MgH_2(110)表面Pd单原子催化氢脱附反应的第一性原理研究（英文）

本文采用第一性原理密度泛函理论计算研究了MgH_2(110)表面吸附单原子Pd后的氢脱附反应.计算发现,在吸附一个Pd单原子后,MgH_2(110)表面氢脱附反应的能垒可以从1.802 eV显著地降低到1.154 eV,表明Pd单原子对于氢脱附具有很强的催化效应.并且,Pd单原子催化还可以将氢脱附的温度从573 K显著地降低到了367 K,从而使MgH_2(110)表面的氢脱附反应更加容易和快速地发生.此外,通过MgH_2(110)表面氢溢出机制的反向过程来讨论了氢脱附反应的微观过程.该研究表明Pd/MgH_2薄膜在未来的实验中可作为良好的储氢材料.     

使用金属掺杂SnO2(110)作为表面催化剂的电催化CO2还原反应：通过调控Sn:O原子比例来控制产物

电催化CO₂还原反应可以产生HCOOH和CO,目前该反应是将可再生电力转化为化学能存储在燃料中的最有前景的方法之一. SnO₂作为将CO₂转换为HCOOH和CO的良好催化剂,其反应发生的晶面可以是不同的. 其中(110)面的SnO₂非常稳定,易于合成. 通过改变SnO₂(110)的Sn:O原子比例,得到了两种典型的SnO₂薄膜：完全氧化型(符合化学计量)和部分还原型. 本文研究了不同金属(Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Ru、Rh、Pd、Ag、Os、Ir、Pt和Au)掺杂的SnO₂(110),发现在CO₂还原反应中这些材料的催化活性和选择性是不同的. 所有这些变化都可以通过调控(110)表面中Sn:O原子的比例来控制. 结果表明,化学计量型和部分还原型Cu/Ag掺杂的SnO₂(110)对CO₂还原反应具有不同的选择性. 具体而言,化学计量型的Cu/Ag掺杂的SnO₂(110)倾向于产生CO(g),而部分还原型的表面倾向于产生HCOOH(g). 此外,本文还考虑了CO₂还原的竞争析氢反应. 其中Ru、Rh、Pd、Os、Ir和Pt掺杂的SnO₂(110)催化剂对析氢反应具有较高的活性,其他催化剂对CO₂还原反应具有良好的催化作用.     

表面缺陷对一氧化碳和甲基基团在金红石TiO2(110)表面吸附的影响

本文利用程序升温脱附技术研究了氧空位浓度对甲基基团和CO在R-TiO₂(110)表面吸附的影响. 结果表明,随着氧空位浓度的变化,吸附在桥氧位的甲基基团和吸附在五配位Ti⁴⁺位点上的CO分子的脱附温度呈现了不同的趋势,揭示了表面缺陷可能对R-TiO₂(110)不同位点上的物质吸附具有重要影响.     

CO和O2分子与TiO2(110)表面负载Pt单原子的相互作用

Pt单原子在低温CO氧化反应中具有很高的催化活性. 利用扫描隧道显微术与密度泛函理论，研究了Pt单原子在还原性TiO₂(110)表面的吸附行为及其与CO和O₂分子的相互作用. 研究发现在80 K低温下，TiO₂表面的氧空位缺陷是Pt单原子的最优吸附位. 将CO和O₂分子分别通入Pt单原子吸附后的TiO₂表面，研究相应的吸附构型. 实验表明在低覆盖度下，单个Pt原子会俘获一个CO分子，CO分子同时与表面次近邻的五配位Ti原子(Ti_5c)成键，进而形成非对称的Pt-CO 复合物构型. 将样品从80 K升温到100 K后，TiO₂表面的CO分子会迁移到Pt-CO处形成Pt-(CO)₂的复合结构. 对于O₂分子，单个Pt原子同样会吸附一个O₂分子，O₂分子也会与最近邻或次近邻的Ti_5c原子成键形成两种Pt-O₂构型. 这些结果在单分子尺度上揭示了CO和O₂与Pt单原子的相互作用，呈现了CO与O₂反应中的初始状态.     

