非共面Offner结构高分辨率成像光谱仪设计

Offner成像光谱仪在大色散需求下成像质量不足并且易发生光线遮挡,为此设计了一种基于罗兰圆条件的非共面Offner结构光谱仪。分析并推导出了一种非共面Offner结构成像光谱仪的消除像散及彗差同时解决光线遮挡的设计方法。使用该方法设计出光谱范围为350~1000 nm,色散宽度为12.6 mm的成像光谱仪。在奈奎斯特频率(30 lp/mm)下其调制传递函数在全视场、全光谱范围优于0.78,点列图均方根半径优于4μm,同时,系统的谱线弯曲及谱带弯曲均小于1%像元尺寸。最后,将非共面Offner结构成像光谱仪与传统Offner结构进行对比,结果表明,在高光谱分辨率需求下,当入射狭缝较小时,非共面Offner结构光谱仪具有更好的成像质量,并且在谱线弯曲及谱带弯曲的控制上具有优势,可用于小体积高光谱分辨率成像光谱仪器设计。     

Offner型成像光谱仪波长使用范围和光谱分辨率研究

研究了Offner型成像光谱仪消像差结构的参量和性能.用几何法推导出Offner型成像光谱仪的波长使用范围、系统线色散以及光谱分辨率的计算公式;在理想像差条件下,分析了Offner型成像光谱仪光谱分辨率与入射狭缝的宽度、凸面光栅分辨率和探测器像元尺寸各个因素之间的关系;探讨了提高光谱分辨率采用的方法和技术,解决了光谱仪的各个参量和光谱分辨率之间的矛盾.研究表明:当系统像差很小可忽略时,通过减小狭缝宽度,有利于提高光谱分辨率;Offner型成像光谱仪的分辨率由入射狭缝宽度、光栅和CCD像元尺寸三者中分辨本领最低的参量确定.     

高光谱分辨率紫外Offner成像光谱仪系统设计

紫外成像光谱仪是遥感探测仪器的重要组成部分之一。在机载和星载领域,遥感平台正逐步要求光谱仪在实现高分辨率的同时,其设备趋于轻量化和小型化。针对紫外成像光谱仪高光谱分辨率、轻量化、小型化等特点,研究了基于Offner结构的紫外成像光谱系统,设计了一种工作波段为250~400nm、狭缝长40mm、光谱分辨率为0.3nm的高分辨率紫外成像光谱仪,并对设计结果进行了分析与评价。结果表明,这种紫外成像光谱仪在38.5lp/mm处调制传递函数达到0.76以上,实现了接近衍射极限的优良成像质量;谱线弯曲和色畸变在像元尺寸的10%以内。另外,该结构在原Offner结构的基础上大大缩小了系统体积,实现了紫外遥感仪器小型化、轻量化的目的,且易于加工和装调,满足设计指标要求,适合机载和星载遥感应用。     

旋转扫描式成像光谱仪高光谱的几何变形矫正

Offner成像光谱仪是一种线推扫式成像系统,需要光谱仪与物体之间存在相对移动,从而记录整个区域的光谱和形貌信息。在光谱仪镜头前放置一块反射镜进行旋转扫描,也可以对大尺度物体进行高光谱成像,并且相机固定不动。然而旋转扫描时,记录的高光谱图存在较大的几何误差。该工作分析一般情况下Offner成像光谱仪单次拍摄得到的物点和像点的投影关系;根据投影关系,以旋转角为变量,分析物点在成像面上的投影分布,给出图像几何变形的矫正方法。在成像光谱仪上设计并安装了反射镜旋转扫描装置,进行旋转扫描实验,通过矫正算法,得到了清晰的高光谱图。     

