尾流后向散射光功率衰减特性研究

依据Mie理论光散射在0°和180°有明显增强的结论，应用自行设计的模拟尾流后向散射光功率实验系统在632.8 nm He-Ne激光器直接照明和扩束后照明两种条件下，对模拟尾流后向散射光功率衰减特性进行了研究.结果表明,用后向散射光功率进行探测时，考虑到散射光在水中传播的衰减，对近距离分布的气泡，使用扩束光照明效果较好；对较远距离分布的气泡，使用细光束照明效果较好，其可探测的距离要比扩束光远.     

基于小波分析的气泡光散射空间谱强度分布的高斯拟合算法优化

将小波消噪方法应用在采用CCD器件作为光传感器的尾流气泡光散射空间谱强度分布检测技术中, 发现CCD输出经过消噪后的高斯拟合曲线比其直接进行高斯拟合的结果更逼近实际的气泡光散射谱强度分布,可以有效减小测量误差,使高斯拟合算法得以优化,从而解决了CCD饱和与测量噪音对散射谱强度分布半值宽度和峰值的影响,提高了用气泡光散射谱强度分布判断水中气泡存在和气泡大小的准确度.     

光束在尾流气泡中传输的复散射效应

为了了解光束在尾流气泡中的传输特性,为前向光尾流的探测提供理论依据,研究了光束在尾流中传输时传播方向上和横截面方向上的辐射强度分布特性.基于辐射传输方程的小角度近似解,得到了探测截面上的约化强度和漫射强度的表达式,其中漫射强度表征了复散射的强弱;针对典型的尾流气泡分布,通过数值计算分析了光束传输方向上的约化强度和漫射强度与接收视场角、光学厚度和光束大小的关系,也计算分析了光束横截面方向上的辐射强度随光束大小和横向距离的变化关系.结果表明,光束在尾流气泡中传输时复散射效应明显,且复散射的强弱与接收视场角、光束直径、光学厚度和横向距离密切相关.     

光束在尾流气泡中传输的复散射效应

为了了解光束在尾流气泡中的传输特性,为前向光尾流的探测提供理论依据,研究了光束在尾流中传输时传播方向上和横截面方向上的辐射强度分布特性.基于辐射传输方程的小角度近似解,得到了探测截面上的约化强度和漫射强度的表达式,其中漫射强度表征了复散射的强弱|针对典型的尾流气泡分布,通过数值计算分析了光束传输方向上的约化强度和漫射强度与接收视场角、光学厚度和光束大小的关系,也计算分析了光束横截面方向上的辐射强度随光束大小和横向距离的变化关系.结果表明,光束在尾流气泡中传输时复散射效应明显,且复散射的强弱与接收视场角、光束直径、光学厚度和横向距离密切相关.     

水中气泡上的体散射函数的模拟与计算

基于几何光学的基本原理,推导出一种可以计算水中大尺度气泡上光散射角度与强度的关系式。推导中避免引入衰减因子G,较Davis模型更为简单。该模型可应用于光在水中单个气泡上散射的数值计算。最后,模拟计算了平行光束入射水中气泡的体散射函数曲线,发现水中气泡的前向散射远大于后向散射;当气泡半径在远大于光波波长的前提下变化时,气泡上散射光强分布规律与气泡半径无关;而介质相对折射率的增大会削弱前向散射而增强后向散射光强。     

气泡数密度对尾流光束衰减测量的影响

为准确地测量出尾流气泡群的衰减,提高前向光尾流探测的可靠性,研究了气泡数密度对尾流光束衰减测量的影响.基于辐射传输方程的小角度近似解,得到了探测截面上的约化功率和漫射功率的表达式.根据测量条件,引入了有尾流气泡和无尾流气泡时探测截面上接收到的辐射功率之比作为透射函数,并进一步引进了复散射校正因子,它表征了复散射效应的强弱.针对典型的尾流气泡分布,通过数值计算得到了不同测量条件下气泡数密度与复散射校正因子、透射函数的关系.数值计算结果表明：复散射校正因子都随气泡数密度的增大单调的增大,透射函数都随气泡数密度的增大单调的减小;测量条件不同,气泡数密度对光束衰减的影响也不同.研究结果表明,给定测量条件和透射比时,利用小角度辐射方程可以得到气泡群数密度的量化信息.     

