基于流体-磁流体-粒子混合方法的高空核爆炸碎片云模拟

提出了描述高空核爆炸碎片云运动的流体-磁流体-粒子(particle-in-cell, PIC)混合模型,相较目前的主流模型,该模型能够计算更加广泛的空间尺度.根据碎片云运动涉及的高温离子、低温离子和中性大气的不同性质,采用三种模型进行联合求解:高温离子用PIC粒子模型计算,低温离子用磁流体模型计算,中性大气用流体模型计算,并将三者之间的相互作用作为源项加入相应的控制方程.最后,计算了美国Starfish试验中碎片云的扩展情况,与试验结果进行了比对,并验证了求解方案的可靠性.此外,还给出了不同投影角度下碎片云形状随时间的变化,并分析了影响碎片云运动的主要因素,包括大气阻力、磁压、槽型不稳定性和霍尔电流等.     

高空核爆炸形成人工辐射带的数值模拟

基于Stmer关于带电粒子在地球磁场中运动的理论模型,分析得出高能电子在地球周围的运动区域.结合高空核爆形成放射性烟云的经验模型,推断高空核爆在地球周围形成人工辐射带的基本区域.进而利用高空核爆裂变特性和辐射带中高能粒子的分布特性,计算得到高空核爆形成人工辐射带的电子密度通量,并对高空核爆激发的人工辐射带特征与核爆炸的爆点纬度、高度及当量之间的关系作了初步的定量分析.数值模拟结果表明,在一定的条件下,0.1—1Mt TNT当量的高空核爆,预计在地球周围可形成电子通量密度比自然辐射带高3—4个量级的人工辐射带.形成的人工辐射带中心位置主要受核爆爆点地磁纬度的影响,核爆的爆高和核爆的当量则对人工辐射带的厚度及其中高能电子的通量密度有一定的影响. 关键词： 高空核爆 人工辐射带 高能电子通量 爆炸当量     

爆炸高度及威力对空间核电磁脉冲信号特性影响的数值分析

运用差分方法,理论模拟了中空及高空核爆炸时,γ射线与周围空气分子相互作用散射的康普顿电子流在地磁场作用下激励电磁脉冲这一物理过程.讨论了中、高空核爆炸时爆心上方的电磁脉冲波形.引入地固坐标与局部球坐标系的相互转换,给出不同高度以及不同当量的核爆炸向外层空间(卫星轨道方向)传播的电磁脉冲源的特征.考虑电离层的色散及衰减特性,运用傅立叶分析方法,外推出通过电离层后的色散核电磁脉冲的信号强度,考虑宇宙背景噪声等因素,可以监测到当量为千吨级以上核爆电磁脉冲.     

空中核爆炸电离效应的数值模拟

根据电离平衡方程组和射线在大气中的能量沉积方程，在完善中性大气层模型基础上，通过数值模拟方法得到了空间核爆炸电离效应的时空分布.数值分析结果表明：低空核爆炸产生的自由电子的密度最大值要高于高空核爆炸；对于瞬发核辐射的影响，低空核爆炸和高空核爆炸有着显著的差异；而缓发核辐射的持续时间、影响范围，高空核爆炸情况要大于低空核爆炸. 关键词： 核爆炸 低空 高空 电离效应     

高能电子碰撞电离对高空核爆炸辐射电离的影响

利用数值模拟程序模拟了不同高度核爆炸下距离爆点不同位置处大气的X射线电离及演化过程,分析了高能电子碰撞电离过程对高空核爆炸电离效应的影响.结果表明:高能电子碰撞电离过程对高空核爆炸的电离结果产生了重要影响,在80 km爆高1 kt当量高空核爆炸条件下,在距离爆点1.5 km处高能电子的碰撞电离效应使得电子的峰值数密度提高了约2个数量级;随着时间的增加,高能电子能谱逐渐向低能方向发展,在5μs后高能电子数密度随电子能量近似呈负指数分布;电子峰值时间与爆高有关,随着爆高的增加而增大,电离的影响区域也随着爆高的增加而增大.在80 km爆高1 kt当量情况下电离效应对近百千米范围内的微波通信具有严重影响.     

