Calculations of operating schemes for a passive harmonic cavity in HLS-Ⅱ

A passive higher harmonic cavity (HHC) will be used in the Hefei Light Source II Project (HLS-Ⅱ) to lengthen the bunch and consequently increase the beam lifetime dominated by Touschek scattering. The effects of constant voltage and constant detuning have been calculated and compared over the operating current from 0.4 to 0.2 A on the bunch lengthening for the passive normal conducting harmonic cavity system in HLS-Ⅱ. The results show that the bunch shape has less change and the lifetime improvement factors are not less than 2.7 over the beam currents for the constant voltage case. The constant voltage operating scheme may be applied to our machine.     

Preliminary study of the higher-harmoni ccavity for HLS-Ⅱ

A higher-harmonic cavity will be used to increase the beam lifetime and suppress coupled-bunch instabilities for Hefei Light Source-Ⅱ. In this paper, results simulated by the particle-tracking model confirm that tuning in the harmonic cavity may suppress the parasitic coupled-bunch instabilities. The factors calculated for lifetime improvement are larger than 2.5. The 3rd and 4th harmonic cavities have been designed. In particular, the absorbers and antenna couplers are applied in harmonic cavities to damp the higher order modes. Finally, the 4th harmonic cavity similar to the Duke's RF cavity will be used for HLS-Ⅱ.     

Study of Robinson instabilities with a higher-harmonic cavity for the HLS phase Ⅱ project

In the Phase Ⅱ Project at the Hefei Light Source, a fourth-harmonic "Landau" cavity will be operated in order to suppress the coupled-bunch instabilities and increase the beam lifetime of the Hefei storage ring. Instabilities limit the utility of the higher-harmonic cavity when the storage ring is operated with a small momentum compaction. Analytical modeling and simulations show that the instabilities result from Robinson mode coupling. In the analytic modeling, we operate an algorithm to consider the Robinson instabilities. To study the evolution of unstable behavior, simulations have been performed in which macroparticles are distributed among the buckets. Both the analytic modeling and simulations agree for passive operation of the harmonic cavity.     

Calculations for shortening the bunch length in storage rings using a harmonic cavity

Using the Hefei Light Source phase Ⅱ project （HLS- Ⅱ） as an example, a theoretical analysis of shortening the bunch lengths using a higher harmonic cavity （HHC） is given. The threshold voltage of an active HHC and the threshold tuning angle of a passive HHC are first analysed. The optimum tuning angle for the constant detuning scenario and the optimum harmonic voltage for the constant voltage scenario are presented. The calculated results show that the reduced bunch length is about half that of the nominal bunch. The bunch lengths vary from 11 mm at 0.1 A to 7 mm at 0.4 A for the constant detuning scenario, while the bunch lengths are around 7 mm over the beam current range for the constant voltage scenario. In addition, the synchrotron frequency spread is increased. It indicates that HHC may be used to reduce the bunch length and increase the Landau damping of synchrotron oscillations in a storage ring.     

Calculations for shortening the bunch length in storage rings using a harmonic cavity

Using the Hefei Light Source phaseⅡproject(HLS-Ⅱ)as an example,a theoretical analysis of shortening the bunch lengths using a higher harmonic cavity(HHC)is given.The threshold voltage of an active HHC and the threshold tuning angle of a passive HHC are first analysed.The optimum tuning angle for the constant detuning scenario and the optimum harmonic voltage for the constant voltage scenario are presented.The calculated results show that the reduced bunch length is about half that of the nominal bunch.The bunch lengths vary from 11 mm at 0.1 A to 7 mm at 0.4 A for the constant detuning scenario,while the bunch lengths are around 7 mm over the beam current range for the constant voltage scenario.In addition,the synchrotron frequency spread is increased.It indicates that HHC may be used to reduce the bunch length and increase the Landau damping of synchrotron oscillations in a storage ring.     

Design and optimization of a longitudinal feedback kicker cavity for the HLS-Ⅱ storage ring

In the Hefei Light Source (HLS) storage ring, multibunch operation is used to obtain a high luminosity. Multibunch instabilities can severely limit light source performance with a variety of negative impacts, including beam loss, low injection efficiency, and overall degradation of the beam quality. Instabilities of a multibunch beam can be mitigated using certain techniques including increasing natural damping (operating at a higher energy), lowering the beam current, and increasing Landau damping. However, these methods are not adequate to stabilize a multibunch electron beam at a low energy and with a high current. In order to combat beam instabilities in the HLS storage ring, active feedback systems including a longitudinal feedback system (LFB) and a transverse feedback system (TFB) will be developed as part of the HLS upgrade project, the HLS-Ⅱ storage ring project. As a key component of the longitudinal bunch-by-bunch feedback system, an LFB kicker cavity with a wide bandwidth and high shunt impedance is required. In this paper we report our work on the design of the LFB kicker cavity for the HLS-Ⅱ storage ring and present the new tuning and optimization techniques developed in designing this high performance LFB kicker.     

