应变液晶的负压光效应和反式压光效应

介绍聚合物分散液晶和应变液晶概念,给出聚合物分散液晶调光玻璃的"正压光效应"、"负压光效应"和"反式压光效应"三种效应定义.实验制备出负压光效应和反式压光效应新型应变调光玻璃样品,测试样品散射态雾度90%以上,半透明态透光率接近30%.用偏光显微术研究压光效应原理,表明对样品施加垂面按压或拉伸的应力诱导作用会引起液晶微滴中液晶分子具有某些特殊排列方式,导致样品光学性质发生显著变化.建立垂面拉伸液晶微滴模型,计算模拟所绘出的图形与偏光显微镜照片独特花样十分相似,进而合理解释了实验现象.应变液晶压光效应研究具有聚合物分散液晶基础研究意义和开发非电控调光玻璃的实际应用价值.     

Thermographic investigation of the temperature field dynamics at the liquid-air interface in drops of water solutions drying on a glass substrate

The temperature field distribution at the liquid-air interface in drops of water and water solutions drying on a glass substrate is studied with thermal imaging means. It is shown that irrespective of the liquid composition, the circumferential temperature of the drops (along the boundary line) is always higher than the temperature on the top. The temperature field on the surface of the drops is nonstationary and varies chaotically during water evaporation. It is found that the dynamics of histograms for albumin-containing and albumin-free liquids differ. Mechanisms behind the origination of thermocapillary liquid flows and their directivity in the drying drops are discussed.     

The synergetic theory of the glass transition in liquids

The glass transition is treated as a spontaneous emergence of the shear components of strain and stress elastic fields upon cooling a liquid at a rate exceeding the critical value. The stationary elastic strains and stresses and the effective relaxation time are determined within the adiabatic approximation. It is shown that the glass transition process occurs through the mechanism of a first-order kinetic transition with allowance made for the strain dependence of the shear modulus. The critical cooling rate turns out to be proportional to the thermal diffusivity and unrelaxed shear modulus and inversely proportional to the temperature derivative of the relaxed shear modulus and the square of the heat conductivity length of the sample.     

电子玻璃料滴表面温度测量

应用TVS－2200型热成像系统测量电子玻璃料滴表面的辐射温度．由于玻璃料滴呈圆柱形因此在计算料满表面真实温度时要进行料滴表面发射率和角系数的修正。测试结果证明用热成像系统测量料满表面温度是十分有效的。     

Development of a scanning microscopy by total internal reflection coupled with thermal lens spectroscopy

Non-destructive measurement of a small region on a solid/liquid interface is of great importance in physical chemistry and biochemistry, especially in the research of thin films and cell membranes. Optical methods for surface analysis with high lateral resolution are suitable methods for monitoring them. We now report a new scanning optical microscopic method to which total internal reflection coupled with a thermal lens technique was introduced. Its lateral resolution was estimated both experimentally and theoretically. To experimentally estimate the resolution, the grid patterns of thin photoresist films with well-defined lateral structures were measured. The experimental resolution was about 45 microm, which was almost same as the diameter of the excitation beam at a glass/sample interface. From this result, it was verified that this new scanning microscopy ideally worked.     

Automatic measurement of the nonlinearity parameter B/A in liquid media

Using a 19-MHz focused Gaussian beam generated by a LiNbO(3) plate with an inverted polarization layer coupled to an acoustic lens, a method to automatically measure the nonlinearity parameter B/A in liquid media is presented. A liquid sample is poured into a cylindrical cell set with a glass tube on the lens surface. The focusing source emits burst waves. A tungsten rod immersed in the sample so that the top surface is normal to the beam axis behaves as a perfect reflector. The position of the reflector to maximize the amplitude receiving the returned wave determines the sound speed c of the sample. The amplitude measurement for the waves returned from the lens-sample interface and the reflector surface leads to the determination of the density rho and attenuation coefficient alpha, respectively. Then the B/A is finally derived by summarizing the measured result of the 38-MHz second harmonic amplitude contained in the sound returned back from the reflector, together with rho, c and alpha. All these are automatically processed in a short time less than 2 min with the performance of computer controlled instruments.     

Faraday waves and vortices on the surface of superfluid He II

It has been shown that the interaction between Faraday waves excited on the surface of He II by intense vertical vibrations of the sample cell can lead to the emergence of macroscopic vortices on the surface of the superfluid liquid, as in the case of an ordinary classical liquid. Visualization of phenomena on the surface of He II by light glass tracers with a diameter of ~0.2 mm localized beneath the surface of He II has allowed observing the emergence of a vortex lattice on the surface of the vibrating superfluid liquid in square and cylindrical cells and the evolution of the vortex structure after switching off the pumping.     

