利用后向散射光空间谱强度分布探测尾流气泡的实验研究

利用自行设计制作的尾流模拟系统产生气泡，应用散射光空间频谱测量分析系统，对水中气泡群的后向散射光空间谱强度分布进行测量和分析，研究了不同探测距离的散射光衰减对其强度分布的影响.结果表明，在气泡密度、大小分布不变的情况下，扩束光照明时，由于参与光散射的气泡数目增加对散射光在水中传播衰减的补偿，散射空间谱强度分布的峰值和半宽值均不随探测距离变化；而细光束照明时，散射谱强度分布峰值随探测距离的增加而减小，半宽值则逐渐增大.所以在远距离探测时，细光束的探测效果好.     

吸收性海水中气泡光散射特性的理论研究

 给出了一种适合于吸收性介质内粒子散射的Mie级数新的表示形式。利用Mie理论研究了吸收性海水中气泡的单散射特性和气泡群的相位函数。与非吸收性海水中气泡的光散射特性相比，分析了海水折射率虚部对气泡光散射的影响。结果表明：180°后向散射的增强是气泡固有的光学性质，与所处介质无关，可以利用后向散射的增强来探测气泡。     

水中气泡上的体散射函数的模拟与计算

基于几何光学的基本原理,推导出一种可以计算水中大尺度气泡上光散射角度与强度的关系式。推导中避免引入衰减因子G,较Davis模型更为简单。该模型可应用于光在水中单个气泡上散射的数值计算。最后,模拟计算了平行光束入射水中气泡的体散射函数曲线,发现水中气泡的前向散射远大于后向散射;当气泡半径在远大于光波波长的前提下变化时,气泡上散射光强分布规律与气泡半径无关;而介质相对折射率的增大会削弱前向散射而增强后向散射光强。     

基于小波分析的气泡光散射空间谱强度分布的高斯拟合算法优化

将小波消噪方法应用在采用CCD器件作为光传感器的尾流气泡光散射空间谱强度分布检测技术中, 发现CCD输出经过消噪后的高斯拟合曲线比其直接进行高斯拟合的结果更逼近实际的气泡光散射谱强度分布,可以有效减小测量误差,使高斯拟合算法得以优化,从而解决了CCD饱和与测量噪音对散射谱强度分布半值宽度和峰值的影响,提高了用气泡光散射谱强度分布判断水中气泡存在和气泡大小的准确度.     

舰船远程尾流的散射光能量分布特性

为探索光尾流的探测和自导模式,研究了舰船远程尾流中气泡群的散射光能量分布特性.根据米氏理论推导了舰船尾流气泡群的光散射能量分布函数的计算公式,基于此公式对干净的尾流气泡群和覆盖着两种典型有机膜的脏尾流气泡群的能量分布函数进行了数值计算,得到了它们的能量分布特性.计算和分析结果表明,气泡群的前向光散射能量远大于后向散射,前向散射能量占总散射能量的90%以上;散射能量分布函数在小于1°的前向小角度散射角范围内迅速增加到40%以上,然后随散射角的增加缓慢增加;气泡表面附着的有机膜会较显著的增强气泡群的后向散射能量.但由于后向散射能量占总散射能量的比例很小,有机膜对前向散射能量的减小幅度不大.     

光在水中吸附膜层气泡上的散射特性

光在水中大尺度气泡上散射特性的研究多是基于Davis模型.该模型没有考虑到吸附膜层对光在气泡上散射的影响,而海水中的大多数气泡都有膜层附着,这些膜层会影响到气泡的光散射特性.本文从几何光学的角度出发,建立了吸附膜层气泡的体积散射函数简化公式.在此理论基础上,模拟计算了尺度远大于入射光波长的大气泡散射光强分布曲线,得出光照射下气泡上散射光强的远场特性,讨论了影响气泡散射光强分布的主要因素.并与无膜气泡光散射分布曲线比较,讨论了油膜膜厚、折射率等参量对气泡的光散射特性影响.得出结论:吸附膜层气泡的光强分布曲线与无膜气泡相似,但吸附膜层会削弱前向散射光,增强后向散射光.     

