高浓度超细颗粒的后向光子相关光谱测量技术研究

针对光子相关光谱颗粒粒径测量法不能在线测量高浓度超细颗粒的问题,通过分析溶液浓度对光子相关光谱测量法的影响,设计了一种后向散射光路,提出了后向光子相关光谱测量法.实验采用50 nm、100 nm以及500 nm三种标准乳胶球颗粒,在不同的浓度下分别用两种方法进行了测试.结果证明,后向光子相关光谱测量法能有效抑制多重散射的影响,适用于高浓度超细颗粒粒径的在线测量.     

基于奇异值分解的光子相关光谱滤波方法研究

针对光子相关光谱颗粒测量法在测量超细纳米颗粒时,容易受噪声影响,导致拟合误差较大的问题,提出了一种基于奇异值分解的光子相关光谱滤波方法。其处理步骤为:利用颗粒系的光强自相关函数数据构造Hankel矩阵H;对矩阵进行奇异值分解;根据奇异值的大小分布,确定噪声级别和重建参数r;从重建矩阵H1中提取经滤波后的光强自相数据,再通过传统方法进行拟合,得到颗粒的粒径分布。实验中采用30nm标准乳胶球单分散颗粒系,以及30nm和100nm标准乳胶球双分散颗粒系进行实验对比。结果证明:基于奇异值分解的光子相关光谱滤波法有效地提高了测量准确性。     

基于奇异值分解的光子相关光谱滤波方法研究

针对光子相关光谱颗粒测量法在测量超细纳米颗粒时,容易受噪声影响,导致拟合误差较大的问题,提出了一种基于奇异值分解的光子相关光谱滤波方法。其处理步骤为:利用颗粒系的光强自相关函数数据构造Hankel矩阵H;对矩阵进行奇异值分解;根据奇异值的大小分布,确定噪声级别和重建参数r;从重建矩阵H1中提取经滤波后的光强自相数据,再通过传统方法进行拟合,得到颗粒的粒径分布。实验中采用30nm标准乳胶球单分散颗粒系,以及30nm和100nm标准乳胶球双分散颗粒系进行实验对比。结果证明:基于奇异值分解的光子相关光谱滤波法有效地提高了测量准确性。     

利用振动光纤减弱激光散斑的研究

在激光投影显示技术中,引入振动光纤的方法能够以较小的能量损失减弱激光散斑.本文利用广义范西特-泽尼克定理对激光投影显示中采用振动光纤抑制散斑做了理论分析.结果表明,散斑衬比度的大小取决于光纤的模式数和投影系统的光瞳大小,对于相同大小的像面,收集更多的光纤模式数和增大孔径均可减弱散斑衬比度.用两种不同的多模光纤所做的对比...     

无限细光束中透射起伏时间相关频谱法高浓度效应的模拟

时间或空间相关透射起伏频谱法是近年发展起来的一种新的颗粒测量方法,它可同时测量颗粒粒径分布和浓度,并可用来进行在线、实时测量。研究表明,随着浓度增大,逐渐增强的高浓度效应会导致测量值越来越严重地偏离理论值。本文采用模拟计算方法讨论无限细光束照射下的时间相关透射起伏频谱法高浓度效应并给出部分实验验证。分析表明,无限细光束照射时的透射起伏相关频谱主要受到层结构效应的影响,颗粒交叠效应不明显,表明为随着颗粒浓度增大,转换函数(特征函数)逐渐偏离低浓度理论值并向无因次相关时间小的方向移动,阶高始终保持不变。     

基于后向散射的高浓度纳米颗粒粒度分布测量方法研究

传统的动态光散射法通常采集侧向散射进行纳米颗粒粒度分布的测量,由于多次散射的影响,利用侧向散射不能准确测量高浓度样品的颗粒粒度分布。针对该问题,对后向散射测量方法进行了研究,在实验基础上提出了后向散射最佳光程的判断准则。在不同样品浓度下,用侧向散射和后向散射方法对标称粒径分别为110 nm、220 nm的聚苯乙烯乳胶球颗粒进行了测量。实验结果表明,对于高浓度的待测样品,后向散射测量方法通过自适应调整光程,在最优光程处进行测量,能够有效得到高浓度纳米颗粒的粒径及粒度分布,测量结果相对误差为2.72%。     