Intrinsic Features of an Ideal Glass

In order to understand the long-standing problem of the nature of glass states, we perform intensive simulations on the thermodynamic properties and potential energy surface of an ideal glass. It is found that the atoms of an ideal glass manifest cooperative diffusion, and show clearly different behavior from the liquid state. By determining the potential energy surface, we demonstrate that the glass state has a flat potential landscape, which is the critical intrinsic feature of ideal glasses. When this potential region is accessible through any thermal or kinetic process, the glass state can be formed and a glass transition will occur, regardless of any special structural character. With this picture, the glass transition can be interpreted by the emergence of configurational entropies,as a consequence of flat potential landscapes.     

Non-stationary heat conduction of a porous medium

The thermal diffusion process is examined for a porous sample with idealized arrangement and form of the pores, when its surface is illuminated by a modulated light. A formula for the frequency dependence of the average surface temperature is derived. It is shown that it depends on the porosity, the form of the pores, and the ratio between a characteristic pore size and the thermal wavelength. In the limiting cases of low frequency of modulation and low porosity the results agree well with those quoted in the literature. The frequency dependence of the surface temperature of a microporous rubber sample, glass filtering crucibles, and leather samples have been measured by a PA cell and compared with the analytical results. The influence of various processes on the heat diffusion in porous media is discussed.     

Fabrication and Investigation of Photovoltaic Converters Based on Polycrystalline Silicon Grown on Borosilicate Glass

The microcrystalline Si layers with grain sizes of up to several tens of micrometers were grown. The physical vapor deposition (PVD), amorphous–liquid–crystalline (ALC) transition technique and a steady-state liquid phase epitaxy (SSLPE) are used for the fabrication of three different samples. The first sample under consideration was prepared first by deposition of a-Si onto glass substrates by PVD at room temperature, followed by heating from the front side to ~300°C and deposition of an indium metallic solvent. At the preparation of the second sample, an additional silicon layer with the thickness of 400 nm was deposited. A sample, when after that a c-Si was grown on the seed layer by SSLPE from indium solution is referred as a third sample. The resulting samples have a strong absorption edge in the mid-infrared region around 1960 cm^?1. Six well-resolved oscillations with an average period of δB = 0.1214 T are revealed on the third sample’s magnetoresistance curve at gradually increasing of the magnetic field from zero up to 1.6 T. It is assumed that either Aharonov–Bohm effect or kinetic phenomena taking place in the grains boundaries at lateral current flow are responsible for those oscillations. Quantitative evaluations show that due to the strong absorption in mid-infrared region, enlargement of the photoresponse spectrum will occur and the efficiency of solar and other thermal energy conversion should be around ~10–15% higher than that of traditional PV cells based on silicon on glass structures.     

An improved technique for the measurement of low optical absorption losses in bulk glass

A thin rod sample is thermally clamped at both ends to provide a rigid mounting and a thermal short-circuit for heating effects associated with surface losses. The ends are index matched with liquid to minimize sample preparation. A laser beam is focused through the sample and the temperature rise due to the absorbed energy is monitored at its centre. Sensitivity is limited to a few dB km^–1 optical loss with a laser of 100 mW power. The theory is discussed in detail for this particular geometry and experimental verification presented.     

非线性光栅的自适应光限幅

首次采用液晶为自聚焦媒质,夹在内表面刻有光栅的两玻璃片间,以Ar离子激光514.5nm波长的激光束垂直入射到光栅上,实验验证了该光栅的自适应光限幅特征。     

Static and dynamic profile of the electric field within the bulk of fused silica glass during and after thermal poling

We use the electric-field-induced second-harmonic (EFISH) technique to characterize, for the first time to our knowledge, the profile of the electric field induced within the bulk of fused silica glass samples both during and after thermal-poling treatment. During thermal poling, the initially homogeneous electric field decays exponentially from the anodic to the cathodic surface. After the poling treatment, a permanent electric field is induced within the bulk of the sample. It also decays exponentially from a positive value on the anodic surface to a negative value on the cathodic surface. The exponential decay constant depends on the thickness of the sample, the poling time, and the temperature. The temperature evolution of this constant makes it possible to retrieve the activation energy of the rapidly moving ionic species. This ensemble of observations indicates that modifications to models previously proposed are necessary.     

热处理温度对化学镀磁性ICF玻璃靶丸特性的影响

 在300,700和1 000 ℃温度下,对化学镀Ni-P合金涂层后的磁性ICF玻璃靶丸进行热处理,通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和振动样品磁强计（VSM）对热处理后化学镀ICF玻璃靶丸的结构、形貌和磁性能进行了表征。结果表明：化学镀ICF玻璃靶丸经过热处理后,Ni-P涂层晶化为晶态合金层,涂层的组成颗粒直径和磁性能随着热处理温度的升高而不断增加,可望用于磁悬浮实验研究。     

Thermal expansion of amorphous Zr Al Cu Ni in the vicinity of the glass transition

The thermal expansion of non-crystalline Zr₆₅Al_7.5Cu_17.5 Ni₁₀ has been studied in the range of the glass transition and in the undercooled liquid using a dilatometric device. The measuring technique used permits reliable experimental results up to 40 K above the glass transition temperature. The linear thermal expansion coefficient obtained is almost constant in the glassy state with a value of . It discontinuously increases at the glass transition temperature yielding a value of in the undercooled liquid. The results are compared with specific heat measurements of the amorphous material in this temperature range and are interpreted in the framework of a cluster model. Received 5 March 1999 and received in final form 11 June 1999     