TiO2表面氧空位对NO分子吸附的作用

采用程序升温热脱附(TPD)实验方法测定了NO在TiO₂表面吸附后的脱附谱，利用 分子轨道 理论研究了TiO₂吸附NO的原子簇模型及吸附前后的原子簇能级变化.结果表明， NO在TiO₂表面吸附后可在两个峰值温度450 和980 K脱附出N₂.TiO ₂表面经预覆氧处理后，N₂ 的脱附量降低.吸附时NO中的O能够占据TiO₂表面氧空位并与N脱离，而N原子则 相互结合成 为N₂脱附.分子轨道理论计算证明在TiO₂(110)表面能够存在氧空位 并具备吸附NO的结构条件.     

三甲基镓在Pd(111)表面吸附解离及表面预吸附H和O的影响

利用X-射线光电子能谱（XPS）和程序升温脱附谱（TPD）研究了三甲基镓在Pd（111）表面的吸附和解离行为,并考察了表面预吸附H和O的影响。结果表明,在吸附温度为140 K时,三甲基镓在Pd（111）上主要为解离吸附,此时表面物种为Ga（CH₃）_x （x=1,2,3）和CH_x物种。加热将导致Ga的甲基化合物中的Ga-C键发生分步断裂,在不同温度下产生CH₄和H₂从表面脱附。同时,XPS结果证实了在275~325 K的温度区间内存在Ga甲基化合物的分子脱附。退火至更高温度,表面只观察到积碳和金属Ga物种,这二者随着温度的继续升高逐渐向体相扩散。在Pd（111）表面预吸附O和H对上述吸附和解离行为存在显著的影响。当表面预吸附H时,脱附产物CH₄和H₂的脱附主要位于315 K,可归属为一甲基镓的解离脱附。当表面预吸附O时,只在258 K观察到CH₄和H₂的脱附峰,可能来自于Pd-O-Ga（CH₃）₂吸附结构的解离.     

基于第一性原理的合金化掺杂MgH2的热力学稳定性研究

基于密度泛函的第一性原理,系统研究了合金化掺杂过渡金属（TM=Sc,Ti,Y）和IIA族元素（M=Ca,Sr,Ba）对MgH₂（金红石和萤石结构）的热力学稳定性的影响。结果表明,在低掺杂量（<20%） 时,MgH₂的萤石结构比金红石结构相对更稳定。掺杂Ti,Sr,Ba时,MgH₂的结构发生了失稳现象。MgH₂由金红石结构转变到萤石结构的掺杂TM和M的比例分别大约在20%和40%左右。Mg_0.5Ba_0.52萤石结构的形成焓比MgH₂萤石结构高约0.3 eV,表明其放氢温度在标准大气压下将远低于纯MgH₂。理论计算数据与实验数据有很好的一致性.     

钇覆盖Si@Al12团簇的贮氢性能

利用密度泛函理论系统地研究了Y_mSi@Al₁₂ (m=1—3)团簇及其贮氢性质. 结果表明, 在所研究的尺度范围内, 钇原子未在Si@Al₁₂团簇上团聚; 每个钇原子按18电子规则吸附氢分子, 其中Y₃Si@Al₁₂团簇可以吸附16个完整氢分子, 贮氢质量分数为5.0 %, 平均吸附能处于0.324—0.527 eV之间, 较为理想的吸附能说明在室温条件下吸氢和脱氢是可行的.     

α-Al2O3(0001)表面原子缺陷对ZnO吸附影响

采用基于密度泛函理论的分子动力学方法，对α-Al₂O₃(0001)表面 Al，O原子空位缺陷及其对ZnO吸附进行了理论计算.电子局域函数显示了表面空位处的电子密度变化，表面Al原子空缺处有非常明显的缺电子区域，悬挂键临近O的电子密度增大，有利于对Zn的吸附；O原子空缺处的Al原子处存在孤立电子，其ELF值为005—03，将有利于同电负性较大的O或O^2-结合.通过吸附动力学模拟与体系能量的计算发现，表面缺陷显著增强了表面 的化学吸附，空缺原子处都被吸附原子填补，吸附结合能远大于单晶表面的情况.在Al空缺的表面，由于ZnO的O与表面O形成双键，破坏了α-Al₂O₃(0001)表面O六 角对称结构，减小了 O的表面扩散，从而不利于规则的ZnO薄膜生长.相反，O的空缺表面，弥补了α-Al_{2O3(0001)表面O空位缺陷，不影响基片表面O六角对称结构.}     

锐钛矿型TiO2(001)-(1×4)表面还原型缺陷对乙醛偶联反应的作用

本文利用程序升温脱附技术(TPD)研究了乙醛吸附在锐钛矿型TiO₂(001)-(1×4)表面的化学性质. 实验结果表明完整晶格位点对乙醛反应表现极为惰性,而表面上的还原型缺陷位点在热驱动下可有效地使乙醛分子通过碳-碳偶联反应生成2-丁酮和丁烯. 提出了乙醛在锐钛矿型TiO₂(001)-(1×4)表面偶联反应主要是通过表面还原型缺陷位吸附成对的乙醛分子,因为表面已有的钛原子对还原型缺陷为乙醛分子提供了合适的吸附位点.     

