究了光纤的双折射、耦合长度以及色散特性.数值研究发现,对于空气孔节距 Λ=1.2　μm,空气孔直径d=1.0　μm的光纤,在1.55　μm处双折射度为1.24×10^-2;对应x偏振模的耦合长度为21.6　μm,对应y偏振模的耦合长度为24.3　μm. 这种具有高保偏度和极短耦合长度的双芯光子晶体光纤对于微型光子器件的研制具有重 关键词： 光子晶体光纤 双芯 双折射 耦合长度     

Phase-sensitive optical low-coherence reflectometry technique applied to the characterization of photonic crystal fiber properties

Localized measurements of group-velocity dispersion and birefringence of photonic crystal fibers are achieved with a phase-sensitive optical low-coherence reflectometry technique. This technique is efficient for fiber samples no longer than 1 m. Theoretical simulations are in good agreement with experimental results. As a result, the stress-induced birefringence proves to be at most 1 order of magnitude below the geometrical-shape birefringence.     

Elliptical-hole photonic crystal fibers

We study the dispersive properties of photonic crystal fibers (PCF's) with elliptical air holes. The unusual guidance of PCF leads to novel behavior of the birefringence, group-velocity walk-off, and dispersion parameters, including the possibility of zero walk-off with high birefringence in the single-mode regime. A number of these effects are closely tied to the underlying radiation states of the air-hole lattice.     

Drawing parameters optimization for birefringence reduction in optical fibers

The impact of the drawing process on the stress-induced birefringence in optical fiber is experimentally analyzed. By means of the photoelastic tomographic technique, residual internal stresses are measured in fiber samples drawn under different conditions of temperature, drawing tension and speed. From measured residual stress distributions, the stress-induced birefringence and beatlength are mathematically derived and compared, proving that an effective birefringence reduction can be obtained by a proper choice of drawing parameters.     

Simultaneous independent measurement of strain and temperature based on long-period fiber gratings inscribed in holey fibers depending on air-hole size

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a simple and flexible scheme for the simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature using long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) based on versatile holey fibers (HFs) with different air-hole sizes. The strongly resonant LPFGs (as much as approximately 24 dB) can be successfully achieved. The LPFGs inscribed in the HFs have similar temperature sensitivities regardless of air-hole size because of the same material composition. The strain sensitivities of the LPFGs, however, are different, since holey fibers have different cross-sectional areas depending on the air-hole size. The strain sensitivities of the HF-based LPFGs are enhanced by a factor larger than 2 as the air-hole size increases.     

用于太赫兹波传输的低损耗、高双折射光纤研究

提出了一种同时具有低吸收损耗、高双折射特性的新型太赫兹传输光纤.光纤由层状的聚四氟乙烯和空气层组成.采用有限元法分析了光纤的结构参数对其吸收损耗和双折射的影响.结果表明:这种光纤的双折射可高达0.08;在保证模式的吸收损耗小于20 dB/m的前提下,其双折射仍可大于0.02. 关键词： 太赫兹传输 吸收损耗 双折射 有限元法     

Single-polarization fiber with a high extinction ratio

An elliptical-core hole assisted single-polarization fiber was designed, fabricated, and characterized. Numerical modeling based on the vectorial Maxwell equation reveals the dependence of the single-polarization bandwidth on core delta and air-hole size. Several single-polarization fibers based on this design with their single-polarization operating windows centered between 0.9 and 1.5 microm were successfully demonstrated. A correlation between fiber birefringence and single-polarization operating bandwidth is qualitatively confirmed. A single-polarization bandwidth as high as 55 nm was observed. These fibers also show very high extinction ratios of 60 dB or higher at lengths much shorter than 1 m. Other properties such as the dependence on length of the single-polarization operating window were also measured.     

