电磁波方程及折射、反射定律的一些思考

本文由电磁波的麦克斯韦方程组出发,介绍导出折射定律和反射定律的一种证明方法.其证明方法,使用了空间微元近似,然后推广至全空间传播的方法,从而简化了麦克斯韦方程组求解的烦琐过程,提出了一种可教学推广的实用性方法.通过使用微元法,求解得到麦克斯韦方程的行波解形式,即得出电磁场是一种行波.由电磁场的向量形式推导空间中电磁波的折射、反射定律,得到折射、反射定律的证明并不需要电磁波的解析形式,在连续函数的情形下是普遍成立的.求解过程中加深对麦克斯韦方程组的理解,体现了电磁过程的深刻物理图像,也为由几何光学向波动光学过渡提供一种思想上的指导.     

普通物理中平面电磁波的一种讲授方法

利用麦克斯韦方程组的积分形式对电矢量和磁矢量仅有一个分量的情况进行求解，通过比照力学中机械波的波动力程，直接给出电矢量和磁矢量均是以波的形式在空间传播，即电磁波。这在普通物理教学阶段是一种简单有效的讲授方法。     

准一维电子通道中声电电流的理论计算

表面声波在GaAs/Al _x Ga_1-x As异质结表面上沿由分裂门产生的准一维电子通道方向传 播时，在通道中诱导产生声电电流.采用WKB近似，计算了只有一个电子被量子阱俘获时的声电电流；并在此基础上，详细讨论了表面声波的频率和功率，以及门电压和源漏偏压对声电电流的影响. 关键词： 表面声波 准一维电子通道 量子阱 声电电流     

能流密度概念不适用于静场情形吗?

根据麦克斯韦方程组,可将电磁现象的能量守恒定律具体表述为[1]式中　是电磁场的场能密度, 　是电磁场的能流密度矢量(坡印亭矢量),记为S,则式(1)表明,空间任意体积V内产生的电功率,等于单位时间内体积V中电磁能的减少与通过体积V的界面S流入的能量之和。根据麦克斯韦方程组还可得到动量守恒定律的具体表示,电磁场的动量密度为这表明电磁场的动量密度矢量与能流密度矢量方向相同。 由于任意矢量A满足因此,在能流密度　中可附加任意矢量A的旋度　,而不影响式(1)成立。这似乎说明能流密度并非单值,可以有一附加项　的不确定度。但是这只是…     

有限长导管声场预报的一种边界元方法

为了研究介质流动情况下有限长导管中点声源产生的声场,提出了一种以源势密度作为未知数的间接边界元方法.首先将整个求解空间划分为管内和管外两个相互独立的封闭域,然后利用压力和速度在开口处的连续条件和壁面边界条件将内外域的声场方程联立为一个矩阵方程,求解出源势密度后由源势密度计算出任意位置的声场.与Myers的基准数据比较表...     

多声源的自由场有源声吸收

本文利用声源辐射阻抗讨论了三维空间有源声吸收问题．推导出适用于任意初级声场条件下的多次级源最优复强度的一般表达式，并通过分析声源辐射阻抗的变化规律阐明了声吸收的机理．在此基础上，以两个点源在平面波声场中的声吸收为例，详细讨论了次级源吸收功率与两源位置的变化关系，并给出消声区域分布规律．最后在半消声室中获得了良好的实验效果，验证了所得结论．     

楔形弹性海底声矢量场分布规律研究

提出了基于弹性抛物方程的声矢量场计算方法,计算了楔形弹性海底的海洋环境中甚低频声矢量场和弹性海底地震波场分布,研究了声源深度和声源频率对声场分布的影响,仿真结果表明声波在具有弹性楔形海底的海洋环境中传播时存在能量泄漏现象,利用简正波理论解释了能量泄漏位置可由水深一波长比确定.     

含不稳定源轴对称非静态场的计算

利用麦克斯韦方程组和场的轴对称性,分别对含不稳定电荷源和不稳定电流源的轴对称非静态空间电磁场进行了研究.首先,导出了3个基本表达式,然后,以对称轴的已知不稳定场量作为初始值,通过不断迭代并总结其规律,给出由对称轴上的已知不稳定场量来表示轴外任意一点电磁场的无穷级数表达式,最后,对结果进行了验证,对其敛散性进行了分析.     