两种M~2因子实验测量方法的比较

为了从实验上分析和验证H-S传感器测量M2因子方法,对使用双曲线拟合法测量M2因子和H-S传感器测量M2因子做了详细的实验研究,且对实验结果、实验误差进行了比较与分析。研究表明:当H-S波前传感器透镜组足够多,重构误差较小,选取合适的泽尼克多项式阶数时,H-S波前传感器一次测量法得到的光束的M2因子与传统方法测得的M2因子值基本相当。与双曲线拟合法相比,H-S传感器法适用范围小,但是当满足测量条件时,H-S传感器法更便捷。     

基于单模光纤的DLS粒径测量研究

动态光散射技术是一种测量纳米颗粒粒径分布的最有效方法。为了克服高浓度样品溶液中存在的多重散射效应, 本文基于单模光纤搭建了一套DLS实验系统, 传输光纤的输出端与接收光纤的接收端都作了抛光磨平处理。在模拟复杂工业环境下, 分别用低浓度单分散、不同浓度单分散以及高浓度多分散性标准聚苯乙烯乳胶球悬浮液检测了该系统的适用性。实验结果表明, 利用该系统可快速准确的测量体积分数达40%的聚苯乙烯乳胶球悬浮液中的纳米颗粒粒径及其分布。     

利用振动光纤减弱激光散斑的研究

在激光投影显示技术中,引入振动光纤的方法能够以较小的能量损失减弱激光散斑.本文利用广义范西特-泽尼克定理对激光投影显示中采用振动光纤抑制散斑做了理论分析.结果表明,散斑衬比度的大小取决于光纤的模式数和投影系统的光瞳大小,对于相同大小的像面,收集更多的光纤模式数和增大孔径均可减弱散斑衬比度.用两种不同的多模光纤所做的对比实验定性证实了这一结论.研究结果对光纤的选择和投影系统的设计有一定的指导意义.     

基于图像动态光散射的二维纳米颗粒粒度测量

提出了一种基于图像动态光散射原理测量二维纳米颗粒粒度的新方法,称为平移转动-图像动态光散射(TR-IDLS)法。采用会聚的偏振高斯光束照射样品池中处于布朗运动的二维纳米粒子,分别采集纳米粒子的水平偏振散射光信号和垂直偏振散射光信号。根据两个偏振方向上散射光光强波动的时间相关函数,计算出纳米颗粒的平移和转动扩散系数的分布,进而从扩散系数中获得颗粒的长宽比、等效直径和厚度的分布。采用该方法测量了球形标准纳米颗粒和片状云母颗粒的粒径。采用电镜获得了片状云母颗粒的形状和等效直径,并与TR-IDLS方法的实验结果进行比较,验证了TR-IDLS方法的可行性。     

A radiometric generalization of the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem for fields generated by sources of arbitrary state of coherence

New formulae are derived for the cross-spectral density function and the complex degree of coherence of light in the far zone of a field generated by a planar source of any state of coherence. The formulae are analogous to those encountered in the far-zone formulation of the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem that applies to light from a spatially incoherent source; the only essential difference is that the average light intensity across the source is replaced by the generalized radiance function of the source, with a symmetrized directional variable. In the limiting case of a spatially incoherent source our formulae reduce to expressions that are in agreement with the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem. In the other limiting case, that of spatially fully coherent source, they reduce to results that are to be expected on the basis of the Huygens-Fresnel principle.     

Measurement of the Mutual Coherence Function of an Incoherent Infrared Field with a Gold Nano-wire Dipole Antenna Array

The first direct measurement of the mutual coherence function of a spatially incoherent infrared beam was performed at 10.6 μm using a pair of infrared dipole nano-wire antennas that were connected to a common bolometer in the center of the pair by short lengths of coplanar strip transmission line. A spatially incoherent source was constructed by dithering a BaF2 diffuser near the focus of a CO2 laser beam. The distance from the diffuser to the nano-wire antenna pair was held constant while the distance from the focus of the laser beam to the diffuser was varied to control the effective diameter of the source. The measured bolometer signal was proportional to the magnitude of the mutual coherence function at the plane of the antennas. The experimental results were found to match the predicted performance closely. If this technology can be extended to large arrays, a form of synthetic aperture optical imaging based on the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem is possible, similar to that performed at microwave frequencies now by astronomers. This has the potential to greatly increase the angular resolution attainable with optical instruments.     

The Van Cittert-Zernike theorem for optical fibres

The Van Cittert-Zernike theorem determines the degree of coherence γ of light from a source radiating in a uniform medium in terms of the angular size α of the source. For the fields within an optical fibre far from the source, γ is found by replacing α by the critical angle for total internal reflection.     