成像光谱仪同心光学系统的研究

介绍了Offner凸面光栅成像光谱仪和Dyson凹面光栅成像光谱仪两种常用的同心光学系统。Offner凸面光栅成像光谱仪采用全反射的形式,使用光谱范围很宽,加工、装调较为简单,受外界环境影响较小;Dyson凹面光栅成像光谱仪在体积和尺寸上的优势较为明显,易于实现整体结构的小型化。给出了这两种成像光谱仪的具体设计实例,两种光学系统的成像质量均能达到较为理想的结果,其结构畸变均＜0005%,在使用光谱范围内,光谱分辨率均能到达3 nm,具有高质量的光学传递函数。最后,给出了配合成像光谱仪使用的多种前置光学系统的结构形式,并讨论了消除系统杂散光的方法及消除光谱级次重叠的方法。     

消像散的自由曲面棱镜光谱仪光学系统设计

本文根据像差理论,开发了一种计算次镜外反射的Offner型自由曲面棱镜光谱仪初始结构的算法。通过光线追迹获得光线在次镜外反射Offner型光谱仪各光学表面传播的公式,该公式可以确定光学元件的结构参数。应用轴外细光束像散理论分析系统产生的像散,并设定合理阈值作为结构算法的判断依据。在Matlab中迭代优化出符合设计要求的初始结构,使用Zemax软件对获得的初始结构进行优化。为验证算法效果,本文设计了光谱范围为380～780 nm,数值孔径为0.15,光谱分辨率为6 nm的自由曲面棱镜光谱仪的初始结构。在Zemax中完成优化后系统可达到设计指标且谱线弯曲和色畸变均优于0.1 pixels。设计结果表明采用本文算法可以快速计算出符合要求的初始结构,大大简化了后续优化的复杂程度。     

用于空间外差光谱技术的Offner成像系统设计

Offner反射式成像镜头相比于透射成像镜头具有适用波段范围宽、像差小、相对数值孔径较大、结构简单紧凑以及空间适应性良好的优点。结合空间外差技术特点和要求,给出了一种Offner成像镜头的设计方法和光路结构。该设计通过在出射光路中加入透镜改变缩放比,离轴装配消除像差的方法,可以满足空间外差光谱仪中对定域面干涉条纹进行任意比例缩放的要求。在系统要求数值孔径为0.042、缩放比为-0.8622…1的条件下,给出了设计实例,且点列图最大均方根半径优于1.81μm。最后对该系统进行了像质评价和公差分析,分析结果表明其成像质量可以满足空间外差光谱仪对成像镜头的要求,在现有加工和装配水平条件下可工程化实现。     

改进型高分辨率宽波段Schwarzschild成像光谱仪研究

针对Schwarzschild结构在成像光谱仪系统中的应用进行了研究。以Schwarzschild结构的像散分析为基础,获得了该结构的完善消像差条件;之后,对该结构进行了改进,由准直镜和凸面镜,以及凸面镜和聚焦镜分别组成了两个消像散的Schwarzschild结构,从而构成了Schwarzschild成像光谱系统。并给出了这种系统的各个光学参数的计算条件。以一工作波段为340~500 nm的紫外-可见成像光谱系统为例进行了设计,从而对设计理论进行了验证。根据优化理论计算了初始结构最优解并进行光线追迹模拟,成功设计了数值孔径0.125,全视场全波段调制传递函数值在奈奎斯特频率(20 lp·mm-1)下大于0.58的高分辨率成像光谱仪光学系统。这种结构的不同变形分别可以作为Czerny-Turner系统,Ebert-Fastie系统或者Offner系统应用,设计结果也表明这种改进的系统设计理论适用于小型宽波段高分辨率成像光谱仪。     

Offner成像光谱仪的设计方法

基于子午和弧矢聚焦曲线给出了一种Offner型成像光谱仪的新的设计方法。该方法不但适用于三同心元件Offner型成像光谱仪,还适用于传统的两同心元件Offner成像光谱仪的设计,更重要的是该方法还可以灵活地以商品化标准光学元件为基础进行优化设计,克服了已有方法的复杂性与单一针对性。给出了采用该方法分别在子午和弧矢聚焦曲线相切、两点相交和已知元件参数进行优化的设计流程。并利用该设计流程给出了已知元件参数进行优化设计实例,在相对孔径f/3.2时,在400～1000 nm波长范围内可以得到最大的光斑半径的均方根值仅为2.3μm的追迹结果,这一数值在1000 nm时已经达到了衍射极限。采用上述设计参数成功研制出了一台成像光谱仪,经初步测试达到各项设计指标。     