压电条SH声辐射场研究

具有一定宽度和厚度的无穷长压电条置于均匀各向同性半空间上, 压电条在电激励下产生机械振动从而在整个空间产生声场. 将压电条取为6mm晶系, 其对称主轴沿长度方向. 针对这 种压电换能器结构, 深入研究了SH波的激发和辐射特性. 首先将压电条中的声场展开为傅里 叶级数, 而将压电条下的无界半空间中的声场展开为傅里叶积分, 然后根据边界条件得到了 整个空间中声场的求解方案, 通过数值模拟计算了声场的分布特性, 并和传统方法进行了定 量的对比和分析. 最后采用最陡下降法(鞍点法)研究并得到了压电条声辐射场的远场近似表 达式, 分析了声场的指向性规律. 结果表明只有当频率f和压电条宽度a的乘积 fa<1 kHz·m 时, 传统方法得到的结果是可靠的，当频率升高时，压电条内应力和位移呈振荡式分布，频率愈高振荡愈激烈，且与传统方法的差异愈大.本文对声学微系统与声传感器件的研究具有 重要意义. 关键词： 压电条 6mm晶系 表面位移 指向性因子     

赫兹对经典电磁场理论发展的贡献及其影响

文章根据赫兹的日记、书信和论文集，对赫兹在电磁场理论研究方面的主要论著进行了深入分析，对他在经典电磁场理论发展过程中所起到的重要作用和历史地位给予了更为客观的评价．文章指出，赫兹所发表的电磁学理论研究论文不仅促进了麦克斯韦理论在德国的传播和认同，而且对麦克斯韦方程组的理论基础进行了合理的重建和拓展，并给予更为清晰的逻辑论证，从而对经典电磁场理论的发展和最终完善起到了重要作用．文章还指出，赫兹在电磁场理论研究方面的成就对洛伦兹电子论的建立起到了一定的启发作用，对爱因斯坦早期物理学研究也产生了直接的影响。     

Numerical Simulation of Shear-Horizontal-Wave-Induced Electromagnetic Field in Borehole Surrounded by Porous Formation

Seismoelectric fieM excited by purely torsional loading applied directly to the borehole wall is considered. A brief formulation and some computed waveforms show the advantage of using shear-horizontal （SH） transverseelectric （TE） seismoelectric waves logging to measure shear velocity in a fluid-saturated porous formation. By assuming that the acoustic field is not influenced by its induced electromagnetic field due to seismoeleetric effect, the coupling governing equations for electromagnetic field are reduced to Maxwell equations with a propagation current source. It is shown that this simplification is valid and the borehole seismoelectric conversion efficient is mainly dependent on the electrokinetic coupling coefficient. The receivers to detect the conversion electromagnetic field and to obtain shear velocity can be set in the borehole fluid in the SH-TE seismoelectric wave log.     

Generation of acoustic solitons by a single-mode electromagnetic field

Mechanisms of acoustic pulse generation by a single-mode electromagnetic field propagating in a photoelastic material are analyzed. The anisotropy induced by acoustic excitations in an isotropic medium leads to nonlinear coupling between the polarization components of a single-mode electromagnetic field. For different conditions, it is shown that the acoustic-electromagnetic wave interaction due to mixing of the polarization components of light and acoustic waves can give rise to soliton-like coherent acoustic excitations in a thin crystal plate. When spatial dispersion is ignored, the governing system of equations for unidirectional acoustic solitons can be reduced to an integrable model. It is shown that qualitatively different scenarios of formation of acoustic solitons are possible, depending on the directions of deformation and field polarization.     

孔隙地层井壁上的声波首波及其诱导电磁场的原因

声波测井时孔隙地层中的声波首波平行于井轴沿井壁传播，它既有轴向位移分量，又有垂直于井壁的位移分量.这种以快纵波速度传播的波, 不仅含有由快、慢纵波势给出的梯度场,而且还含有由横波势给出的旋度场.慢纵波势的梯度是渗流位移首波的主要构成成分, 也是声电效应测井响应中存在伴随声波首波电场的主要原因.首波包含有旋度位移场，是存在伴随声波首波磁场的原因. 关键词： 孔隙介质 声波首波 诱导电磁场 测井     

