Recent Applications of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry in Herbal Medicine Analysis

Abstract

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a fast and nondestructive analytical method. Associated with chemometrics, it is a powerful tool for the pharmaceutical industry. It is becoming a suitable technique for analysis of herbal medicine. This review focuses on the recent developments and updates for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of herbal medicine using FTIR. Moreover, it can be implemented during herbal drug development, in production for process monitoring, or in quality control laboratories.     

Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry in Pharmaceutical Drugs Analysis

This review provides some background to infrared spectroscopy including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It is not meant to be complete or exhaustive but to provide the reader with sufficient background for selected applications in pharmaceutical analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a fast and nondestructive analytical method. Associated with chemometrics, it can become a powerful tool for the pharmaceutical industry. Indeed, it is suitable for analysis of solid, liquid, and biotechnological pharmaceutical forms. This review focuses on pharmaceutical FTIR applications used for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Moreover, it can be implemented during pharmaceutical development, in production for process monitoring, and in quality control laboratories.     

Application of FTIR Spectroscopy for Identification of Blood and Leukemia Biomarkers: A Review over the Past 15 Years

Abstract

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is an effective and nondestructive method for monitoring cellular alterations. Combining the advantages of FTIR spectroscopy with the challenge of cellular characterization, the main objective of this review is to collect information related to the spectroscopic identification of blood cells, focusing on specific biochemical features of leukemia cells detected through FTIR spectral analysis. Some interesting results obtained by different authors regarding human promyelocytic leukemia, white blood cells, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells are presented. In addition, the characterization of two types of cells, namely, leukemia T and a healthy human blood cells, is reported and the identification of biochemical markers provides important information that, associated with clinical examination, can assist in the diagnosis of diseases.     

FTIR结合主成分分析对棕榈科植物鉴别研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结合主成分分析(PCA)对棕榈科植物2个亚科4个族的植物叶片进行了光谱研究。结果显示,棕榈科同族不同种和同科不同族的植物在红外光谱上表现出差异。用二阶导数光谱进行主成分分析,显示可以将样品进行正确分类。研究表明傅里叶变换红外光谱在鉴别分类植物方面具有应用潜力。     

Monitoring radiation induced alterations in biological systems,from molecules to tissues,through infrared spectroscopy

Humans can be exposed to non-ionizing and ionizing radiation for diagnostic, therapeutic, accidental, and occupational reasons. Consequently, the effect of radiation on biological systems has attracted the attention of researchers for a rather long time. This review is about the mid-infrared Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic characterization of non-ionizing and ionizing radiation-induced changes in DNA, lipids, and proteins, as isolated or synthetic macromolecules, and in biological membranes, cells, and tissues. Here, the context of radiation was limited with electromagnetic radiation including gamma rays. The review first outlines introductory information about non-ionizing and ionizing radiation and their interaction with biological systems. Afterwards, FTIR spectroscopy and spectroscopic analysis are briefly discussed. Finally, FTIR spectroscopic analysis of DNA, lipids, proteins, membranes, cells, and tissues that were exposed to radiation are presented. The findings show that FTIR spectroscopy can be successfully used as a novel method to monitor radiation-induced alteratios in biological systems.     

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) application chemical characterization of enamel,dentin and bone

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has been used extensively for chemical characterization of mineralized tissues in the past few decades. FTIR is an ideal technique to analyze chemical structural properties of natural materials, since the frequencies of several vibrational modes of organic and inorganic molecules are active in the infrared. This review discusses the use of FTIR methodology, highlighting the attenuated total reflection (ATR) sampling mode, particularly for characterization of enamel, dentin and bone tissues. Enamel, dentin and bone, are composed of an organic and a mineral phase. The mineral phase is characterized essentially as nonstoichiometric substituted apatite, being the carbonate and phosphate spectral peaks the main representative of these phase. Organic matrix of the post-eruptive enamel is small (～1% weight (wt)). The dentin and bone organic phases are mainly composed of type I collagen that appears as spectral bands of amide I, amide II, amide III bands. Furthermore, synthetic apatite materials are being designed for total or partial replacement, restoration or augmentation of these biological tissues with FTIR assistance.     