Correlation between the birefringence and the structural parameter in photonic crystal fiber

In order to simply design a highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber (HB-PCF), we numerically simulated the correlation between the birefringence and the structural parameter of photonic crystal fiber with square-lattice or triangle-lattice air-holes by using multipole method. It is shown that the phase birefringence B(λ) and the group birefringence G(λ) can be modulated by the structure parameter of normalized wavelength λ/Λ and the relative air-hole size d/Λ. Numerical results show very high phase and group birefringence of the order of 10⁻². The group birefringence becomes negative in the region where phase birefringence increases with an increase in normalized wavelength that does not appear in traditional highly birefringent fibers.     

Twist sensor based on Sagnac single-mode optic fiber interferometer

An optical fiber twist sensor based on Sagnac single-mode optic fiber interferometer is proposed. The stress-induced birefringence of single-mode optical fiber is obtained by applying a transverse force against a short length of singlemode fiber. A high sensitivity and resolution of the twist angle measurement of 0.19 nm/° and 0.002° is achieved experimentally, respectively. The proposed sensor is more convenient and simple than that of standard polarization-maintaining fibers.     

多叶应力区扭转光纤的耦合模理论

从线性极化模的耦合模理论出发,分析了双叶应力区扭转光纤,即扭转保偏光纤,和四叶应力区扭转光纤.推导应力引起的在光纤芯区各向异性的介质张量表达式;利用该表达式得到线性极化模在有转角时的多叶应力区光纤中传输的耦合模方程;从而推得多叶应力区扭转光纤中的超本地模,由超本地模的相位常数来确定该光纤的双折射.在双叶、四叶应力区理想对称的条件下,前者可以得到较高的椭圆双折射,而后者则无任何双折射.同样的结论可推广到8叶或16叶的扭转光纤,都无任何双折射.     

Dispersion properties,birefringence and confinement loss of rotational elliptic air-hole photonic crystal fiber

Dispersion properties, birefringence and confinement loss between the circular air-hole photonic crystal fiber (CAHPCF) and rotational elliptical air-hole photonic crystal fiber (REAHPCF) are investigated numerically by means of a plane-wave expansion method and a finite element method. Results show that the performances of REAHPCF on flatter dispersion curve, single mode, high birefringence and low confinement loss is better than that of CAHPCF.     

Polarization properties of rectangular lattice photonic crystal fiber

In this paper, polarization properties and propagation characteristics of rectangular lattice photonic crystal fibers with elliptical air-holes are investigated by using the full-vector finite element method with anisotropic perfectly matched layers. Numerical results show that the birefringence of the fiber is induced by asymmetries of the cladding. Moreover, by adjusting its structure parameters, such as the hole pitch Λ, and the air-hole elliptical rate η, we find the optimized design parameters of the fiber with high birefringence (the order of 10⁻²) and limited polarization mode dispersion, operating in a single mode region at an appropriate wavelength range.     

Optimization of core size in erbium doped holey fiber amplifiers

Holey fibers (HFs) can be used as amplifier in optical communication systems. These new fiber structures have flexibility to change the fiber parameters such as refractive index of guided mode, air filling factor (AFF), V number, group velocity dispersion (GVD) and numerical aperture, only by the change of the hole size and air-hole spacing. In this paper we will use improved fully vectorial effective index method (IFEIM) to analyze the erbium doped holey fiber amplifier (EDHFA) with hexagonal unit cell. The range that core size can change in any air-hole spacing will determine and the growth of core size in the amplifier character such as maximum gain and optimum length will study. By determination of single mode region the effect of pump power and dopant concentration growth, on the amplifier parameter will define.     

