井孔中多极源在分层介质中的声场模拟方法

水平分层地层是常见的地质模型,为了解声波在其中的传播规律,需要对该模型进行数值模拟,通常采用时域有限差分方法。然而对于地下数百米井段,如何提高计算效率,是必须考虑的问题。本文提出了一种可以动态获取计算区域的方法,保证在模拟结果可靠的情况下计算区域最小,并通过算例验证该方法的有效性。当发射器位于接收器下方,并且距离仪器下方最近的分层边界超过2.0 m时,位于仪器下方的所有分层介质可以在计算中忽略不计。对于位于阵列接收器上方的分层边界也同样采用类似的策略。本文利用该方法模拟了多层介质中单偶极声波测井响应,从中提取的纵横波速度与介质参数一致。     

柱面Love波频散分析与SH波场的数值计算

对贴井壁环型剪切源在柱状双层弹性介质中激发的SH波场进行了理论求解,导出了柱面Love波频散方程,讨论了柱面Love波存在的条件及其区域.通过数值计算考察了柱面Love波的频散特性和激发强度,发现最低阶柱面Love波具有截止频率,这与平面半空间双层弹性介质模型下的Love波无截止频率的特征不同.渐近分析与数值考察都表明,井径r₁→∞时,柱面Love波频散方程趋向平面双层半空间的Love波方程,柱面Love波的截止频率趋于零.全波计算还显示用激发SH波来探测侵入带外原状地层的横波信息是一个十分简洁的途径..     

井孔中多极源在分层介质的声场模拟方法*

水平分层地层是常见的地质模型,为了获得地下水平分层介质中声波测井的响应并了解声波在其中的传播规律,需要对该模型进行声场数值模拟,通常采用基于时域有限差分的数值模拟方法。然而对于地下数百米井段的声场模拟,如何最大化地减小数值模拟的计算区域,提高计算速度和节省内存,是必须考虑的策略问题。本文中,我们提出了动态计算区域的仿真策略,给出了计算区域选取的优化方案,并通过算例验证策略的有效性。假设发射器分布在阵列接收器下方,模拟结果表明,当声源距离下方最近的分层边界超过2米时,位于仪器下方的所有分层介质可以在计算中忽略不计。对于位于阵列接收器上方的分层边界,在选取计算区域时,也同样采用类似的策略。利用这样的策略,我们连续快速模拟了多层介质中单极子和偶极子声波测井响应,其中纵波和横波速度提取结果与输入的连续分层介质参数吻合。应用这种策略,可开发出数百米甚至数千米的井孔声场连续快速仿真的数值模拟软件。     

含孔隙分层半空间中瑞利波的传播特性研究

为了研究含孔隙介质分层半空间中瑞利波的传播规律,分析孔隙介质参数对瑞利波频散曲线的影响,本文进行了数值模拟研究。采用传递矩阵算法,计算了含孔隙分层半空间中一定频率范围内瑞利波所有模式的频散及激发强度曲线,并与均匀弹性固体分层半空间情况作了类比分析,在含孔隙覆盖层的两层模型和含低速孔隙夹层的三层模型下,详细研究了孔隙度、渗透率、层厚度等参数对瑞利波各模式的影响,发现孔隙度及层厚度的变化对频散曲线影响较大,而渗透率的变化对频散曲线影响较小。      

孔隙地层井壁上的声波首波及其诱导电磁场的原因

声波测井时孔隙地层中的声波首波平行于井轴沿井壁传播，它既有轴向位移分量，又有垂直于井壁的位移分量.这种以快纵波速度传播的波, 不仅含有由快、慢纵波势给出的梯度场,而且还含有由横波势给出的旋度场.慢纵波势的梯度是渗流位移首波的主要构成成分, 也是声电效应测井响应中存在伴随声波首波电场的主要原因.首波包含有旋度位移场，是存在伴随声波首波磁场的原因. 关键词： 孔隙介质 声波首波 诱导电磁场 测井     

含气孔裂隙地层的声波测井响应特征

本文以径向分层的孔、裂隙地层多极子井孔声场理论为基础,利用孔、裂隙介质弹性波动统一理论,数值模拟了井壁上有侵入时,单极和偶极声源激发的井孔声场随原状地层含气饱和度变化的特征和规律。结果表明：当原状地层裂隙发育时,相较于饱含水,饱含气时纵波幅度衰减严重,横波波至提前,波幅增大,斯通利波幅度变化不明显,低频时弯曲波到时提前,幅度增大;当原状地层裂隙不发育时,单极子、偶极子波形都对流体性质没有明显响应。可见,原状地层中裂隙的存在加剧了含气对纵波、横波的幅度以及到时的影响,而侵入带的存在使得斯通利波和高频弯曲波对原状地层流体性质变化不敏感。数值计算结果为利用声波响应特征识别致密气层提供了参考。     