基于主成分分析-二阶导数光谱成像的红外显微图像分析

红外显微成像技术将红外光谱技术和显微技术相结合,不仅可以提供测试样品的光谱信息而且能够提供测试样品的空间分布信息。然而复杂样品的红外显微图像谱峰重叠严重,无法直接获得目标组分的分布信息。将因子分析与光谱分离技术相结合提出了主成分分析-二阶导数光谱成像方法。通过兔子动脉红外显微图像中胆固醇分布的成像实验,验证该方法的可行性和有效性。实验结果表明,该方法可以提高光谱分辨率,挖掘隐藏于重叠谱峰中的有用信息,是一种有效的红外显微图像分析方法。     

Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in the Study of Atmospheric Heterogeneous Processes

Abstract

Atmospheric heterogeneous processes associated with the complex behavior of atmospheric particles may play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry and global climate change. Many of these heterogeneous processes have been widely investigated in detail over the years, including heterogeneous reactions on the surface of aerosol particles, aerosol hygroscopicity, as well as aerosol chemical compositions. As a fast, sensitive, precise, nondestructive, in situ, and online experimental technique, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has played a significant role in investigating atmospheric heterogeneous processes. On the basis of the mechanisms and characteristics of various FTIR techniques, this work presents a review of the applications of in situ FTIR spectroscopy in atmospheric heterogeneous processes study, and future development directions for FTIR spectroscopy are proposed considering current and future research needs for heterogeneous processes.     

Limitations of FTIR Spectroscopy for Detection of Water in Spinel Group Minerals,When IVFe2+ is Incorporated into the Crystal Structure

Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy can be used for detection of low hydrogen abundances as well as for finding information on hydrogen speciation in nominal anhydrous minerals (NAMs). A Perkin‐Elmer 1760 X FTIR plus micro‐FTIR spectrometer was used to apply this established method to natural spinel phases in order to detect water that is possibly incorporated into the crystal structure. Here, the limits of FTIR are assessed for detection of OH, when only traces of iron are incorporated into the crystal structure of natural spinel group minerals. A problem occurred because of the high intensity of the iron absorption bands, which absorb at similar wavenumbers to OH absorption bands.     

红外和拉曼光谱的煤灰矿物组成研究

研究煤灰中矿物质的性质通常从矿物组成的表征入手。为了分析两种高硅铝煤灰的矿物成分,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、拉曼光谱和X射线衍射(XRD)技术对煤灰样进行了测试和综合表征,将FTIR和拉曼光谱的分析结果与XRD进行了比较。FTIR结果表明,在1 100~1 000 cm-1范围内高硅铝煤灰出现最强的特征峰,例如石英峰(1 089 cm-1)和偏高岭石峰(1 042 cm-1),它们都归属于Si-O伸缩振动。对原始红外谱图进行二阶导数处理后,可获得重叠峰的峰位,有助于更完整的解析矿物吸收峰,从而获得更丰富的矿物组成信息。煤灰中硬石膏的红外和拉曼光谱发现,在1 157,1 126和674 cm-1的拉曼光谱峰与在1 151,1 120和678 cm-1的红外光谱峰振动模式分别相同且峰位接近,还存在一些完全不同的拉曼光谱与红外光谱峰,表明这两种光谱存在互补性。尽管煤灰中锐钛矿含量很低,但由于Ti-O的极化率很高,因此拉曼光谱显示锐钛矿的144 cm-1峰远远强于石英的461 cm-1峰。XRD结果表明,煤灰中主要存在石英、云母、赤铁矿、硬石膏和未知的无定形相矿物,FTIR和拉曼光谱综合分析的结果表明除了这些矿物,还存在偏高岭石、无定形氧化硅、长石、方解石和锐钛矿等。在定性分析方面,将FTIR和拉曼光谱结合起来比XRD单独获得的矿物组成信息更为详细。     

宫颈正常与宫颈癌组织傅里叶变换红外光谱的初步研究

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱对宫颈鳞癌(17例)、宫颈腺癌(5例)及宫颈正常组织(13例)进行了分析。结果显示,18个谱带在各类组织中的出现概率都在80%以上,显示其在组织中的特征性;这3类组织红外光谱的相对吸收峰吸光度差异主要表现在1 080,1 238,1 314,1 339,1 397,1 454,1 541,1 647,2 854, 2 873,2 926和2 958 cm-1处的比较上。傅里叶变换红外光谱仪可用于区分宫颈鳞癌、腺癌及宫颈正常组织,以该仪器为基础的方法有望成为宫颈癌筛检及临床诊断的新方法。     