Hydrogen dissociation on oxide covered MgH2 by catalytically active vacancies

MgH₂ is an important ingredient in modern reactive hydride composites to be used as hydrogen storage materials. The surface composition and chemical state of ball-milled MgH₂ is studied during hydrogen desorption by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Simultaneously, the desorption rate of hydrogen is monitored, which is compared to dissociative properties of the surface investigated by hydrogen-deuterium exchange experiments. It is found that MgH₂ is also oxide covered during desorption demonstrating that MgO is able to recombine atomic hydrogen. The corresponding catalytic sites are associated with low coordinated surface vacancies on the oxide. The maximum surface concentration of these vacancies is very small, which is countered by a very high turnover frequency due to a small activation energy for dissociation of hydrogen of 0.1 eV on the single vacancy. The study provides insight into the catalytic role played by the oxide additives in MgH₂, which are superior catalysts for hydrogen sorption even when compared to 3d-metals.     

Adsorption of hydrogen on palladium single crystal surfaces

The adsorption of hydrogen on clean Pd(110) and Pd(111) surfaces as well as on a Pd(111) surface with regular step arrays was studied by means of LEED, thermal desorption spectroscopy and contact potential measurements. Absorption in the bulk plays an important role but could be separated from the surface processes. With Pd(110) an ordered 1 × 2 structure and with Pd(111) a 1 × 1 structure was formed. Maximum work function increases of 0.36, 0.18 and 0.23 eV were determined with Pd(110), Pd(111) and the stepped surface, respectively, this quantity being influenced only by adsorbed hydrogen under the chosen conditions. The adsorption isotherms derived from contact potential data revealed that at low coverages θ ∞ √p_H2, indicating atomic adsorption. Initial heats of H₂ adsorption of 24.4 kcal/mole for Pd(110) and of 20.8 kcal/mole for Pd(111) were derived, in both cases E_ad being constant up to at least half the saturation coverage. With the stepped surface the adsorption energies coincide with those for Pd(111) at medium coverages, but increase with decreasing coverage by about 3 kcal/mole. D₂ is adsorbed on Pd(110) with an initial adsorption energy of 22.8 kcal/mole.     

DFT study of hydrogen storage in Pd-decorated C60 fullerene

Hydrogen storage reactions on Pd-doped C₆₀ fullerene are investigated by using the state-of-the-art density functional theory calculations. The Pd atom prefers to bind at the bridge site between two hexagonal rings, and can bind up to four hydrogen molecules with average adsorption energies of 0.61, 0.45, 0.32, and 0.21 eV per hydrogen molecule. With no metal clustering, the system gravimetric capacities are expected to be as large as 5.8 wt%. While the desorption activation barriers of the complexes nH₂ + Pd–C₆₀ with n = 1 are outside the department of energy (DOE) domain (?0.2 to ?0.6 eV), the desorption activation barriers of the complexes nH₂ + Pd–C₆₀ with n = 2–4 are inside this domain. While the interaction of 1H₂ with Pd + C₆₀ is irreversible at 459 K, the interaction of 2H₂ with Pd + C₆₀ is reversible at 529 K. The hydrogen storage of the irreversible 1H₂ + Pd–C₆₀ and reversible 2H₂ + Pd–C₆₀ interactions are characterised in terms of densities of states, infrared, Raman, and proton magnetic resonance spectra, electrophilicity, and statistical thermodynamic stability.     

One-dimensional confinement in heterogeneous catalysis: Trapped oxygen on RuO2(110) model catalysts

With temperature programmed reaction (TPR) experiments and kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations of coadsorbed oxygen and HCl on the RuO₂(110) surface we studied the thermal stabilization of dissociatively adsorbed oxygen. Due to one-dimensional confinement single surface O atoms can be trapped by surface chlorine atoms so that surface oxygen is not able to desorb from the RuO₂(110) surface at the expected temperature of 420 K. Trapped oxygen needs desorption temperatures as high as 700 K where it recombines with bridging O from RuO₂(110) to form O₂. Kinetic modeling of catalytic reactions with dimensional confinement of their reaction intermediates on the catalyst's surface requires the application of kinetic Monte Carlo simulations which are beyond the mean field approach.     

