自制力的合成演示仪

高一物理中“力的合成”和“平行四边形定则”是矢量教学的起点，矢量及其运算是高中物理教学的一个重点和难点．如何突破这一难点呢？这就需要从“力的合成”的教学抓起．而在“力的合成”教学过程中，教师往往直接给出其运算规律——平行四边形定则，然后加以验证，学生印象不深，被动接受．笔者经过认真思考和多次实践，自制了一套可以探究验证力的合成的演示实验仪．现介绍如下．     

基于自制示力杆的力的合成实验演示板

力的合成实验是高中物理力学部分中的一个重要实验,常用的力的合成实验所用的器材包括:两个弹簧测力计、一根带两个细绳套的橡皮筋、演示板等.     

光学线性调频步进信号合成与高分辨测距演示

利用分立激光器合成大带宽线性调频步进信号(FSCS)激光信号源以实现高分辨测距。依据FSCS信号测距原理,数值计算了激光器各参数对合成FSCS信号的影响及其误差容限。计算表明,在各激光器参数误差中,起始频率和起始时间误差是引起合成FSCS信号测距分辨力恶化的最主要因素。另外,利用一台中心波长1550nm、线宽为150kHz的线性调波长激光器,通过光学斩波方式,模拟产生了合成FSCS信号,进行了高分辨力的测距演示。理论分析与实验结果表明,采用分立激光器合成高分辨力测距FSCS信号是可行的。     

巧用圆解决力学问题

通过例题介绍了圆在解决力的合成与分解、 运动的合成与分解以及牛顿第二运动定律等问题时的重要 应用. 巧妙应用圆的知识, 可使复杂问题变得简单且易于理解     

建构新旧知识之联系 提升科学思维之素养

以“ 力的合成与分解”为例, 结合笔者的教学实践, 谈谈如何从学生已有的知识出发引导学生感悟“ 力 的合成与分解原因” . 以期通过这种方式, 引导学生完成新知识的建构, 并能提升学生的求知欲和科学思维这一核 心素养     

自制教具 突破难点——“力的分解”教学难点的突破

力的分解和力的合成是高中物理的基石.新课程标准的要求是初步掌握一般情况下力的分解,根据实际情况来确定分力的方向,尝试运用力的分解解决一些日常生活中的有关物理问题.在普通高中课程标准实验教科书《物理·必修1》中,力的分解是从拖拉机拉着耙子耙地的实例入手,说明力实际产生的两种效果.但是,对于许多学生来说,根本没     

自制的力的平衡四边形定测演示器

验证力的平行四边形定则实验是最基本的实验之一.过去的教学表明,学生在物体共点力的合成与分解,力的平衡,以及物体受力分析等方面出现的问题,追究其根源,就是教师没有重视验证力的平行四边形定则实验.教师借故弹簧秤数量不足而且误差大,所以只做了演示实验或定性说明,导致学生对于力的矢量性理解不深刻.     

用整体法求解漂浮型问题

浮力是流体静力学中应用性较强的基础知识之一,也是在力、二力的合成、二力平衡、同一直线上力的合成及平衡、密度和液体内部压强等知识的综合学习内容,因而成为教学和考试的重点;由于其综合性,又使其成为教学的难点．浮力中有关“漂浮型”问题求解,则是难中之难,不少教师对此提出过一些求解方法,但我们觉得都过于繁难不便学生掌握．经过仔细研究,我们发现,常见的“漂浮型”问题,可用“整体法”统一求解．下面我们以常见问题求解为例说明之．     

相干和非相干合成光束对金属瑞利粒子的光学俘获

研究了两光束的合成方式(相干和非相干合成)对俘获金属瑞利粒子的辐射力和稳定性的影响,着重研究了辐射力与合成方式、离轴距离、相干参数和粒子半径的关系.结果表明,不同合成方式下,离轴距离和相干参数都分别存在临界值d_c和α_c,在0d_c或α>α_c时,焦面处光强呈中心凹陷分布,此时横向梯度力不能作为回复力俘获金属瑞利粒子.在0<d≤d_c时,与非相干合成光束比较,相干合成光束在焦面处光强、辐射力、俘获刚性和纵向俘获范围更大.因此,适当选择合成方式,较小离轴距离和较低相干参数可有利于合成光束对金属瑞利粒子的俘获.     