球罐BLEVE碎片抛射的危害性研究

 多米诺效应是造成重大事故损失加剧、灾难升级的一个重要原因。爆炸碎片是化工区多米诺事故的重要诱因之一。以球罐液体沸腾进而扩展为蒸气云爆炸（BLEVE）为例,从爆炸碎片飞行过程的规律性及碎片产生抛射的不确定性出发,采用蒙特卡罗方法进行模拟,利用相关数据和资料确定爆炸碎片产生和飞行中的不确定性参数,计算出碎片的抛射范围。并在此基础上,计算得到了不同充装水平下的球罐爆炸后产生碎片碰撞两种目标容器的概率。研究发现：当目标容器不同时,储罐爆炸产生碎片的碰撞概率差别较大;当目标容器一定时,不同充装水平的储罐可造成的多米诺效应虽有不同,但差别不大。研究结果对于定量评价储罐爆炸碎片的危害性,减缓和控制碎片产生的风险,确定罐区之间防护碎片危害所需的安全距离等提供了指导和借鉴。     

美国航天飞机“挑战者号”爆炸时所产生的次声波

1986年1月28日美国航天飞机“挑战者号”在离地面约15km的高空爆炸后约13h,在大约14300km以外的地面上用灵敏微气压计记录到很强的次声波列,其周期约为400—700s,振幅约为30Pa,传播速度约为300m/S,特征与核爆炸所产生的次声波相类似。 根据波列的各项特征估计,这次爆炸的当量约相当于140Mt TNT。这一估计当量由于爆炸高度远高于核爆炸而机构不同于一般大气中核爆炸的情况而偏高。     

空间碎片超高速撞击压力容器碎片云特性数值模拟研究

 针对空间碎片超高速撞击充气压力容器问题,应用非线性动力学分析软件AUTODYN-2D,采用SPH方法对碎片云在高压气体中的运动特性进行了数值模拟研究。在建模过程中,分析比较了材料状态方程对数值模拟结果的影响,并通过与实验结果的比较,选取了适合该问题的状态方程,验证了数值模拟方法的有效性。结果表明：由于容器内压气体的存在,碎片云运动发生减速,并且碎片云的轴向扩展速度相对于碎片云的径向扩展速度减速较慢;高速撞击产生的碎片云与容器内的高压气体发生了强烈的相互作用,碎片云尖端产生的钉状物及高压气体中产生的冲击波是控制容器在撞击后发生进一步破坏的两个重要因素。     

高空核爆炸瞬发辐射电离效应的数值模拟

采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟了高空核爆炸瞬发辐射中子、γ射线、X射线电离大气的过程,给出了几种爆炸场景下瞬发辐射产生的附加电离电子密度空间分布.针对大气密度随高度非均匀连续变化的特性,采用质量距离抽样方法取代常用的步长抽样方法,无需根据大气密度随高度的变化进行分层处理,提高了计算效率.结果表明:对于不同的爆高,瞬发辐射电离分布存在显著的差异;随着爆高的增加,瞬发辐射附加电离区范围增大,但电子密度的峰值减小. 关键词： 高空核爆炸 瞬发辐射 大气电离 蒙特卡罗方法     

高空核爆炸X射线电离的时空分布数值模拟

利用数值模拟程序模拟了高空核爆炸辐射的X射线对不同高度大气的电离及演化过程,给出了电子的时空分布曲线．结果表明：在80km爆高1kt小当量高空核爆炸情况下,电子数密度随高度只出现一个极大值,而在80kin以上爆高情况下,电子数密度出现两个极大值,一个位于爆点附近,另一个位于90km高度附近,在这个高度电离的影响范围最大;高空核爆炸辐射的X射线在70km高度附近截止,对70km以下高度没有电离影响;随着辐射角度的增加,电子数密度出现第二个极大值的高度有所上升,X射线截止高度也有所上升．     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.