Is the Van Cittert-Zernike Theorem Applicable to Spatially Incoherent Broadband Spectral Source?

This paper deals with the propagation law of mutual intensity and cross-spectral density of the light emitted from an extended broadband spectral source that is spatially incoherent. The mutual intensity of light does not obey the same mathematical formalism as the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem applicable to quasi-monochromatic light, although the cross-spectral density of light does in the propagation zone of the Fresnel diffraction region.     

Spatial coherence of bending magnet radiation and application limit of the van Cittert-Zernike theorem

In this paper we discuss how the first-order spatial coherence of bending magnet radiation is determined. We present an analytical representation of the coherence and compare it with the numerical calculations based on the first principles. It is shown that if the electron-beam size is so large that some conditions are satisfied, the van Cittert-Zernike theorem can be used without any modification in the vertical and horizontal directions. The formalism presented will be useful in judging whether or not the electron-beam size in the storage ring can be estimated directly from the van Cittert-Zernike theorem using the synchrotron radiation interferometer.     

Polarized angular dependence of three-dimensional light-scattering for nanoparticles on thin film wafer

Bidirectional ellipsometry has been developed as a technique for distinguishing among various scattering features near surfaces. The polarized angular dependence of three-dimensional light-scattering by the nanoparticles on thin film wafer is calculated and measured. These calculations and measurements yield angular dependence of bidirectional ellipsometric parameters for out-of-plane light-scattering. The experimental data show good agreement with theoretical predictions for different nanoparticle diameters and thin film thicknesses when bidirectional ellipsometry was employed to measure nanoparticles (60 nm, 100 nm, and 200 nm) on Si wafers with different film thicknesses of 2 nm, 5 nm, and 10 nm. Not only are the diameters of the nanoparticles determined, but also the film thicknesses can be calculated and distinguished from the measurement results. Additionally, the results indicate that improved accuracy is possible for measurements of scattering features from nanoparticles and thin films.     

Controlling SERS intensity by tuning the size and height of a silver nanoparticle array

It is demonstrated that the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) intensity of R6G molecules adsorbed on a Ag nanoparticle array can be controlled by tuning the size and height of the nanoparticles. A firm Ag nanoparticle array was fabricated on glass substrate by using nanosphere lithography (NSL) combined with reactive ion etching (RIE). Different sizes of Ag nanoparticles were fabricated with seed polystyrene nanospheres ranging from 430 nm to 820 nm in diameter. By depositing different thicknesses of Ag film and lifting off nanospheres from the surface of the substrate, the height of the Ag nanoparticles can be tuned. It is observed that the SERS enhancement factor will increase when the size of the Ag nanoparticles decreases and the deposition thickness of the Ag film increases. An enhancement factor as high as 2×10⁶ can be achieved when the size of the polystyrene nanospheres is 430 nm in diameter and the height of the Ag nanoparticles is 96 nm. By using a confocal Raman mapping technique, we also demonstrate that the intensity of Raman scattering is enhanced due to the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) occurring in the Ag nanoparticle array.     

Cancellation of spurious arrivals in Green's function retrieval of multiple scattered waves

The Green's function for wave propagation can be extracted by cross-correlating field fluctuations excited on a closed surface that surrounds the employed receivers. This study treats an acoustic multiple scattering medium with discrete scatterers and shows that for a given source the cross-correlation of waves propagating along most combinations of scattering paths gives unphysical arrivals. Because theory predicts that the true Green's function is retrieved, such unphysical arrivals must cancel after integration over all sources. This cancellation occurs because the scattering amplitude of each scatterer satisfies the generalized optical theorem. The cross-correlation of scattered waves with themselves does not lead to the correct retrieval of scattered waves, because the cross-terms between the direct and scattered waves is essential.     

基于偏振门的动态光散射颗粒测量法的研究

为了解决动态光散射纳米颗粒测量技术无法测量高浓度颗粒粒径的难题,提出了一种基于偏振门的动态光散射测量法。从动态光散射和Mie理论出发,理论分析了在高浓度溶液下多重散射效应对散射光偏振态和颗粒粒度测量结果的影响。根据散射光偏振特点,结合偏振门检测技术,改进了传统的动态光散射光学系统。实验研究了在低浓度和高浓度溶液时,不同偏振角度下的散射光强和粒度测量值,完善了散射光的偏振理论。采用90°偏振门检偏,通过各种浓度下的实验,证明了方法的可行性。该方法较之目前同类方法具有原理和结构简单,系统易于维护的特点。