Offner型与Dyson型长波红外成像光谱仪性能对比研究

针对传统长波红外成像光谱仪难以同时实现弱遥感信号下高信噪比和小型化的现状,在数值孔径NA为0.19和0.33,工作波段为8~12μm下,设计并对比分析了两种具有同心结构的Offner凸面光栅和Dyson凹面光栅光谱仪,借助Zemax软件,获得了它们的最优解。当NA1=0.19时,两者均能理想成像,Offner结构大小为245mm×213mm×111mm,调制传递函数(MTF)大于0.38,光谱分辨率为35nm,谱线弯曲小于4.8%,色畸变小于12.8%;Dyson结构大小为308mm×61mm×49mm,MTF大于0.48,光谱分辨率为12nm,谱线弯曲小于0.047%,色畸变小于0.138%。当NA2=0.33时,Offner结构无法理想成像,Dyson结构仍有很好的像质,大小为317mm×88mm×88mm,MTF大于0.71,光谱分辨率为1nm,谱线弯曲小于0.015%,色畸变小于0.028%。设计结果表明,长波红外波段中,相对于Offner结构,Dyson结构具有数值孔径大、体积小、光谱分辨率和传递函数高以及谱线弯曲和色畸变小的优点。     

Demonstration of high extinction ratio modal interference in a two-mode fiber and its applications for all-fiber comb filter and high-temperature sensor

We show that high extinction ratio (>20 dB) modal interference in a two-mode dispersion compensating fiber can be utilized to build a compact, easy-to-fabricate tunable all-fiber optical comb filter. Wavelength tunability over the full free spectral range of the comb filter is demonstrated with an electrical power of 115mW using an on-fiber thin film micro-heater deposited directly on the fiber. In another configuration, the comb filter is used as a temperature sensor with dynamic range of >300 °C and sensitivity of <0.1 °C. The temperature sensor is capable of measuring a temperature as high as 500 °C.     

A high nonlinearity elliptical fiber for applications in Raman and Brillouin sensors

Raman and Brillouin effects have found special applications in distributed sensing for smart materials and structures. In these sensors, the fiber acts as a distributed sensor, sensing strain and temperature over a range of tens of kilometers and, at the same time, carries this information to the installation that will process them. In order to optimize the fiber to operate under the Brillouin and Raman regimes, a special elliptical fiber with small effective area has been designed, which will allow these sensors to cover longer distances and/or employ lower power lasers.     

Optical arithmetic unit using bit-WDM

A novel arithmetic unit is proposed consisting of a pipelined optical ripple carry adder that adds two words with bits multiplexed by different wavelengths on a single fiber. The addition result is returned to a fiber bus in the same format as the incoming words. The corresponding operand bit pairs are split off the fiber using wavelength division demultiplexers. Full adders compute the sum for each bit pair and the carry from the next lower significant bit pair. The full adder uses couplers and NOT, NOR and novel XOR logic gates constructed using semiconductor optical amplifiers for gain and wavelength shifting.     

Controllable optical bistability and multistability in a rare-earth-ion-doped optical fiber

We investigated the optical bistability and multistability in an Er³⁺-doped ZrF₄–BaF₂–LaF₃–AlF₃–NaF optical fiber inside an optical ring cavity. It is found that the optical bistability and multistability can be easily controlled via adjusting properly the parameters of the corresponding system. Our scheme may provide some new possibilities for technological applications in optoelectronics and optical-fiber communication.     

