Ultrasound-assisted extraction of rutin and quercetin from Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb

An ultrasonic method for the extractions of rutin and quercetin from Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb was investigated. The influence of four extraction variables on extraction yield of rutin and quercetin was discussed. The optimum extraction conditions found were: 70% aqueous ethanol; solvent: sample ratio 40:1 (v/w); extraction time 3 x 30 min. The recovery of rutin and quercetin and the reproducibility of the extraction method were determined. The optimized ultrasonic extraction conditions were applied to extract rutin and quercetin from dried stalks of E. alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. The application of sonication method was shown to be highly efficient in the extraction of rutin and quercetin from E. alatus (Thunb.) Sieb, compared with classical methods. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs provided evidence of more rapid opening of plant cells treated by UAE in contrast to maceration.     

超声辅助法提取白筋茎皮总黄酮的工艺研究

采用超声辅助法提取白霸茎皮中总黄酮化合物,通过单因素试验和正交试验,研究了超声提取条件（超声功率,乙醇浓度,料液比,时间）对其中总黄酮提取的影响。白筋茎皮总黄酮最佳提取工艺为：料液比1：30．乙醇浓度70％,超声功率120W,提取时间25min。在此工艺条件下提取,总黄酮含量为53．0843mg／g。     

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of betulin from white birch bark using response surface methodology

Betulin is an abundant naturally occurring triterpene, which makes it a potentially important raw material for a precursor of biologically active compounds. The objective of the current study was to determine the optimum UAE conditions for betulin from B. papyfera bark. The optimum conditions were evaluated with fractional factorial design and optimized using response surface methodology. High yields of betulin were observed from white birch bark by UAE technology. The solvent concentration and the ratio of material to solvent were the most significant parameters on betulin extraction as evaluated through FFD. The extraction conditions were further investigated with central composite design. The fitted second-order model revealed that the optimal conditions consisted of 98% ethonal concentration, 1:42 the ratio of white birch bark to solvent, extraction temperature 50 °C, ultrasonic frequency 5 kHz and extraction time 3 h. Under the optimized condition, the maximum productivity of betulin predicted is 23.17%. The extraction productivity and purity of betulin under the optimized extraction conditions were great higher than that of the non-optimized condition. The present study demonstrates that ultrasound is a great efficiency tool for the fast extraction of betulin from white birch bark.     

Green ultrasound-assisted extraction of chlorogenic acids from sweet potato peels and sonochemical hydrolysis of caffeoylquinic acids derivatives

Sweet potato peels are rich in chlorogenic acids. In this work, we applied ultrasound technology to extract the main compounds from sweet potato peel and used multivariate analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate the effects of different extraction conditions on the extraction of chlorogenic acids. The extraction was studied varying ultrasonic power density (20, 35 and 50 W/L) and processing time (5, 10, 20 and 40 min) using an ultrasonic bath operating at 25 kHz. The chemical analysis was carried out by UPLC-qTOF-MS, and the results were evaluated by PCA and PLS-DA chemometric analysis. Results show that both ultrasonic power density and processing time influences in the extraction of different chlorogenic acid, and that different extraction conditions can be used to selectively extract specific caffeoylquinic acids and feruloylquinic acids in higher amounts. Ultrasound promoted the hydrolysis of tricaffeoylquinic acid when subjected to ultrasonic waves (20–50 W/L), and of 3,4-caffeyolquinic acid at high ultrasonic power density (50 W/L).     

响应面法优化超声辅助提取-原子荧光法快速测定茶叶痕量汞

研究了一种使用超声波辅助提取(UAE)-原子荧光法测定茶叶痕量汞的快速方法.采用Plackett-Burman设计从6个影响汞提取率的因素中筛选出3个显著因素—超声时间St,超声温度T和HNO3:H2O2(1:1,δ)体积A2,并采用中心组合设计和响应面法优化参数.结果表明,最优提取条件为,浸泡时间6 min,St 8...     