高精度干涉式光纤陀螺热漂移分析

为了改进干涉式光纤陀螺的测量精度和温度性能,建立了该仪器输出偏置的解析模型。通过把光纤双折射这一从未被考察过的相位微扰与其它已知误差源进行线性叠加,该模型首次显式地把陀螺性能直接与光纤的力学、光学、热学和几何参数联系起来。利用该模型对常用于10-3 deg/h精度量级光纤陀螺的64层四极对称环圈进行计算,结果表明,保偏光纤所固有的高双折射及其温度涨落对陀螺输出偏置及其热漂移的影响分别在10-3 deg/h和10-2 deg/h量级,而过去研究较多的单模光纤中的舒普效应和热致光弹效应的影响分别在10-4 deg/h和10-3 deg/h量级。该模型表明保偏光纤所固有的高应力双折射是干涉式光纤陀螺的主要误差源,同时较为完备地描述了光纤陀螺中源于光纤性能的误差,也解释了该误差对光纤双折射的非线性依赖。     

Second mode transition in microstructured optical fibers: determination of the critical geometrical parameter and study of the matrix refractive index and effects of cladding size

We carried out a numerical study of the second mode transition in finite-sized, microstructured optical fibers (MOFs) for several values of the matrix refractive index. We determined a unique critical geometrical parameter for the second mode cutoff that is valid for all the matrix refractive indices studied. Finite size effects and extrapolated results for infinite structures are described. Using scaling laws, we provide a generalized phase diagram for solid-core MOFs that is valid for all refractive indices, including those of the promising chalcogenide MOFs.     

孪生孔光子晶体光纤

在光子晶体光纤典型的空气孔三角形排布图案中,将每个空气孔替换为一对孪生空气孔对,孪生空气孔对之间有确定的间距和固定的轴向,并由其形成包层的基本单元.在端面中心位置缺失一孪生空气孔对,由高折射率的背景材料将光场束缚于此形成纤芯.在包层中所有的孪生空气孔对按照三角形规则均匀排列.在这种新型结构中,由于所有孪生空气孔对都具有相同轴向而使得两个正交方向上的折射率不对称,从而导致双折射效应.本文利用有限差分法进行数值计算,所设计孪生空气孔对光子晶体光纤在两个正交方向上的折射率差Δneff可达到10－4.孪生空气孔对结构参量可在一定程度上影响双折射效果,增大空气孔或减小孪生空气孔对内部间距都可在一定程度上增大双折射效应.     

Tapered photonic crystal fibres: properties, characterisation and applications

Microstructured optical fibres (MOFs) have attracted much interest in recent times, due to their unique waveguiding properties that are vastly different from those of conventional step-index fibres. Tapering of these MOFs promises to significantly extend and enhance their capabilities. In this paper, we review the fabrication and characterisation techniques of these fibre tapers, and explore their fundamental waveguiding properties and potential applications. We fabricate photonic crystal fibre tapers without collapsing the air-holes, and confirm this with a non-invasive probing technique that enables the characterisation of the internal microstructure along the taper. We then describe the fundamental property of such tapers associated with the leakage of the core mode that leads to long-wavelength loss, influencing the operational bandwidth of these tapers. We also revisit the waveguiding properties in another form of tapered MOF photonic wires, which transition through waveguiding regimes associated with how strongly the mode is isolated from the external environment. We explore these regimes as a potential basis for evanescent field sensing applications, in which we can take advantage of air-hole collapse as an extra dimension to these photonic wires.     

Polarization dispersion in microstructure fibers with side channels

Polarization dispersion characteristics of microstructure optical fibers were analyzed. A significant difference between the spectral dependences of the phase and group birefringence of microstructure fibers and the polarization characteristics of a standard fiber having birefringence of the same order of magnitude is found. A new method for direct measurement of the phase birefringence is proposed and tested. The applicability of the technique for determining the phase birefringence with the use of the approximation known in the literature is analyzed.     

Grating resonances in air-silica microstructured optical fibers

We report what is believed to be the first demonstration of optical fiber gratings written in photonic crystal fibers. The fiber consists of a germanium-doped photosensitive core surrounded by a hexagonal periodic air-hole lattice in a silica matrix. The spectra of these gratings allow for a detailed characterization of the fiber. In particular, the gratings facilitate coupling to higher-order leaky modes. We show that the spatial distribution and the effective index of these modes are determined largely by the design of the lattice and that the grating spectra are unaffected by the refractive index surrounding the fiber. We describe these measurements and corresponding simulations and discuss their implications for the understanding of such air-hole structures.