Experimental measurement and analysis of the optical trapping force acting on a yeast cell with a lensed optical fiber probe

Based on an optical trapping system with a single-lensed fiber probe inserted at an angle, the sub-picoNewton trapping force acting on a yeast cell as a function of the displacement is measured experimentally by the static and dynamic methods, respectively, whose measurement processes are presented in detail. The measured maximum trapping efficiency is 0.07 in our experiment, which is an order of magnitude lower than that of the optical tweezers. The characteristics of the trapping force in the various horizontal directions are discussed. Finally, the analysis of the measurement error shows the factors and their magnitude which cause error, and offers a way to reduce the error in future.     

Temperature dependence of low loss polymeric AWG

We investigate on the variation of loss and temperature dependence of a polymeric arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) depending on its substrate, by fabricating 16-channel polymeric AWGs with various substrate conditions. Insertion loss for a polymeric AWG on a silicon substrate is measured as low as 3.1 dB. The temperature-dependent wavelength shift for a polymeric AWG detached from the substrate is maintained within 0.1 nm from 20 to 80 °C. But we observe a degradation of insertion loss and a little instability in wavelength characteristics both for the detached polymeric AWG and for a polymeric AWG on a polymer substrate. We investigate on those optical properties of the polymeric AWGs based on measured thermal expansion properties of the polymers.     

Method of state code matrixes in the realization of optical switching using Perfect Shuffle

Based on the Left Perfect Shuffle (LPS) optical communication network constructed by cascade multi-stage LPS interconnection, using Looping algorithm, any arbitrary sequence of the input signals can be realized. However, instead of obtaining the simultaneous state codes of the same level node switches through mathematical analytical expressions directly, only routing tags of each channel can be obtained through mathematical analytical expressions so as to draw out topological chart of the network to obtain the state codes implied in the chart. Thus, the states of the switches cannot be directly programmed and controlled by computer in practical application. In this paper, based on the Looping algorithm, a method of stage code matrixes is presented to resolve this problem. By using the method, the simultaneous state codes of the same level’s four node switches can be directly obtained, which is convenient for the computer to provide controlled signals needed to finish the permutation for each node switch. The method of stage code matrixes provides further theoretical basis for the realization of optical switching by integration of Perfect Shuffle and high-speed optical switches.     

Dichroic property of the H2O-groups in α-quartz, LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 in the infrared range

The absorptive peaks of the H₂O-groups were observed in the infrared absorption spectra in the vicinity of 3480 cm⁻¹ in LiNbO₃ and LiTaO₃, and 3580 cm⁻¹ in α-quartz. The absorptions of these lines were found to depend on the vibration direction of the polarized incident light, showing the dichroic property in these crystals. The absorption of the ordinary ray waves is much larger than that for the E-ray waves in the crystals. This observation indicates that the direction of the bond vibrations for the H₂O-groups is perpendicular to the optic axis of crystals. The dichroic property of the H₂O-groups may serve as the tracer to study the local electric field in piezoelectric crystals.     

All optical latches using quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifier

The design and performance of two optical latches, the Set-Reset (SR) latch and D-Flip-Flop has been studied. These latches are the building blocks of large optical processors. The latches are built using two optical logic operations NAND and NOT. Both NAND and NOT operations are realized by using Mach-Zhender interferometer (MZI) utilizing semiconductor optical amplifier with quantum dot active region (QD-SOA). Nonlinear dynamics including carrier heating and spectral hole-burning in the QD-SOA are taken into account together with the rate equations in order to realize the all-optical logic operations. Results show that this scheme can realize the functions of Set-Reset latch and D-Flip-Flop at high speeds (∼250 Gb/s). The dependence of the output quality (Q factor) on QD-SOA parameters is also discussed.     

Dispersion-Managed Solitons in Multiple-Core Nonlinear Fiber Arrays

The variational principle is employed to obtain the evolution of the parameters of Gaussian and super-Gaussian chirped solitons that propagates through multiple-core nonlinear optical fiber arrays. This is governed by the dispersion-managed nonlinear Schrodinger's equation with strong dispersion management in the presence of linear coupling between the adjacent cores. The results are valid for any configuration of the cores.