Ultrasonically assisted acid extraction of manganese from slag

An ultrasonically assisted extraction (UAE) technique was developed for the extraction of manganese from electrolytic manganese slag using a sulfuric acid-hydrochloric acid mixture (4:0.3, v/v) as solvent. The UAE conditions were optimized and the significance of variables affecting UAE tested. The determination of manganese was carried out by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The ultrasonic extraction efficiency of manganese can reach about 90% under the following optimum conditions: solvent-slag ratio: 4 mL/g; temperature: 333 K; particle size: 0.2 mm; extraction time: 35 min; amount of additive (citric acid): 8 mg/g slag. During the UAE process, the particle size parameter on the extraction was the most significant, followed by solvent-slag ratio, citric acid mass, time and temperature. The repeatability of UAE technique was satisfactory. The ultrasonic method shown to be a much superior approach to the conventional extraction method in the extraction of manganese from slag.     

Optimization of the sonication extraction method of Hibiscus tiliaceus L. flowers

The influence of several experimental parameters on the ultrasonic extraction of Hibiscus tiliaceus L. flowers were investigated: extraction time, solvent polarity, sample amount, solvent volume and sample particle size. It was concluded that the most influential variables were extraction time and solvent polarity. The optimized procedure employed 5 g of ground flowers, 150 mL of methanol and 140 min of extraction. The extracts were fractionated using preparative silica columns and the resulting fractions were analyzed by GC/MS. Some saturated hydrocarbons, fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, phytosterols, and vitamin E were identified in the plant extracts.     

Rapid and quantitative determination of 10 major active components in Lonicera japonica Thunb. by ultrahigh pressure extraction-HPLC/DAD

An ultrahigh pressure extraction (UPE)-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/diode array detector (DAD) method was established to evaluate the quality of Lonicera japonica Thunb. Ten active components, including neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, 4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, luteoloside, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C, and quercetin, were qualitatively evaluated and quantitatively determined. Scanning electron microscope images elucidated the bud surface microstructure and extraction mechanism. The optimal extraction conditions of the UPE were 60% methanol solution, 400?MPa of extraction pressure, 3?min of extraction time, and 1:30 (g/mL) solid:liquid ratio. Under the optimized conditions, the total extraction yield of 10 active components was 57.62?mg/g. All the components showed good linearity (r² ≥ 0.9994) and recoveries. This method was successfully applied to quantify 10 components in 22 batches of L. japonica samples from different areas. Compared with heat reflux extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction, UPE can be considered as an alternative extraction technique for fast extraction of active ingredient from L. japonica.     

微波辅助萃取-分光光度法测定卫矛中总黄酮

采用微波辅助萃取法提取,以分光光度法测定卫矛样品中的总黄酮含量。并且通过单因素实验和正交实验设计优化了溶剂浓度、溶剂用量、微波功率和微波辐射时间等微波提取条件,确定了微波辅助萃取法提取卫矛中黄酮类化合物的最佳条件为：使用60%乙醇,在液固比40：1条件下,以255 W的微波功率,微波辐射5 min。在上述最优条件下进行了精密度和回收率实验,所得结果的相对标准偏差为1.71% (n=5),回收率在97%～101%之间。与传统的索氏提取法和超声波提取法比较,微波辅助萃取法具有操作简便,经济可靠,重现性好等特点。该实验采用的微波辅助萃取-分光光度法测定法简便高效,可推广应用于各类中草药中总黄酮的含量测定。     

陕西略阳杜仲叶中绿原酸的含量分析

测定了陕西略阳杜仲叶中绿原酸的含量,为陕西略阳杜仲产业发展提供基础研究数据和分析技术支持。采用微波提取,设置微波功率200W,压力1000kPa,温度60℃,提取5min;高效液相色谱法分析检测,设置色谱条件为Diamonsil C18柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm),327nm检测波长,流动相为乙腈∶0.3%磷酸=15∶85,1mL/min流速,30℃柱温。采用微波提取法处理样品,绿原酸提取效率高;HPLC分析方法通过方法学考察符合分析要求;陕西略阳杜仲叶中绿原酸含量在1.85%—3.18%之间。陕西略阳杜仲叶中绿原酸的含量远高于药典要求,可单独作为药材使用,亦可作为绿原酸提取原料使用,具开发利用价值。     

均匀设计法优化超声波辅助提取枸杞多糖的工艺

实验采用超声波辅助技术提取枸杞多糖,并通过均匀设计法研究了液料比、提取时间、提取温度和超声功率对枸杞多糖提取的影响.枸杞多糖超声提取的最佳工艺为:液料比21mL/g,提取时间27min,提取温度63℃,超声功率200W,在该条件下枸杞多糖得率为5.16％,且表现稳定.均匀设计法在优化枸杞多糖提取条件中应用效果良好.     