水平薄层包围的流体井孔中声波场的数值模拟

针对声波测井薄层探测的需要,用半解析方法求解了地层为水平多层介质时柱状井孔内脉冲点源激发的声场。通过模式解求出了层间的广义反射矩阵,使得各水平区域的场用层间的广义反射矩阵表出,最后给出了井外为。层介质的形式解,并在井外为三层介质出现一薄层时,对接收器纵向位置位于层下、层间和层上记录的波形进行了数值模拟,得到了首波波至的正确显示。讨论了薄层对波至与幅度的影响。     

多尺度波致流非饱和孔隙介质波传播理论研究

弹性波在非饱和孔隙介质中传播时,孔隙流体会发生宏观Biot流、微观喷射流以及由于孔隙流体不同(气、液双相)导致的介(中)观流.将非饱和孔隙介质等效为含液相孔隙流体的背景介质中嵌入含气相孔隙流体的包裹体,在非饱和双重孔隙介质模型基础上,引入微观喷射流,建立了包含宏观、微观和介观三种尺度波至流的非饱和孔隙介质波传播方程.数值分析表明该模型可以更好地预测更宽频带内的波速频散和衰减.     

各向异性粘弹性孔隙介质地震波场伪谱法正演模拟

地球介质各向异性、粘弹性以及孔隙特征是地震资料描述油气储层时应综合考虑的. 建立了各向异性粘弹性孔隙介质模型，导出了各向异性粘弹性孔隙介质的弹性波波动方程，采用伪谱法正演模拟了各向异性粘弹性孔隙介质地震波，进行了其波场特征分析. 该研究有益于加深对地震波在实际地球介质中传播规律的认识.     

海面噪声的空间相关与垂直方向性理论

本文讨论由海面噪声源与分层介质海洋所组成的海洋环境噪声模型。假设噪声源是统计独立分布在海面上的指向性点源,研究噪声源特性以及传播条件对海洋环境噪声场的影响。发展了海面噪声的简正波理论,并在一定条件下将简正波理论得到的适合于小掠角范围的噪声场方向密度函数解析延拓至大掠角范围,使之与射线理论表式衔接起来,获得了计算海洋环境噪声强度、空间相关与方向密度函数的简明表式。     

Electroseismic waves excited by vertical magnetic dipole in borenole

Acoustic and electromagnetic fields are coupled in a fluid saturated porous medium due to seismoelectric effect. Seismoelectric well logging method has been proposed to detect deep target formation utilizing such effect. Because of uncoupling of SH waves with P-SV waves, a simple and forthright way to get shear waves information is possible, especially for soft or slow formation whose shear wave velocity is lower than the velocity of borehole fluid. We consider the wave fields excited by a vertical magnetic dipole (VMD) source. Two methods are used to simulate, one is the coupled method based on Pride model and the other is the uncoupled method. For two methods, the frequency wavenumber domain representations of the acoustic field and associated seismoelectric field are formulated. The full waveforms of acoustic waves and electromagnetic wave induced SH waves excited by VMD source in the time domain propagation in borehole are simulated and analyzed.     

Theoretical simulation of electroacoustic borehole logging in a fluid-saturated porous formation

Electroacoustic (E-A) logging describes the acoustic response to an electromagnetic (EM) source in a fluid-filled borehole surrounded by a porous medium. The E-A response is simulated by two different methods in this paper. In the coupled method, the EM field and the acoustic field are modeled using Pride's model, which couples Maxwell's equations and Biot's equations. In the uncoupled method, the EM field is uninfluenced by the converted acoustic field, resulting in separate acoustic formulation with an electrokinetic source term derived from the primary EM field. The difference of the transient full waveforms between the above two methods is remarkably small for all examples, thus confirming the validity of using the computationally simpler uncoupled method. It is shown from the simulated waveforms that an EM-accompanying acoustic field is coupled to the EM field and appears with an apparent phase velocity of the EM wave in the formation. Acoustic waves with the conventional acoustic velocities are also seen in the converted full waveforms. For the sandstone models used in this paper, when permeability is less than 1 Darcy, the E-A Stoneley wave amplitude increases with porosity, which is different from that in conventional acoustic-to-acoustic logging.     