Spectroscopic techniques for the forensic analysis of textile fibers

A review has been conducted on the application of the spectroscopic techniques to the comparative study and identification of different textile fibers. Microspectrophotometry in the ultraviolet-visible range and Raman spectroscopy are the main techniques investigated with this aim in the forensic field. UV-Vis MSP is the first recommended technique, which is principally used to study the color of the fibers. A more complete approximation focused on determining the specific color of the fibers providing adding Raman spectroscopy to the analytical scheme. Sometimes, it also provided information about the polymeric nature of the fibers. Regarding FTIR spectroscopy, it is the recommended tool to determine the fiber nature. Raman and FTIR spectroscopy are complementary techniques and a frequent recommendation is a combination of both techniques, in order to get a comprehensive analysis of textile fibers. On the other hand, new and more informative analytical techniques are emerging to the analysis of textile fibers as traces related with criminal contacts, such as infrared chemical imaging spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy.     

空气中挥发性有机物的光谱学在线监测技术

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是一类危害极为严重的大气污染物,其在线监测技术对于环境保护具有重要的意义。迄今为止,没有任何一种技术能够满足对所有VOCs进行监测的需求。分析了非色散红外方法、傅里叶变换红外光谱、光学差分吸收光谱、激光光谱等可以对VOCs进行在线监测的光谱学方法的特点和现状,并与VOCs的标准检测方法进行了比较,重点分析了调谐二极管激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术的发展现状及趋势。     

中药重楼及其伪品开口箭的FTIR分析与鉴别

本文采用傅里叶变换红外光谱方法(FTIR)对中药材重楼及其伪品开口箭的红外光谱进行了测试及对比分析。研究表明,重楼和开口箭各自有其独特的红外光谱特征,二者各自所包含的红外吸收峰的峰位明显不同,二者的红外光谱的峰形整体上有非常明显的区别,特别是在1650cm-1处及1405～1258cm-1范围这两个地方二者的峰形有非常明显的区别。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱方法可对重楼及其伪品开口箭加以鉴别和区分。     

FTIR技术应用于香烟烟气的分析

文章采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结合气溶胶流管技术(AFT)和衰减全反射技术(ATR)分别得到香烟整体烟气和气溶胶的红外谱图。通过解析红外谱图可得到丰富的基团振动信息,1 230 cm-1处为酚类化合物的C—O伸缩振动峰,1 735 cm-1处的尖峰为羧酸中羰基的伸缩振动峰。由于烟气中气体占主要比例,所以CO在2 118和2 170 cm-1出现较强的双峰,2 343和2 362 cm-1为CO₂特征吸收峰,其强度远远高于其他峰的强度。而气溶胶谱图中最明显的不同就是CO峰消失,CO₂峰强度也大大减弱。因此将两种技术结合,特别是通过分析对比某些特征峰的变化,得到香烟烟气所发生的化学变化、组分挥发以及形态聚集等动态变化过程。为分析香烟燃烧产物提供了一个新思路,且不需对样品进行预处理,具有方便、快捷、无损等优点。     

乳腺癌的傅里叶变换红外光谱成像研究

傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)成像技术可同时获得组织样本的空间分布信息和红外光谱信息。本文利用FTIR成像技术对离体原位乳腺组织样本进行原位研究,通过特征谱带吸光度比值(面积比值)图像结合FTIR光谱分析研究健康和癌变乳腺组织的差异。发现乳腺癌组织的特征带吸光度比值A1087/A1455、A1238/A1455、A1550/A1455、A1650/A1455相对于健康组织明显增大,A1160/A1087、A1740/A1550则减小。研究结果论证了乳腺组织癌变过程中大分子含量的变化规律,体现了FTIR成像技术在乳腺癌诊断方面的准确性、直观性和可行性,其有潜力成为基础研究和临床诊断的一种准确有效的技术手段。     

On-shell methods for form factors in N = 4 SYM and their applications

Form factors are quantities that involve both asymptotic on-shell states and gauge invariant operators. They provide a natural bridge between on-shell amplitudes and off-shell correlation functions of operators, thus allowing us to use modern on-shell amplitude techniques to probe into the off-shell side of quantum field theory. In particular, form factors have been successfully used in computing the cusp(soft) anomalous dimensions and anomalous dimensions of general local operators. This review is intended to provide a pedagogical introduction to some of these developments. We will first review some amplitudes background using four-point amplitudes as main examples. Then we generalize these techniques to form factors, including(1) tree-level form factors,(2) Sudakov form factor and infrared singularities, and(3) form factors of general operators and their anomalous dimensions. Although most examples we consider are inN= 4 super-Yang-Mill theory, the on-shell methods are universal and are expected to be applicable to general gauge theories.     