Tiled-aperture coherent beam combining of two high-power fibre amplifiers

We demonstrate coherent beam combining of two tiled-aperture single-frequency fibre amplifiers with a total output power of 29.65~W by using the multi-dithering technique. The two laser beams are packaged closely by using free-space mirrors side by side into a tiled-aperture with a near-field fill factor of 62\%. Active phase control of the amplifier is performed on commercially available digital lock-in amplifiers. Experimental results show that the power contained in the main-lobe in closed-loop is 1.72 times greater than that in open-loop, which is 86\% for the ideal case. The fringe contrast of the far-field fringe pattern is as high as 80\% when the system is in closed-loop. The beam quality of the combined beam is computed to be BQ = 1.48. The whole system in closed-loop performs well in a long-time observation.     

Output characteristics of right angle cone mirror cavity laser

The anti-misalignment stability and output characteristics of the right angle cone cavity laser are experimentally studied. When the misalignment angle of the cone mirror turns to 46.8 minutes, the single-pulse output energy of the piano-cone cavity laser decreases 24% and the near-field beam patterns have little change; as for the beam directional stability, when the measuring place stands 3.12 m in front of the output mirror, the near-field beam patterns of the piano-cone laser are located at the primary places until the misalignment angle of the cone mirror turns to 18 minutes. These results show that the piano-cone cavity laser has better performances in comparison with the plano-concave cavity laser.The analytical results of the mode instrument are also obtained, which show that the near-field beam intensity distribution of the piano-cone mirror cavity laser is near to the plane wave.     

Optimization of quadrature frequency conversion with type-Ⅱ KDP for second harmonic generation of the nanosecond chirp pulse at 1053 nm

A second harmonic generation system with two type Ⅱ KDP crystals in quadrature is optimized for the nanosecond chirp pulse.The acceptance bandwidth of this optimizing scheme is close to 10 nm by using two crystals with slightly opposite angular detuning from phase matching and the conversion efficiency can reach 70%for top-hat chirp pulse at ～2 GW/cm2in theory.The preliminary experimental results are obtained on the 9th beam of Shen Guang Ⅱ SGⅡ laser system,and the performance of optimization is partially verified.     

Coherence-enhanced entanglement between two atoms at high temperature

This paper studies the entanglement properties in a system of two dipole-dipole coupled two-level atoms resonantly interacting with a single-mode thermal field. The results show that, when the temperature of the cavity is high enough （corresponding to the large value of the mean photon number）, the entanglement is greatly enhanced due to the initial atomic coherence. These results are helpful for controlling the atomic entanglement by changing the initial parameters of the system.     

Novel homodyne frequency-shifting interference pattern locking system

We present a novel homodyne frequency-shifting interference pattern locking system to enhance the exposure contrast of interference lithography and scanning beam interference lithography(SBIL). The novel interference pattern locking system employs a special homodyne redundant phase measurement interferometer(HRPMI) as the sensor and an acousto-opto modulator(AOM) as the actuator. The HRPMI offers the highly accurate value as well as the direction recognition of the interference pattern drift from four quadrature interference signals. The AOM provides a very fine resolution with a high speed for phase modulation. A compact and concise system with a short optical path can be achieved with this new scheme and a small power laser head in tens of microwatts is sufficient for exposure and phase locking, which results in a relatively low-cost system compared with the heterodyne system. More importantly, the accuracy of the system is at a high level as well as having robustness to environmental fluctuation. The experiment results show that the short-time(4 s) accuracy of the system is 0.0481 rad e3σT at present. Moreover, the phase of the interference pattern can also be set arbitrarily to any value with a high accuracy in a relatively large range, which indicates that the system can also be extended to the SBIL application.     

A novel atomic force microscope operating in liquid with open probe unit and optimized laser tracking system

A novel atomic force microscope （AFM） for large samples to be measured in liquid is developed. An innovative laser beam tracking system is proposed to eliminate the tracking and feedback errors. The open probe design of the AFM makes the operation in liquid convenient and easy. A standard 1200-lines/mm grating and a sheet of filter paper axe imaged respectively in air and liquid to confirm its performance. The corrosion behavior of aluminum surface in 1-mol/L NaOH solution is further investigated by the AFM. Experimental results show that the system can realize wide range （20 × 20 （μm）） scanning for large samples both in air and liquid, while keeping nanometer order resolution in liquid by eliminating the tracking and feedback error.     

A sidelobe suppression method with experiment for underwater acoustic imaging

In this paper,a sidelobe suppression method using nonuniformly spaced array with aperture apodization processing is proposed for underwater acoustic imaging in near field,which is studied both in theory and experiment.The focused beamforming based on spherical wave propagation theory is used in the method.Firstly,the nonuniform array with low sidelobe is designed for suppressing the sidelobe of one-way beam pattern by spacing perturbation.Then, applying the aperture apodization technique to underwater acoustic imaging,the different size apertures for transmitting and receiving are used for further suppressing the sidelobe of two-way beam pattern.The experimental results from water tank show that the proposed method can suppress the sidelobe more effectively only with fractional mainlobe width increase.Since the method is simple-realized,the imaging system can be simplified as well as achieving improved performance.     