加拿大一枝黄花总酚超声提取工艺

利用超声提取的方法,通过单因素和正交实验分析了溶液浓度、超声时间、料液比、提取次数4个主要因素对总酚提取率的影响。确立了加拿大一枝黄花总酚的最佳提取工艺条件为:60%甲醇、超声50min、料液比1∶20、提取3次。在此条件下,总酚的提取率为44.61mg/g。     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phillyrin from Forsythia suspensa

Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese medicines, and possesses important biological activities, such as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Phillyrin is the main bioactive component of Forsythia suspensa. In this paper, ultrasound-assisted extraction of phillyrin from Forsythia suspensa was studied with HPLC-photodiode array detection. Effects of several experimental parameters, such as type and concentration of extracting solvent, ratio of liquid to material, extraction temperature, and time of sonication on extraction efficiencies of phillyrin from Forsythia suspensa were evaluated. The optimal extraction conditions were 1g plant sample with 10 ml of 20% methanol and the extraction for 60 min at 60°C under ultrasonic irradiation. Under the optimum conditions, the yield of phillyrin was 0.713±0.009 mg/g. The results indicated that the ultrasound-assisted extraction is a very useful method for the extraction of important phytochemicals from plant materials.     

Aqueous ionic liquid based ultrasonic assisted extraction of four acetophenones from the Chinese medicinal plant Cynanchum bungei Decne

In this study, an aqueous ionic liquid based ultrasonic assisted extraction (ILUAE) method for the extraction of the four acetophenones, namely 4-hydroxyacetophenone (1), 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone (2), baishouwubenzophenone (3) and 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone (4) from the Chinese medicinal plant Cynanchum bungei was developed. Three kinds of aqueous l-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids with different anion and alkyl chain were investigated. The results indicated that ionic liquids (ILs) showed remarkable effects on the extraction efficiency of acetophenones. In addition, the ILUAE, including several ultrasonic parameters, such as the ILs concentration, solvent to solid ratio, power, particle size, temperature, and extraction time have been optimized. Under these optimal conditions (e.g., with 0.6 M [C₄MIM]BF₄, solvent to solid ratio of 35:1, power of 175 W, particle size of 60–80 mesh, temperature of 25 °C and time of 50 min), this approach gained the highest extraction yields of four acetophenones 286.15, 21.65, 632.58 and 205.38 μg/g, respectively. The proposed approach has been evaluated by comparison with the conventional heat-reflux extraction (HRE) and regular UAE. The results indicated that ILUAE is an alternative method for extracting acetophenones from C. bungei.     

树脂分离-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定中草药中不同形态的砷

本文建立了应用离子交换树脂分离技术结合氢化物发生 原子荧光光谱法测定中草药方剂原生药、残渣、悬浮态及可溶态中的三价及五价砷的方法。研究了树脂静态分离和动态分离的最佳条件 ,利用两种方法成功地对黄连解毒汤中的三价及五价砷进行了分离。考察了仪器的工作条件、试剂浓度、增感剂的选择及共存离子的干扰及消除方法。方法检出限为 89 1ng·L- 1 ,RSD为 1 4 % ,样品加标回收率为 91 1%～10 9 3%。     

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanins in red raspberries and identification of anthocyanins in extract using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Anthocyanins (Acys) are naturally occurring compounds that impart color to fruit, vegetables and plants. The extraction of Acys from red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. var. Heritage) by ultrasound-assisted process (UAP) was studied. A central composite rotate design (CCRD) was used to obtain the optimal conditions of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and the effects of operating conditions, such as the ratio of solvents to materials, ultrasonic power and extraction time, on the extraction yield of Acys were studied through response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized conditions of UAE were as follows: ratio of solvents to materials was 4:1 (ml/g), extraction time was 200 s, and ultrasonic power was 400 W. Under these conditions 34.5 mg of Acys from 100 g of fresh fruits (T_Acy, expressed as cyanidin-3-glucoside), approximately 78.13% of the total red pigments, could be obtained by UAE. The Acys compositions of extracts were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS), 12 kinds of Acys had been detected and eight kinds of Acys were characterized. Result indicated that cyanidin-3-sophoroside, cyanidin-3-(2^G-glucosylrutinoside), cyanidin-3-sambubioside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-xylosylrutinoside, cyanidin-3-(2^G-glucosylrutinoside), and cyanidin-3-rutinoside were main components in extracts. In addition, in comparison with the conventional solvent extraction, UAE is more efficient and rapid to extract Acys from red raspberry, due to the strong disruption of fruit tissue structure under ultrasonic acoustic cavitation, which had been observed with the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). However, the Acys compositions in extracts by both methods were similar, which were investigated using HPLC profile.     