Uptake,transport, and release of hydrogen from Pd(100)

Understanding the interactions of hydrogen atoms with the surface and the subsurface regions of Pd is critical to the development of advanced energy technologies for hydrogen storage, hydrogen separations, and catalytic conversion processes. While many of the physical and chemical characteristics of the H₂–Pd system are known, the kinetics and thermodynamics of H atom absorption into the bulk, transport from the bulk back to the surface, and desorption from the surface remain unclear. In this work, the kinetics of D₂ release from Pd following exposure to D₂ over a range of pressures and temperatures were measured using temperature programmed desorption. To accurately simulate the kinetics of D₂ release, the continuum-based model of Mavrikakis, et al. (J. Chem. Phys 105, 8398, 1996) was extended to include activation barriers for desorption and transport that depend on D atom concentration in the surface, subsurface and bulk regions of the Pd. The use of concentration dependent barriers improves the ability of the model to predict the hydrogen uptake and release kinetics observed across temperatures ranging from 100 to 600 K.     

Ab initio studies of hydrogen desorption from low index magnesium hydride surface

The low index Magnesium hydride surfaces, MgH₂(0 0 1) and MgH₂(1 1 0), have been studied by ab intio Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. It was found that the MgH₂(1 1 0) surface is more stable than MgH₂(0 0 1) surface, which is in good agreement with the experimental observation. The H₂ desorption barriers vary depending on the crystalline surfaces that are exposed and also the specific H atom sites involved - they are found to be generally high, due to the thermodynamic stability of the MgH₂ system, and are larger for the MgH₂(0 0 1) surface. The pathway for recombinative desorption of one in-plane and one bridging H atom from the MgH₂(1 1 0) surface was found to be the lowest energy barrier amongst those computed (172 KJ/mol) and is in good agreement with the experimental estimates.     

Pd与CeO2(111)面的相互作用的第一性原理研究

采用基于广义梯度近似的投影缀加平面波(projector augmented wave) 赝势和具有三维周期性边界条件的超晶胞模型，用第一性原理计算方法，计算并分析了Pd在CeO₂(111)面上不同覆盖度时的吸附能，价键结构和局域电子结构. 考虑了单层Pd和1/4单层Pd两种覆盖度吸附的情况. 结果表明：1)在单层吸附时，Pd的最佳吸附位置是O的顶位偏向Ce的桥位；在1/4单层吸附时，Pd最易在O的桥位偏向次层O的顶位吸附.2) 单层覆盖度吸附时，吸附原子Pd之间的作用较强；1/4单 关键词： 三元催化剂 Pd 2')" href="#">CeO₂ 吸附 密度泛函理论     

The chemisorption of N2 on the (110) surface of iridium

The molecular chemisorption of N₂ on the reconstructed Ir(110)-(1 × 2) surface has been studied with thermal desorption mass spectrometry, XPS, UPS, AES, LEED and the co-adsorption of N₂ with hydrogen. Photoelectron spectroscopy shows molecular levels of N₂ at 8.0 (5σ + 1π) and 11.8 (4σ) eV in the valence band and at 399.2 eV with a satellite at 404.2 eV in the N(1s) region, where the binding energies are referenced to the Ir Fermi level. The kinetics of adsorption and desorption show that both precursor kinetics and interadsorbate interactions are important for this chemisorption system. Adsorption occurs with a constant probability of adsorption of unity up to saturation coverage (4.8 × 10¹⁴ cm^?2), and the thermal desorption spectra give rise to two peaks. The activation energy for desorption varies between 8.5 and 6.0 kcal mole^?1 at low and high coverages, respectively. Results of the co-adsorption of N₂ and hydrogen indicate that adsorbed N₂ resides in the missing-row troughs on the reconstructed surface. Nitrogen is displaced by hydrogen, and the most tightly bound state of hydrogen blocks virtually all N₂ adsorption. A p1g1(2 × 2) LEED pattern is associated with a saturated overlayer of adsorbed N₂ on Ir(110)-(1 × 2).