Electroseismic waves excited by vertical magnetic dipole in borenole

Acoustic and electromagnetic fields are coupled in a fluid saturated porous medium due to seismoelectric effect. Seismoelectric well logging method has been proposed to detect deep target formation utilizing such effect. Because of uncoupling of SH waves with P-SV waves, a simple and forthright way to get shear waves information is possible, especially for soft or slow formation whose shear wave velocity is lower than the velocity of borehole fluid. We consider the wave fields excited by a vertical magnetic dipole (VMD) source. Two methods are used to simulate, one is the coupled method based on Pride model and the other is the uncoupled method. For two methods, the frequency wavenumber domain representations of the acoustic field and associated seismoelectric field are formulated. The full waveforms of acoustic waves and electromagnetic wave induced SH waves excited by VMD source in the time domain propagation in borehole are simulated and analyzed.     

电磁场的复矢量表示

在麦克斯韦方程组及洛伦兹力密度公式基础上引入电磁场复矢量,讨论了电磁场普遍规律的新公式,包括对复矢量电磁场的建立,电荷守恒定律,能量守恒定律,电磁场矢势与标势,电磁场动量、能量、张量、相对论协变性等的研究,并和电动力学相比较,得出一些结论.     

Proper bases and internal energy in electromagnetic field theory

Orthonormal proper bases are determined for an electromagnetic field. An expression is proposed for the internal electromagnetic field energy that is a four-dimensional scalar. The Maxwell equations are written in the proper bases.Translated form Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 10, pp. 8–12, October, 1989.     

Study of electromagnetic field surface states in photonic crystals using the finite-difference method

Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute - The properties of electromagnetic field surface states in globular photonic crystals are analyzed using numerical solution of Maxwell equations by the...     

Geometrization of the electromagnetic field and dark matter

Fundamental concepts, symmetries and dynamic equations of the theory of dark matter are derived from the simple relation: everything in the concept of space and the concept of space in everything. It is shown that the electromagnetic field is the singlet state of the dark matter field and, hence, the last may be considered as a generalized electromagnetic field (shortly gef) and a simple solution is given to the old problem of connecting the electromagnetic field with geometric properties of the physical manifold itself. It is shown that gauge fixing renders the generalized electromagnetic field effectively massive while the Maxwell electromagnetic field remains massless. To learn more about interactions between matter and dark matter on the microscopic level (and to recognize the fundamental role of internal symmetry in this case), the general covariant Dirac equation is derived and its natural generalization is considered. The experiment is suggested to test the formulated theory.     

Seismoelectric waves in a borehole excited by an external explosive source

The conversion of energy between seismic and electromagnetic wave fields has been described by Pride’s coupled equations in porous media. In this paper, the seismoelectric field excited by the explosive point source located at the outside of the borehole is studied. The scattering fields inside and outside a borehole are analyzed and deduced under the boundary conditions at the interface between fluid and porous media. The influences of the distance of the point source, multipole components of the eccentric explosive source, and the receiving position along the axis of vertical borehole, on the converted waves inside the borehole are all investigated. When the distance from the acoustic source to the axis of a borehole is far enough, the longitudinal and coseismic longitudinal wave packets dominate the acoustic and electric field, respectively. The three components of both electric field and magnetic field can be detected, and the radial electric field is mainly excited and converted by the dipole component. Owing to the existence of borehole, the electric fields and magnetic fields in the borehole are azimuthal. The distance from the point where the maximum amplitude of the axial components of electric field is recorded, to the origin of coordinate indicates the horizontal distance from the explosive source to the axis of vertical borehole.     

柱面分层流体饱和孔隙地层中的声波测井波场模拟

因钻井作业时泥浆侵入等因素,井外介质沿径向常呈现非均匀性。本文将地层视为柱面分层孔隙介质,采用传递矩阵法模拟声波测井波场。注意到慢纵波波数的实部和虚部都很大,当井外含大厚度层且频率较高时,易因计算大自变量的Hankel函数而溢出,我们在波场表达式中引入了归一化的Hankel函数。论文将前人模拟关于柱面分层固体弹性介质声波测井的广义反射/透射系数计算方法推广到了分层孔隙介质情况,导出了波幅系数的计算公式,并针对含侵入带的柱面分层孔隙地层,计算了声波测井全波波形。