Crackless linear through-wafer etching of Pyrex glass using <Emphasis Type="Italic">liquid-assisted</Emphasis> CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> laser processing

Pyrex glass etching is an important technology for the microfluid application to lab-on-a-chip devices, but suffers from very low etching rate and mask-requiring process in conventional HF/BOE wet or plasma dry etching as well as thermal induced crack surface by CO₂ laser processing. In this paper, we applied the liquid-assisted laser processing (LALP) method for linear through-wafer deep etching of Pyrex glass without mask materials to obtain a crackless surface at very fast etching rates up to 25 μm/s for a 20 mm long trench. The effect of laser scanning rate and water depth on the etching of the 500 μm thick Pyrex glass immersed in liquid water was investigated. The smooth surface without cracks can be achieved together with the much reduced height of bulge via an appropriate parameter control. A mechanism of thermal stress reduction in water and shear-force-enhanced debris removal is discussed. The quality improvement of glass etching using LALP is due to the cooling effect of the water to reduce the temperature gradient for a crackless surface and natural convection during etching to carry away the debris for diminishing bulge formation. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Ultra-fast movies of thin-film laser ablation

Ultra-short-pulse laser irradiation of thin molybdenum films from the glass substrate side initiates an intact Mo disk lift off free from thermal effects. For the investigation of the underlying physical effects, ultra-fast pump–probe microscopy is used to produce stop-motion movies of the single-pulse ablation process, initiated by a 660-fs laser pulse. The ultra-fast dynamics in the femtosecond and picosecond ranges are captured by stroboscopic illumination of the sample with an optically delayed probe pulse of 510-fs duration. The nanosecond and microsecond delay ranges of the probe pulse are covered by an electronically triggered 600-ps laser. Thus, the setup enables an observation of general laser ablation processes from the femtosecond delay range up to the final state. A comparison of time- and space-resolved observations of film and glass substrate side irradiation of a 470-nm molybdenum layer reveals the driving mechanisms of the Mo disk lift off initiated by glass-side irradiation. Observations suggest that a phase explosion generates a liquid–gas mixture in the molybdenum/glass interface about 10 ps after the impact of the pump laser pulse. Then, a shock wave and gas expansion cause the molybdenum layer to bulge, while the enclosed liquid–gas mixture cools and condenses at delay times in the 100-ps range. The bulging continues for approximately 20 ns, when an intact Mo disk shears and lifts off at a velocity of above 70 m/s. As a result, the remaining hole is free from thermal effects.     

Formation of silver nanoparticles on the silicate glass surface after ion exchange

It has been experimentally shown that water vapor thermal treatment of silicate glasses with silver ions introduced by ion exchange leads to the formation of a silver nanoparticle layer with a high packing density on the glass surface. The results of studying the morphology of samples by atomic force and electron microscopy and X-ray spectral analysis of the composition of nanoparticles, as well as the optical density and luminescence spectra in different stages of the treatment, are presented. Mechanisms explaining the processes responsible for silver nanoparticle formation upon water vapor thermal treatment on the glass surface after ion exchange are proposed.     

不同类型偶氮材料光致双折射的温度特性研究

在不同温度下,分别测量了掺杂偶氮材料、偶氮聚合物和偶氮液晶聚合物的光致双折射行为,并利用双e指数模型对光致双折射的动力学过程进行了拟合.实验结果表明,偶氮材料的光致双折射源于偶氮分子的光致异构和光致分子取向,光致双折射大小随温度的升高表现出先增大后减小的趋势.在抽运光的作用下,含偶氮材料的光致双折射包含一个由偶氮分子取向引起的快过程和一个由偶氮分子带动大分子取向引起的慢过程.关闭抽运光后,掺杂偶氮材料和偶氮聚合物表现为可逆的弛豫,而偶氮液晶聚合物则展现出长久光存储特性.     

纳米结构影响沸腾换热特性的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法模拟液体在纳米结构表面的快速沸腾过程.主要研究了纳米结构表面粗糙度以及栏栅形和棋盘形两种排列方式对液体快速沸腾过程以及换热特性的影响.研究结果表明,随着纳米结构表面粗糙度的增加,栏栅形和棋盘形纳米结构表面液体沸腾起始时间均提前.当栏栅形和棋盘形纳米结构表面粗糙度相同时,棋盘形纳米结构表面会进一步缩短液体沸腾起始时间.形成这种现象的原因是纳米结构表面粗糙度的增加,增加了固液接触面积,提高了初始时刻热通量,减小了固液界面热阻,导致表面附近液体动能增大,增大了液体高度方向的温度梯度,有利于液体发生沸腾.当纳米结构表面粗糙度相同时,棋盘形纳米结构表面具有较小的界面热阻,从而缩短了沸腾所需要的时间.