舰船尾流气泡层散射相位函数及其后向散射信号特性分析

根据实测舰船的尾流气泡分布模型,利用米氏理论计算得到尾流气泡层的散射相位函数,并将其应用于尾流气泡层后向散射光接收信号的Monte Carlo仿真分析中,以便为实际海况下的舰船尾流气泡层后向散射光探测的实验设置与信号预测、分析提供可靠的依据.通过对不同距离处尾流气泡层的散射相位函数及后向散射光接收信号特性的分析,可以得出:尾流中气泡层散射相位函数的变化小明显,且对接收信号的影响较小;气泡数密度的变化导致的多次散射效应和气泡层衰减系数的变化是引起后向散射光强度变化的主要原因,数密度越大,散射光信号中的多次散射光成分越大;当气泡层厚度达到一定倍数的衰减长度时,继续增加气泡层厚度对后向散射接收信号的影响较小.     

混浊介质中线偏振光和圆偏振光的后向漫散射特征

以标准的组织模型Intralipid脂肪乳溶液为研究对象,采用CCD偏振成像系统,通过测量该混浊介质的后向漫散射光的斯托克斯矢量,深入研究了不同方位的线偏振光及不同旋向的圆偏振光入射时,后向漫散射光的特征.研究结果表明：对不同的入射偏振态,后向漫散射强度、偏振度的空间分布具有方位选择性,强度和偏振度的大小随距离入射点的距离增加而减小;介质浓度增加,后向散射强度增加,偏振度减小,且同一浓度下,圆偏振光的偏振度总是高于线偏振光.     

有黏条件气泡声散射特性和衰减谱数值研究*

通过研究有黏条件下的气泡散射模型,数值分析水中单气泡声散射特性,进一步结合Beer-Lambert定律将其扩展到多气泡体系的声衰减预测。数值结果表明,随着谐波阶数递增,散射强度分布数值结果趋于稳定且前向散射增强。同时发现,无因次尺寸参量ka=0.1为过渡区与纯散射区的分界线,且在共振区间具有明显的吸收效应。对多气泡体系的声衰减预测也表明,ka 0.1时,该文气泡散射模型声衰减计算与经典ECAH模型结果吻合,在低浓度条件下声衰减谱随着剪切黏度的增加呈增宽趋势,且与体积浓度成正比例递增。模型预测的声衰减随粒径、声波频率、体积浓度分布数值特征能够为颗粒两相体系粒径及浓度表征提供理论依据。     

Compton散射对非均匀等离子体光子晶体光子带隙的影响

应用多光子非线性Compton散射模型和时域有限差分法,对多光子非线性Compton散射对非均匀等离子体光子晶体光子带隙特性的影响进行了研究,提出将入射和散射光作为形成光子带隙的新机制,对电磁波方程进行了修正.结果表明:与Compton散射前相比,散射使电磁波幅值衰减更快|随等离子体密度增加,透射谱禁带宽度几乎无变化,其中心频率向高频方向有明显移动,向上的峰值有较大增加,反射谱向下的峰值有明显减小|随温度增加,透射谱禁带宽明显减小,向上的峰值略有减小,透射能量有所降低|随两种介质介电系数比增加,光子禁带数增加,且带隙间距显著减小.     

OBSERVATION OF CERENKOV LIGHT FROM EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWER

The pulse shape and the intensity of Cerenkov light from extensive air shower have been recorded by using two different types of photomultipliers (fast and slow).The distribution of the FWHM of Cerenkov light pulse and the spectrum of Cerenkov photo density have been measured for E>5×10¹⁴eV,at sea level.Comparing the two intensity results from two types of tubes indicate that the system which consists of the slow tubes and the peak ADC is not only simple but also cheap for the Cerenkov light intensity measurement.     

Influence of dissolved-air concentration on spatial distribution of bubbles for sonochemistry

The pulsation of ultrasonic cavitation bubbles at various dissolved-air concentration in a sonochemical reaction field of standing-wave type is investigated experimentally by laser-light scattering. When a thin light sheet, finer than half the wavelength of sound, is introduced into the cavitation bubbles at an antinode of sound pressure, the scattered light intensity oscillates. The peak-to-trough light intensity is correlated with the number of bubbles that contribute to the sonochemical reaction. It is shown that as the dissolved air concentration becomes higher, the weighted center of the spatial distribution of the peak-to-trough intensity tends to shift towards the liquid surface. At higher concentration of the dissolved air, a great deal of bubbles with size distribution generated due to coalescence between bubbles disturbs sound propagation to change the sound phase easily. A standing wave to trap tiny oscillating bubbles is established only at the side which is nearer to the liquid surface. Also at higher concentration, liquid flow induced by drag motion of bubbles by the action of radiation force becomes apparent and position-unstable region of bubble is enlarged from the side of sound source towards the liquid surface. Therefore, the position of oscillating bubbles active for sonochemical reaction is limited at the side which is nearer to the liquid surface at higher concentration of the dissolved air.     