用等效替代法解决物理问题

等效替代是物理学的重要方法之一，如力的合成与分解是力的等效替代，运动的合成和分解是不同参照系中运动的等效变换，在变速运动中的平均速度是用一个数值为平均速度的匀速直线运动来替代一段时间内的变速运动，在电学中的等效电路，交流电中的有效值等都     

成分无序颗粒体系中切向力的分布

采用离散元模拟研究成分无序颗粒体系中切向力的几率分布.将切向力分为主切向力和次切向力分别进行统计,结果表明主切向力与次切向力服从不同的分布.随着缺陷率的增加,主切向力由近似的正态分布变为双峰状的分布,最后变为单峰状的分布;而次切向力总是指数型分布.通过理论计算和模拟讨论了切向力分布,说明缺陷率较大的成分无序体系与结构无序体系有类似的力分布规律.     

Composition independence of the possible finite-range gravitational force

A scalar-tensor theory of gravitation with scale invariance broken spontaneously is examined to show if and how the finite-range force added to the ordinary Newtonian force can be composition independent in the Eötvös experiment.     

Force spectroscopy in noncontact mode

We have analyzed the possibility of using noncontact scanning force microscopy (NCAFM) to detect variations in surface composition, i.e., to detect a ‘spectroscopic image' of the sample. This ability stems from the fact that the long-range forces, acting between the AFM tip and sample, depend on the composition of the AFM tip and sample. The long-range force can be magnetic, electrostatic, or van der Waals forces. Detection of the first two forces is presently used in scanning force microscopy technique, but van der Waals forces have not been used. We demonstrate that the recovery of spectroscopic image has a unique solution. Furthermore, the spectroscopic resolution can be as good as lateral one.     

中子星物质中的K介子凝聚与三体核力效应

利用Brueckner-Hartree-Fock方法，计算了β稳定中子星物质的状态方程以及三体核力的影响，特别是研究了三体核力对中子星物质中K介子凝聚的影响. 结果表明三体核力对β稳定中子星物质中出现K介子凝聚的临界密度以及中子星物质中各种粒子所占的比例均有重要影响. 三体核力的主要作用是降低了中子星物质中出现K介子凝聚的临界密度并使K凝聚相中的核物质更加接近于对称核物质.     

Effect of rapid thermal annealing on the properties of thin dielectric films of gadolinium, titanium, and erbium oxides on the silicon carbide surface

The effect of rapid thermal annealing on the properties of Ti, Ga, and Er oxide films on silicon carbide are studied by the methods of atomic force microscopy, monochromatic ellipsometry, optical absorption, and photoluminescence. The atomic composition of these films is analyzed as a function of the annealing time. The phase composition of the Ti, Ga, and Er oxide films on silicon carbide is shown to depend on the annealing time.     

Spreading of gallium on the surface of a contact layer of variable composition from the Pb–Bi system

An approach for obtaining substrates of variable composition of metal systems is proposed. The spreading of drops of gallium of uniform size on the surfaces of areas of variable composition, obtained via contact melting of the Bi-Pb system is studied. A change in the diameter of a spot is observed, depending on the position of the drop on the surface of the substrate. A change in the shape of the spot is observed, depending on the composition along the interface region. The need to use force to separate the crystallized drops from the surface of the substrate, depending on the positions of the gallium drops (i.e., the substrate’s composition) confirms the wettability upon spreading.     

Structure and magnetic properties of FeCo nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon nanotubes grown by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition

Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition is a simple technique for preparing magnetic nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon nanotubes. We employed alloy catalysts when growing carbon nanotubes to control the composition and magnetic properties of encapsulated nanoparticles. Single-crystal nanoparticles were successfully encapsulated in carbon nanotubes, and their crystal structure varied depending on the composition of the alloy catalysts. The coercive force of nanoparticles also varied according to the composition of the catalysts.     

Membrane stress tensor in the presence of lipid density and composition inhomogeneities

We derive the expression of the stress tensor for one- and two-component lipid membranes with density and composition inhomogeneities. We first express the membrane stress tensor as a function of the free-energy density by means of the principle of virtual work. We then apply this general result to a monolayer model which is shown to be a local version of the area-difference elasticity (ADE) model. The resulting stress tensor expression generalizes the one associated with the Helfrich model, and can be specialized to obtain the one associated with the ADE model. Our stress tensor directly gives the force exchanged through a boundary in a monolayer with density and composition inhomogeneities. Besides, it yields the force density, which is also directly obtained in covariant formalism. We apply our results to study the forces induced in a membrane by a local perturbation.     

The influence of phosphorus on the hysteresis characteristics of CoFeP films

The influence of the chemical composition of Co-Fe-P films on their coercive force, their specific magnetic moment of saturation and their squareness are studied.