Design of a higher harmonic cavity for the SSRF storage ring

Higher harmonic cavity used in the third generation synchrotron light source increases the Touschek lifetime. The higher harmonic cavity of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) is a 1.5GHz passive superconducting cavity. Its higher order modes (HOM) are extracted by a ferrite HOM damper out of the cryostat. Multi-cell cavity is chosen concerning the voltage. The harmonic cavity dynamics, beam dynamics with passive harmonic cavity and the design of single cell cavity are included in this paper.     

Fluorescence Lifetime Increasing with F- Ions into Ytterbium-Doped Germanium-Lead-Tellurite Glasses

The effects of F^- ions in a germanium-lead-tellurite glass system on the spectral and potential laser properties of the Yb^3 are investigated. The absorption spectra, lifetimes, the emission cross-sections and the minimum pump intensities of the glass system with and without F^- ions have been measured and calculated. The results show that the fluorescence lifetime and the minimum pump intensity of Yb^3 ions increase evidently, which indicatesthat germanium-lead-oxyfluoride tellurite glass is a promising laser host matrix for high power generation. FT-IRspectra were used to analyse the effect of F^- ions on OH^- groups in this glass system. Analysis demonstrates that addition of fluoride removes the OH^- groups and results in improvement of fluorescence lifetime of Yb^3 .     

Pattern formation induced by cross-diffusion in a predator--prey system

This paper considers the Holling-Tanner model for predator-prey with self and cross-diffusion. From the Turing theory, it is believed that there is no Turing pattern formation for the equal self-diffusion coefficients. However, combined with cross-diffusion, it shows that the system will exhibit spotted pattern by both mathematical analysis and numerical simulations. Furthermore, asynchrony of the predator and the prey in the space. The obtained results show that cross-diffusion plays an important role on the pattern formation of the predator-prey system.     

BXERL photo-injector based on a 217 MHz normal conducting RF gun

The Beijing X-ray Energy Recovery Linac (BXERL) test facility is proposed in Institute of High Physics (IHEP). In this proposal, the main linac requires the injector to provide an electron beam with 5 MeV energy and 10 mA average current. An injector based on DC gun technology is the first candidate electron source for BXERL. However, the field emission in the DC gun cavity makes it much more difficult to increase the high voltage to more than 500 kV. Another technology based on a 217 MHz normal conducting RF gun is proposed as the backup injector for this test facility. We have designed this RF gun with 2D SUPERFISH code and 3D MICROWAVE STUDIO code. In this paper, we present the optimized design of the gun cavity, the gun RF parameters and the set-up of the whole injector system. The detailed beam dynamics have been done and the simulation results show that the injector can generate electron bunches with RMS normalized emittance 1.0 uppi mmcdotmrad, bunch length 0.77 mm, beam energy 5.0 MeV and energy spread 0.60%.     

Theoretical analysis of BLM system for HLS Ⅱ

Hefei Light Source (HLS) is being upgraded to HLS Ⅱ. Its emittance will be much lower than before, therefore the Touschek scattering will increase significantly and become the dominant factor of beam loss. So it is necessary to build a new beam loss monitoring (BLM) system that, in contrast to the old one, is able to obtain the quantity and position information of lost electrons. This information is useful in the commissioning, troubleshooting, and beam lifetime studying for HLS Ⅱ. This paper analyzes the distribution features of different kinds of lost electrons, introduces the operation parameters of the new machine and discusses how to choose proper monitoring positions. Based on these comprehensive analyses, a new BLM system for HLS Ⅱ is proposed.     

Coolant choice for the central beryllium pipe of the BESⅢ beam pipe

In order to take away much more heat on the BESⅢ beam pipe to guarantee the normal particle detection,EDM-1（oil No.1 for electric discharge machining）,with good thermal and flow properties was selected as the candidate coolant for the central beryllium pipe of the BESⅢ beam pipe.Its cooling character was studied and dynamic corrosion experiment was undertaken to examine its corrosion on beryllium.The experiment results show that EDM-1 would corrode the beryllium 19.9 μm in the depth in 10 years,which is weak and can be neglected.Finite element simulation and experiment research were taken to check the cooling capacity of EDM-1.The results show that EDM-1 can meet the cooling requirement of the central beryllium pipe.Now EDM-1 is being used to cool the central beryllium pipe of the BESⅢ beam pipe.     

Concurrence evolution of two qubits coupled with one-mode cavity separately

The concurrence evolution of two qubits coupled with one-mode cavity separately is investigated exactly without adopting the rotating-wave approximation. The results show that for the resonant case, the concurrence evolution behaviour of the system is similar to that of the Markovian case when the coupling strength is weak, while the concurrence vanishes in a finite time and might revive fractional initial entanglement before it permanently vanishes when the coupling strength is strong. And for the detuning case, the entanglement could periodically recover after complete disentanglement. These results are quite different from those of system subjected to Jaynes--Cummings model.