太平天国侍王府壁画表面修复材料的原位无损FTIR分析

太平天国侍王府壁画是中国南方壁画的典型代表,具有重要的历史、文化和艺术价值。历史上曾对多幅壁画进行过化学保护,部分壁画表面形成了一定厚度的有机物涂层,分析研究壁画保护修复材料成分对于文物保护具有重要的理论和现实意义。由于文物的珍贵性与不可再生性,原位无损分析技术的研究和应用是未来文物分析的发展趋势,基于便携红外光谱仪的反射红外光谱技术是对文物表面材质较为理想的无损分析手段。利用反射傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱对侍王府壁画的地仗层和表面修复材料涂层进行了现场原位无损分析,这在我国古代壁画及其保护修复材料分析中属首次。首先测试了无涂层壁画白色背景位置反射FTIR光谱,并与标准无机矿物光谱比对确定了壁画地仗层成分主要为方解石和生石膏。在此基础上,分析了无涂层和有涂层壁画表面的红外反射特性及地仗层化学成分对表面涂层反射FTIR光谱测试的影响,探讨了应用Kramers-Kronig(K-K)变换处理数据的可行性,确定了K-K变换的应用范围,分析了壁画涂层K-K变换后反射光谱与衰减全反射(ATR)光谱的差异,并通过显微ATR FTIR光谱和热裂解气相色谱质谱联用(Py-GC/MS)技术分析验证了原位反射FTIR光谱测试结果的可靠性,扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测量了涂层厚度,证明不同厚度涂层均能得到可解析的高质量反射FTIR光谱。最终确定侍王府壁画曾使用过聚醋酸乙烯酯、聚二甲基硅氧烷和三甲树脂三种高分子材料进行过表面加固,并得出壁画保存现状和修复材料及涂层厚度有较大关系。证明了基于反射模式的FTIR光谱技术能准确有效地获取文物表面有机物和部分无机物成分信息。该方法对表面有机涂层尤为敏感,是壁画类文物较为理想的无损分析方法,在壁画保护研究领域具有十分广阔的应用前景。同时,该研究弥补了我国壁画类文物表面有机物原位无损分析的不足,为该领域研究提供了一条新思路。     

The use of infrared spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics for quality control and authentication of edible fats and oils: A review

Edible fats and oils provide a significant contribution in our diet and daily life, as cooking or frying oil, or as components used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics products. Fats and oils are characterized by specific values, including acid value, saponification value, iodine value, and peroxide value, as well as the oxidation products which occur during storage due to oxidative and hydrolytic deterioration. Currently, due to the high price of edible fats and oils, some unethical producers adulterate high-value edible oils like olive oil with low-priced oils like palm and corn oils; therefore the authentication analysis of edible fats and oils must be assured by introducing reliable and fast methods like infrared spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is an ideal technique for monitoring the quality control of fats and oils due to its property as a “fingerprint spectra technique,” which allows analysts to differentiate among fats and oils. FTIR spectra signals of fats and oils are very complex. Fortunately, a statistical technique called chemometrics can be used to handle the complex FTIR spectral data. Chemometrics in combination with FTIR spectroscopy has been widely used in many aspects of monitoring quality control of edible fats and oils including their authenticity.     

肿瘤组织傅里叶变换红外光谱诊断方法的比较研究

在前期的肿瘤组织红外光谱诊断方法研究中,采用水平衰减全反射(ATR)红外光谱诊断法在多种肿瘤组织样品中取得了与病理诊断很好符合的实验结果;针对文献报道中多采用的显微红外光谱法,文章对同一肿瘤组织样品应用两种方法采集红外光谱,比较测量条件及光谱诊断结果,研究结果表明ATR法主要测量了整块组织的光谱信息,避免了组织结构不均一,微区采样扫描取点少对光谱诊断结果的影响,获得的光谱可以为临床应用提供判断依据。