基于多重散射强度和偏振特征的舰船尾流气泡激光探测方法

研究多重散射效应对舰船尾流气泡群光散射强度和偏振特征的影响是舰船光尾流探测以及新型光自导鱼雷研究的基础. 基于矢量Monte Carlo方法建立了舰船尾流气泡群激光后向探测仿真模型, 重点研究了尾流气泡群的多重散射机理,分析了多重散射效应、尾流气泡群密度对回波信号强度和偏振特征的影响规律. 基于粒子碰撞重要性抽样的基本思想, 在传统能量接收方法的基础上, 提出了回波光子偏振贡献接收方法和回波信号偏振信息统计方法, 解决了小视场系统光子返回概率低无法形成回波能量的难题. 构建了模拟尾流气泡群激光散射强度和偏振探测实验平台, 从实验的角度验证了模拟结果的准确性. 实验和模拟结果的一致性表明, 利用回波强度、偏振信息可表征气泡群距离、密度信息, 从而可对舰船尾流特别是低密度尾流进行高精度的探测和辨识. 关键词： Monte Carlo 偏振 多重散射 气泡     

气泡浓度对海洋激光雷达后向散射特性的影响

对不同浓度气泡幕水下激光雷达的后向散射特性进行了理论分析和实验研究。实验结果表明：由于水中气泡群后向散射的原因,在水下激光雷达整体后向散射信号的回波曲线上,除了水体后向散射导致的信号峰以外,还出现因气泡散射而导致的散射峰,该散射峰叠加在水体的后向散射信号峰上,其位置与水中气泡幕的位置直接相关,而其幅值则受气泡幕的浓度影响。随着气泡幕浓度的增大,其后向散射峰幅值相应增大,这一点与理论分析结果一致,而回波峰值的变化趋势则主要受水体质量的影响。     

物理光学 光的吸收、透射与散射

O436.22006053891水中气泡上的体散射函数的模拟与计算=Si mulation andcomputation of bubbles volume scattering functionin water[刊,中]/李微(华中科技大学激光技术国家重点实验室.湖北,武汉(430074)),杨克成…//光学学报.—2006,26(5).—647-651基于几何光学的基本原理,推导出一种可以计算水中大尺度气泡上光散射角度与强度的关系式。推导中避免引入衰减因子G,较Davis模型更为简单。该模型可应用于光在水中单个气泡上散射的数值计算。最后,模拟计算了平行光束入射水中气泡的体散射函数曲线。图6表2参7(于晓光)O436.22006053892混浊…     

基于偏振信息探究水下环境气泡群对目标成像的影响

水下光学成像是海底探索和目标识别的一个重要方式.由于海浪、船舶尾流以及海洋生物游动与呼吸等原因,存在着大量的气泡.气泡群的光散射作用往往会使水下目标成像效果受限、难以识别,并且一般的光学技术难以消除气泡对成像的影响.针对上述问题,本文先从理论上推导和仿真了入射光线在水下单气泡、气泡群中以及目标表面的光强和偏振信息的变化;然后在构建了水下气泡实验平台的基础上探究了光源入射角度的改变以及成像波段的变化对气泡环境中目标偏振成像的影响;研究了不同金属材质目标物的强度和偏振信息的变化趋势;分析了水下目标在不同气泡群厚度条件下强度和偏振信息的变化趋势;最后利用偏振特征提取与视觉信息保留的图像融合方法抑制气泡对水下目标成像的影响.实验结果显示气泡群中目标成像会受到多种因素的影响,利用偏振图像融合方法会使气泡群受到较好的抑制,并提高了水下目标的清晰度.     

