X射线天文望远镜的进展

综述了近年来X射线天文望远镜(如准直型望远镜、编码孔径望远镜、正入射周期多层膜望远镜、掠入射单层膜望远镜和掠入射非周期多层膜望远镜以及新型的“龙虾眼”型望远镜)的发展；阐述了各种X射线天文望远镜工作的原理和成像特点，指出各种X射线天文望远镜之间的性能是相互补充的；简要说明了国内近年来在X射线天文望远镜研究方面取得的进展，并展望了下一步工作．     

塑造光流：光子学在天文中的应用

1608年，Hans Lippershey发明了望远镜，Galileo将其运用于天文观测中，由此开启了现代天文学的历史．今天的最大光学望远镜口径超过10m，10年之后，将会有多个新一代极大望远镜（ELTs）观测星空．望远镜收集的光束在会聚到望远镜焦庐之后，将重聚焦进入终端仪器进行数据分析和处理．     

分光计快速调节法——跟踪法剖析

在分光计实验中，调节望远镜光轴与分光计中心轴相互垂直的过程是实验中花费时间较长、出现问题较多的一个环节，利用望远镜跟踪望远镜与平面镜一侧达到自准的十字丝像，并逐步调节以达到望远镜与平面镜另一侧也自准的跟踪法，能够快速完成望远镜光轴与分光计中心轴垂直的调节过程。     

带有二元光学元件的可见光望远镜设计

本文讨论了可见光常规望远镜的特点及存在的问题，论述了在望远镜系统中加入二元光学元件（ＢＯＥ）的优点和设计方法。通过具体设计实例表明：混合型望远镜系统与光学性能与基本相同的常规望远镜相比，元件数目减少，且所有元件均使用Ｋ９玻璃，系统重量变轻，系统的结构简化。     

带分划板的变倍双目望远镜

本文叙述了原苏联的ＢＫ７～１２×３５，ＢＫ７～１４×３６和ＢＰ１０～１６×４０变倍双目望远镜。给出了这些变倍双目望远镜与固定放大率双目望远镜相比的实验室试验结果。试验结果表明原苏联研制的变倍双目望远镜在光学和技术性能方面基本上与固定放大率双目望远镜不相上下。而且表明研制带分划板的变倍双目望远镜将会导致放大率变化范围的增加，可观察角视场的增大，结构的改进和重量的减轻。     

大型光学望远镜次镜调整机构综述

对于大型光学望远镜来说，主次镜之间的相对位姿有着非常严格的要求，由于主镜质量较大，因此常常将次镜系统设计为有多个自由度的可调整机构，其调整效果对望远镜成像有着重要的影响。随着望远镜的口径不断增大，应用场景的不断发展，次镜调整机构不止要保证高精度，还要有高负载，其设计也越来越具有挑战性。为了寻找大口径望远镜次镜调整机构的可行方案，针对大型光学望远镜的次镜调整机构的发展需求和不同的应用情况，对不同的次镜调整机构进行了整理，分类和对比，最后对各种次镜调整机构的优势与不足进行了总结，对大口径望远镜未来的发展进行了展望。     

光学天文望远镜的足迹

文章以较为轻松的笔调概述了光学天文望远镜400年的发展史.全文分7个部分,内容包括望远镜的诞生、像差和消色差透镜、传统的反射望远镜和折射望远镜、施密特望远镜的作用、当代巨型望远镜的出现、空间望远镜,以及对月基望远镜的憧憬.     

天文望远镜史话

 望远镜的问世,延长了人们的视线,开阔了眼界。随着科学技术的发展,特别是近年来望远镜与电子技术、X射线技术、γ射线技术、计算机技术的紧密结合,使望远镜的聚光能力、分辨率、观测距离、放大本领增大,极大地提高了望远镜的观测水准。根据不同的需要,出现了大地望远镜、测量望远镜、军事望远镜、观赏望远镜、天文望远镜等。望远镜已成为人们从事科学研究和经济建设的有力助手,广泛应用于天文、导航、科学考察等领域,成为一项高科技产品,尤其天文望远镜已是反映一个国家经济实力和高科技水平的重要指标。我们浅略地追述望远镜的发展,特别是天文望远镜的发展,从中看出望远镜在科学发展中的重要作用和深远意义。     

赫歇尔（Herschel，Sir William，1738-1822）德国-英国天文学家（Astronomer，Germany-England）

赫歇尔生于德国，早年继承父业，在近卫军中任乐师。1757年迁居英国，历任音乐教师、演奏员、作曲家和琴师。业余则经常磨制望远镜和从事天文观测。1782年被聘为宫廷天文学家，从此，以天文为业。赫歇尔在天文上的贡献可概括为4个方面：（1）制造望远镜。赫歇尔磨制了铜-锡-锑合金反光镜面，制造反射望远镜多架，其中最大者口径为1．2米，完成于1789年。（2）发现天王星。赫歇尔在其妹协助下，于1781年用自制的望远镜在作巡天观测时，偶然发现了天王星。     