Ultrasound-assisted oxidative process for sulfur removal from petroleum product feedstock

A procedure using ultrasonic irradiation is proposed for sulfur removal of a petroleum product feedstock. The procedure involves the combination of a peroxyacid and ultrasound-assisted treatment in order to comply with the required sulfur content recommended by the current regulations for fuels. The ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization (UAOD) process was applied to a petroleum product feedstock using dibenzothiophene as a model sulfur compound. The influence of ultrasonic irradiation time, oxidizing reagents amount, kind of solvent for the extraction step and kind of organic acid were investigated. The use of ultrasonic irradiation allowed higher efficiency for sulfur removal in comparison to experiments performed without its application, under the same reactional conditions. Using the optimized conditions for UAOD, the sulfur removal was about 95% after 9 min of ultrasonic irradiation (20 kHz, 750 W, run at 40%), using hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid, followed by extraction with methanol.     

Investigation on ultrasound-assisted extraction of salvianolic acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza root

It is reported that salvianolic acid B, a bioactive phenolic compound contained in the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza, exhibits a much stronger activity in free radical scavenging and antioxidance than those of vitamin E. When a conventional refluxing method is adopted to extract salvianolic acid B from the root, in which the materials are subjected to higher temperature and longer time, the yield of this phenolic compound is lower due to the possibility of its hydrolysis to tanshinol. However, a higher extraction yield can be achieved over a shorter time period and lower temperature when an ultrasound-assisted extraction method is used. This paper investigated the parameters influencing the extraction of salvianolic acid B. Factors such as extraction time, frequency of the ultrasound, the ratio of solvent to material, and types of extraction solvent were examined. A comparison was also conducted between conventional refluxing and ultrasound-assisted extraction. Results showed that the optimal parameters to extract salvianolic acid B from the root of S. miltiorrhiza were as follows: ultrasonic frequency: 45 Hz; solvent: 60% aqueous ethanol; extraction temperature: 30 °C; extraction time duration: 25 min.; ratio of solvent to material: 20:1 (v/w, ml/g). Under these conditions, the yield of salvianolic acid B was 5.17 mg/g (33.93 mg/g) higher than those with conventional refluxing method (28.76 mg/g), indicating that the efficiency and the yield of ultrasound-assisted extraction method are higher than reflux method, and the hydrolysis of salvianolic acid B to tanshinol is effectively avoided.     

山豆根总黄酮不同提取方法的比较

分别采用常规回流提取法、超声提取法、微波辅助萃取法及索氏提取法对中药山豆根进行提取;以芦丁为对照品,采用分光光度法测定提取物中总黄酮的含量;以总黄酮的含量为考察指标,优选出最佳提取方法.结果表明,4种提取方法中,常规回流提取法总黄酮含量最高,微波辅助萃取法和超声提取法总黄酮含量较高,索氏提取法总黄酮含量最低;综合考虑,...     

响应面法优化提取-原子吸收光谱法测定茶叶中的铅

研究超声辅助提取（UAE）快速测定茶叶铅。采用Plackett-Burman设计和响应面法得优化提取条件：200mg样品中加入HNO3∶H2O2（1∶1,V/V）5mL浸泡6min、78℃超声8.4min。对GBW 10016茶叶,该法测定值与标准值符合,加标回收率为96.0%—102.2%,检出限0.041μg.L-1,重复测定的RSD为6.3%。该法测定45个茶鲜叶和10种商品茶,铅含量（干基）在0.39—1.22mg.kg-1之间,与湿法消解（WAD）结果无显著差异。