声诱导电磁场的赫兹矢量表示与多极声电测井模拟

在假设声场不受电磁场影响的前提下，将Pride声电耦合方程组化为具有电流源的麦克斯韦方程组.与空间位置固定的电流源产生的电磁场不同，孔隙地层中声波诱导的电磁场是由空间波动的电流源产生的.通过引入赫兹矢量，将求解麦克斯韦方程组问题转化为求解关于赫兹矢量的非齐次矢量赫姆霍兹方程组.通过求解该方程组，得出电磁场表达式.利用此方法，针对声电效应测井，分别计算了由单极声源、偶极声源、四极声源激发的井内声场及其诱导电磁场的全波波形. 关键词： 孔隙介质 诱导电磁场 测井 多极声源     

Numerical Simulation of Shear-Horizontal-Wave-Induced Electromagnetic Field in Borehole Surrounded by Porous Formation

Seismoelectric fieM excited by purely torsional loading applied directly to the borehole wall is considered. A brief formulation and some computed waveforms show the advantage of using shear-horizontal （SH） transverseelectric （TE） seismoelectric waves logging to measure shear velocity in a fluid-saturated porous formation. By assuming that the acoustic field is not influenced by its induced electromagnetic field due to seismoeleetric effect, the coupling governing equations for electromagnetic field are reduced to Maxwell equations with a propagation current source. It is shown that this simplification is valid and the borehole seismoelectric conversion efficient is mainly dependent on the electrokinetic coupling coefficient. The receivers to detect the conversion electromagnetic field and to obtain shear velocity can be set in the borehole fluid in the SH-TE seismoelectric wave log.     

Shear-horizontal transverse-electric seismoelectric waves in cylindrical double layer porous media

The shear-horizontal(SH) waves excited by the shear source in a borehole are easy to analyze due to the simple waveform. The borehole-side structures make the formation properties discontinuous. We consider a cylindrical double layer structure and study the borehole shear-horizontal and transverse-electric(SH-TE) seismoelectric waves. We first derive the expressions of the basic field quantities, and simulate the acoustic field and electric field using the real axis integral method. Compared with the wave fields of an infinitely homogeneous porous medium outside the borehole, the cylindrical layered structure makes the multi-mode cylindrical Love waves and their accompanying electric fields excited.Next, in order to study the interface response law of the inducing electric fields, we use the secant integral method to calculate the interface converted electromagnetic waves and analyze the causes of each component. It is found that an interface response occurs each time the SH wave impinges the interface in the layered porous medium. The results show that the SH-TE mode has a potential application for borehole-side interface detection in geophysical logs.     

Borehole guided waves in a non-Newtonian (Maxwell) fluid-saturated porous medium

<正>The property of acoustic guided waves generated in a fluid-filled borehole surrounded by a non-Newtonian (Maxwell) fluid-saturated porous formation with a permeable wall is investigated.The influence of non-Newtonian effects on acoustic guided waves such as Stoneley waves,pseudo-Rayleigh waves,flexural waves,and screw waves propagations in a fluid-filled borehole is demonstrated based on the generalized Biot-Tsiklauri model by calculating their velocity dispersion and attenuation coefficients.The corresponding acoustic waveforms illustrate their properties in time domain.The results are also compared with those based on generalized Biot's theory.The results show that the influence of non-Newtonian effect on acoustic guided wave,especially on the attenuation coefficient of guided wave propagation in borehole is noticeable.     

Acousto-electric well logging by eccentric source and extraction of shear wave

The nonaxisymmetric acousto-electric field excited by an eccentric acoustic source in the borehole based on Pride seismoelectric theory is considered. It is shown that the acoustic field inside the borehole, converted electric and magnetic fields and coupled fields outside the borehole are composed of an infinitude of multipole fields with different orders. The numerical results show that both the electromagnetic waves and the seismoelectric field in the borehole, and the three components of both electric field and magnetic field can be detected. Measurements on the borehole axis will be of advantage to determining shear velocity information. The components of the symmetric and nonsymmetric acoustic and electromagnetic fields can be strengthened or weakened by adding or subtracting the two full waveforms logged in some azimuths. It may be a new method of directly measuring the shear wave velocity by using the borehole seismoelectric effect.     

宽带相控线阵声源在套管井外地层辐射声场的指向性

套管井中的声传播涉及到波在柱状多层介质中的传播问题。通过数值计算对比了宽带相控线阵声源在套管井外均匀地层中产生的纵横波声场的指向性。结果表明,在任意胶结状况下,均可实现向套管井外地层定向辐射纵横波的技术;与地层中纵波的传播特征不同的是在主瓣偏转角方向横波幅度随着偏转角的增大逐渐增加,且在主瓣辐射方向的横波幅度受套管井胶结状况的影响较纵波小;采用玻璃钢套管代替钢套管,会进一步减弱地层声场受胶结状况的影响,这有利于实现在套管井外地层较大范围内的精确定向辐射声波的技术。     

随钻单极子声波测井模式优化及远探测

针对非均匀性地层地质力学评价和地质导向钻井的需要,研究了随钻单极子声波的方位特性和反射声场特征,并研制了随钻声波测量装置.建立了不同方向速度模型井和反射声场模型,数值模拟了两个模型的单极子声波传播特征,使用单极子声源发射和偏极子接收器接收的测量模式,分别获得了波速周向变化图和反射波的方位特征.模拟结果表明,纵波对地层方...