Spatial study on a multibubble system for sonochemistry by laser-light scattering

Volumetric oscillation of multiple cavitation bubbles in an ultrasonic standing-wave field is investigated spatially through the intensity measurements of scattered light from bubbles changing the measuring position in the direction of sound propagation. When a thin light sheet finer than half of wavelength of sound is introduced into the cavitation bubbles, at an antinode of sound pressure the scattered light intensity oscillates. The peak-to-peak light intensity corresponds to the number of the bubbles which contribute to the sonochemical reaction because the radius for oscillating bubbles at pressure antinodes is restrictive in a certain range due to the shape instability and the action of Bjerknes force that expels from the antinode bubbles that are larger than the resonant size. The experimental results show that the intensity waveform of oscillating scattered light measured at the side near the sound source is similar to the waveform as seen in a single-bubble experiment. The peak-to-peak light intensity for the scattered light waveform is low at the side near the sound source where the progressive wave is dominant, while at the side near the water surface far from the sound source the intensity is relatively high and has periodic structure corresponding to the periodicity of half wavelength from the standing wave. These tendencies of high intensity near the water surface and the periodicity correspond to the periodic luminescent stripes seen in images of luminescence in an ultrasonic standing wave as reported by Hatanaka et al. [Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 39 (2000) 2962]. The present method of light scattering is promising for evaluating spatial distribution of violently oscillating cavitation bubbles which effect sonochemical reactions.     

散射光数字全息检测过程的统计光学讨论

从统计光学及标量衍射的基本理论出发,研究散射光数字全息重构波面与原散射波的关系,提出非平滑物体双曝光全息过程中散射光传播及干涉的简化模型.基于简化模型及计算机数值计算,对一个双曝光全息干涉系统转动形变的检测过程进行了理论模拟,并通过与该系统实验测量的比较,证实了简化模型的可行性.     

尾流气泡幕散射光的性质

用波长为630 nm的激光器作为光源,硅二极管直接接收气泡幕的散射光.对不同气泡幕的散射光作不同点的均值,同时用Matlab语言程序计算散射光不同点自相关,充分证明了散射光的随机性.从散射光的统计性质来看,它的均值和相关性与气泡幕参数之间存在一定的规律,使光探测尾流具有可实现性.     

Wavelength-dependent intensity distribution of a Gaussian beam scattered by a spherical particle

The wavelength-dependent intensity of a light beam scattered by an isotropic homogeneous particle illuminated with an on-axis monochromatic polarized Gaussian beam is calculated in this paper. The vector spherical harmonics expansion and T transformation matrix are used to form the theoretical basis. Numerical results show that the angular intensity distribution is symmetric for an on-axis polarized Gaussian beam illumination upon an aqueous spherical particle at 473, 532 and 660 nm. For the specified aqueous spherical particle, the scattered intensity distribution decreases with increase in wavelengths.     

室内可见光通信发光二极管阵列发射性能的研究

提出了一种基于Lambert辐射模型的发光二极管光源阵列发射天线光照度计算模型,对室内可见光通信发射天线进行了优化设计.分析了光源的空间分布形式、光源间距、光源中心光束与系统光轴夹角以及空间分布层间距等因素对光照度均匀性的影响.通过仿真模拟和分析,得到了圆形阵列天线在照度均匀性和通信传输信号稳定性方面都优于相同光源数目的矩形阵列天线,并且提高了10%左右;同时得出了在满足室内照明情形下,发光二极管阵列发射天线照度均匀度随光源间距及光源中心光束与系统光轴夹角的增加均呈现出先增加后减小的变化趋势,因此,光源间距和光源中心光束与系统光轴夹角均存在最优值;照度均匀度随空间分布层间距的减小而增加,并给出了5 m×5 m×3 m普通房间内发射天线阵列设计参数的最优值,使发射性能得到了优化,同时节省光源数13%,降低了成本.这些研究为发射天线系统的设计提供了理论依据,具有实用价值.     

光在水中吸附膜层气泡上的散射特性

光在水中大尺度气泡上散射特性的研究多是基于Davis模型.该模型没有考虑到吸附膜层对光在气泡上散射的影响,而海水中的大多数气泡都有膜层附着,这些膜层会影响到气泡的光散射特性.本文从几何光学的角度出发,建立了吸附膜层气泡的体积散射函数简化公式.在此理论基础上,模拟计算了尺度远大于入射光波长的大气泡散射光强分布曲线,得出光照射下气泡上散射光强的远场特性,讨论了影响气泡散射光强分布的主要因素.并与无膜气泡光散射分布曲线比较,讨论了油膜膜厚、折射率等参量对气泡的光散射特性影响.得出结论:吸附膜层气泡的光强分布曲线与无膜气泡相似,但吸附膜层会削弱前向散射光,增强后向散射光.