Motion deblurring using edge map with blurred/noisy image pairs

Motion deblurring methods using blurred/noisy image pairs usually include denoising process of the noisy image. Because both remaining noise and distorted fine details in the denoised image cause an error on deblurring, we propose an algorithm using an edge map of the noisy image to retain sharp edge information while neglecting noise in any smooth region that does not contain information about the motion that occurred during the exposure. In addition, the blur kernel is efficiently estimated by employing the fast total variation regularization method for the gradients of blurred and noisy images only on edge regions. For latent image restoration, another fidelity term is added, which compares the gradients of the noisy and estimated latent images on edge regions to preserve the fine details of the noisy image. To model a sparse distribution of real-world image gradients, a deconvolution method imposing hyper-Laplacian priors based on an alternating minimization scheme is also derived to restore a latent image efficiently. Experimental results show that the peak signal-to-noise ratios of the restored images against the original latent images have been increased by 11.1% on average, when compared to the existing algorithms using an image pair.     

Gaussian mixture model-based gradient field reconstruction for infrared image detail enhancement and denoising

Infrared images are characterized by low signal-to-noise ratio and low contrast. Therefore, the edge details are easily immerged in the background and noise, making it much difficult to achieve infrared image edge detail enhancement and denoising. This article proposes a novel method of Gaussian mixture model-based gradient field reconstruction, which enhances image edge details while suppressing noise. First, by analyzing the gradient histogram of noisy infrared image, Gaussian mixture model is adopted to simulate the distribution of the gradient histogram, and divides the image information into three parts corresponding to faint details, noise and the edges of clear targets, respectively. Then, the piecewise function is constructed based on the characteristics of the image to increase gradients of faint details and suppress gradients of noise. Finally, anisotropic diffusion constraint is added while visualizing enhanced image from the transformed gradient field to further suppress noise. The experimental results show that the method possesses unique advantage of effectively enhancing infrared image edge details and suppressing noise as well, compared with the existing methods. In addition, it can be used to effectively enhance other types of images such as the visible and medical images.     

An algorithm for evaluating overlapping bubble images recorded by double pulsed laser holography

The present paper describes a method for evaluating images of a bubbly flow in stirred aerated tanks which are typical when pulsed laser holography is applied as the measuring technique. Features of the brightness histograms of reconstructed bubble images are discussed. A procedure is presented to evaluate the bubble images taken from a reconstructed hologram in order to determine the center of gravity of the bubble image. Double pulsed holograms were taken to measure bubble velocities and diameters simultaneously. In this case, overlapping bubble images are sometimes observed in the reconstruction. This significantly impedes the evaluation of the characteristics of the bubbles. Thus, an algorithm is presented in this work to distinguish between single and overlapping bubble images and to separate the overlapping bubble image in a two-dimensional image for a bubbly flow at low void fraction recorded from double pulse holograms. This algorithm was confirmed to be effective if the bubble images are extracted from the entire image.     

基于图像块能量梯度的多聚焦图像融合

针对多聚焦图像,提出一种基于图像分块的融合方法。将源图像分为大小相同数量相等的子块,采用能量梯度算子作为对焦评价函数,计算各个图像子块能量梯度匹配度,设置匹配度阈值分离出源图像中的清晰区域。源图像中的清晰区域直接作为融合图像相应的区域,其它区域的处理中,构造与相应子块能量梯度大小相关的图像序列,以及像素点到各个子块中心距离相关的融合函数,然后用融合函数对图像序列融合。实验结果表明该方法有效性和合理性。     

Solving the problem of concomitant gradients in ultra-low-field MRI

In ultra-low-field magnetic resonance imaging (ULF MRI), spin precession is detected typically in magnetic fields of the order of 10-100 μT. As in conventional high-field MRI, the spatial origin of the signals can be encoded by superposing gradient fields on a homogeneous main field. However, because the main field is weak, gradient field amplitudes become comparable to it. In this case, the concomitant gradients forced by Maxwell's equations cause the assumption of linearly varying field gradients to fail. Thus, image reconstruction with Fourier transformation would produce severe image artifacts. We propose a direct linear inversion (DLI) method to reconstruct images without limiting assumptions about the gradient fields. We compare the quality of the images obtained using the proposed reconstruction method and the Fourier reconstruction. With simulations, we show how the reconstruction errors of the methods depend on the strengths of the concomitant gradients. The proposed approach produces nearly distortion-free images even when the main field reaches zero.     