束特（Short，James，1710-1768）英国工程师（Engineer，England）

束特是英国光学仪器制造家，曾制作了用于望远镜的抛物镜面反射境和椭圆镜面反射镜，成功地用于建造格雷戈里望远镜，并于1759年发现了彗星。束特为当牧师考入了爱丁堡大学，但受到了数学家马克劳林讲课的影响而改学光学和数学并得到赏识，以至为他配置了一个光学车间。1738年定居伦敦，在此，他给一千多台反射望远镜配制了当时最好的金属反射镜。     

探析算符运算问题

在量子力学中,利用算符可以较好地反映整体特征,利用它可以从状态(波函数)里提取力学性质;而解决或推导算符的关系时,除了要掌握各有关算符的意义和性质外,还应了解一些基本的算符运算方法.本文通过举例介绍了量子力学中算符常用的几种运算方法:直接法、作用法、参数微分法、待定算符法、积分变换法、数学归纳法等.     

Consistent histories and operational quantum theory

In this work a generalization of the consistent histories approach to quantum mechanics is presented. We first critically review the consistent histories approach to nonrelativistic quantum mechanics in a mathematically rigorous way and give some general comments about it. We investigate to what extent the consistent histories scheme is compatible with the results of the operational formulation of quantum mechanics. According to the operational approach, nonrelativistic quantum mechanics is most generally formulated in terms of effects, states, and operations. We formulate a generalized consistent histories theory using the concepts and the terminology which have proven useful in the operational formulation of quantum mechanics. The logical rule of the logical interpretation of quantum mechanics is generalized to the present context. The algebraic structure of the generalized theory is studied in detail.     

工质热物性对脉动热管运行性能的影响

工质热物性显著影响脉动热管的流动与传热特性。本文通过理论计算及实验研究,定性分析了工质热物性对临界直径、毛细滞后阻力、启动运行及传热极限等方面的影响。研究表明,为保证脉动热管的运行性能,在设计阶段应综合考虑工质、管材及管径大小等因素。首先,根据使用场合的热流密度及运行温度高低合理选取工质种类;然后,选用合适的管壁材料,尽可能减少液塞与管壁之间前、后接触角不同引起的毛细滞后阻力;最后,确定管内直径范围。本文工作旨在为脉动热管的设计和选用提供一些依据和参考。     

Gaseous tracking at linear hadron collider: Pushing the limits

Gaseous detectors have been pushed to the limits when required to operate in the ferocious and aggressive rate environment of the new generation of HEP experiments. A great effort has resulted in the optimization and construction of large systems of gas detectors, some operational and some due for installation. In this paper some examples are presented along with the impediments that have been overcome; some open issues will be highlighted.     

先进的红外—可见光成像监视系统

叙述红外-可见光成像监视系统工作原理、技术性能指标和传感器结构等,提出设计该系统时应考虑的参数。     

When Are Quantum Systems Operationally Independent?

We propose some formulations of the notion of “operational independence” of two subsystems S ₁,S ₂ of a larger quantum system S and clarify their relation to other independence concepts in the literature. In addition, we indicate why the operational independence of quantum subsystems holds quite generally, both in nonrelativistic and relativistic quantum theory.     

Quantifying entanglement in terms of an operational way

We establish entanglement monotones in terms of an operational approach,which is closely connected with the state conversion from pure states to the objective state by the local operations and classical communications.It is shown that any good entanglement quantifier defined on pure states can induce an entanglement monotone for all density matrices.Particularly,we show that our entanglement monotone is the maximal one among all those having the same form for pure states.In some special cases,our proposed entanglement monotones turn to be equivalent to the convex roof construction,which hence gain an operational meaning.Some examples are given to demonstrate different cases.     

The quantification of structure-borne transmission paths by inverse methods. Part 1: Improved singular value rejection methods

Structure-borne sound from installed machinery is often transmitted into a receiver structure via many connection points and several co-ordinate directions at each of them. In order to quantify the contributions from the various connection points, the operational forces at the interfaces, or an equivalent set of forces at some other locations, should be determined. These forces may be combined with measured transfer functions to determine their contributions to the sound at the receiver locations. Inverse methods are becoming widely used, in which a matrix of measured accelerances is inverted at each frequency and used with operational acceleration data to find the forces. Due to poor conditioning of this matrix, however, the results can often be unreliable. In this paper, using both simulations and measurements, an assessment is made of the success and failure of various strategies for dealing with the problems of ill conditioning, in particular over-determination and singular value rejection. In each case the test structure is a rectangular plate, and a wide frequency range is covered to include regions of both low and high modal overlap. Critical for the rejection of singular values is a suitable threshold. It is established that previously used thresholds, based on estimates of error in either accelerances or operational responses, cannot be used universally. An alternative approach is developed in which the accelerance matrix is perturbed by a different amount for each sample of the operational responses. Based on this approach a more robust strategy is proposed which takes account simultaneously of the effect of errors in both the accelerances and operational responses.     

The fundamental features and characteristics of discharge and plasma ion sources

An analysis of some of the fundamental and special physical processes occurring in discharge and plasma ion sources is presented.

The main purpose of the lecture is to present to the users of ion sources some key elements of information, of which not all may be generally recognised and which hopefully will be of value for a better understanding of the operational problems related to the complex behaviour of discharge and plasma ion sources.