基于图像处理的模拟尾流气泡幕研究

利用图像处理技术,对模拟的尾流气泡幕进行了定性和定量分析.压强较小时,位于不同层面上气泡的重叠少,通过二值图像处理可清楚地观察气泡的尺度大小及密度分布;而当压强较大时,不同层面气泡重叠幅度大,大部分气泡的边界难以判断,不能够得到气泡尺度参量及密度分布等信息.利用区域分割技术对获取的气泡幕灰度图像进行伪彩色显示,定性分析了气泡幕中气泡尺度、分布等信息.基于形状分析的等效直径、气泡幕剩余面积和剩余面积变化显示,不同压强下气泡的等效直径分布均在5～100像素范围,平均等效直径为55像素,压强较小条件下小气泡比例较大.     

Determination of skeleton and sign map for phase obtaining from a single ESPI image

A robust method of determining the sign map and skeletons for ESPI images is introduced in this paper. ESPI images have high speckle noise which makes it difficult to obtain the fringe information, especially from a single image. To overcome the effects of high speckle noise, local directional computing windows are designed according to the fringe directions. Then by calculating the gradients from the filtered image in directional windows, sign map and good skeletons can be determined robustly. Based on the sign map, single image phase-extracting methods such as quadrature transform can be improved. And based on skeletons, fringe phases can be obtained directly by normalization methods. Experiments show that this new method is robust and effective for extracting phase from a single ESPI fringe image.     

Ultrasonic imaging of in vivo bubbles in decompression sickness

Scanning ultrasonic imaging is used to monitor, in vivo, the development and location of microscopic bubbles formed in decompression sickness. Stationary or moving bubbles as small as 5 microns are detected. Methods of comparison of earlier reference images with real time images on an oscilloscope are described. Different image displays are presented, emphasising the usefulness of combined deflection and brightness scan modulation. Experiments show unmistakable decompression bubble echoes around fatty tissues in guinea pig legs, which disappear almost completely with recompression. Guinea pigs can be safely decompressed by keeping imaged bubble echoes below a threshold. Preliminary results of human studies are discussed.     

Correction of chemical shift misregistration by images from two different bandwidths

One major effect caused by the different chemical shift frequencies of water and fat is the misregistration between the two components in MR images. Methods to correct misregistration are required in clinical MRI for accurate localization and artifact reduction. One of the methods uses the images scanned at opposite readout gradients to separate water and fat signal in the k-space. Its signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) achieves maximum when misregistration is around 0.9 pixels and deteriorates rapidly as the misregistration gets larger. In this work, we proposed a method to correct the chemical shift misregistration by using two data sets acquired at two different bandwidths. It is more generalized and flexible than the former method of opposite readout gradients and covers the former one as a special case. In both simulation and experiment, the new method is proved to be capable of correcting large chemical shift misregistration and maintain a good SNR.     

Visualization of coalescence behavior of two bubbles with smoothness constraint

A new method based on 2D contour curve fitting and 3D rotation surface generation to visualize the coalescence phenomenon of two bubbles in static water is presented. First, some contour points are extracted from key frame images in different coalescence stages of two bubbles. Second, those points are fitted using a new approach combining piecewise curve fitting with a smoothing constraint. Third, a family of transition functions is proposed to deal with continuous changes of contour curves in the process of coalescence. Finally, we use those contours to generate dynamical 3D rotation surfaces and achieve the continuous deformation visualization of two-bubble coalescence.