电爆金属丝质量密度分布的演变过程

基于X-pinch软X射线辐射点源对直径10μm钨丝单丝以及8μm钨丝双丝电爆发展过程进行了背光成像研究,实验平台为清华大学电机系研制的脉冲功率装置PPG-1(500kV/400kA/100ns)。成像光路安排为:作为X射线源的X-pinch和作为目标物的钨丝分别安装在装置的输出主电极阴阳极之间和回流导电杆处,成像胶片采用高分辨率、高灵敏度的X光胶片。利用自行设计的电流传感器和罗氏线圈对目标物实际流过的电流进行监测,从而计算得8μm钨丝丝爆过程中电导随时间变化的曲线。为了观测电爆金属丝质量密度分布的演变过程,设计了μm级厚度的阶梯光楔。通过大量成像实验,获取了丝芯膨胀、晕层等离子体形成及其向外扩张等过程的相关物理图像以及基于原始胶片绘制的质量密度分布图。     

单层丝阵负载Z箍缩内爆辐射特性研究

在电流3—4MA的Angara-5-1脉冲装置上进行了单层钨丝阵Z箍缩实验,利用具有坪响应的X射线功率谱仪获得X射线功率,利用X射线纳秒分幅相机获得等离子体内爆辐射区图像.在丝阵直径相同时,实验得到较细的丝直径使得内爆较早,收缩比较大;较大的丝间隙使得内爆早期丝间等离子体不能有效的融合,而是较孤立的等离子体簇向内箍缩;较大的丝直径和丝间隙导致不稳定性波长较大.在丝阵直径不同,丝直径相当时,实验得到较大的丝阵直径内爆启动较早,具有较大的内爆速度,但等离子体在内爆过程中较分散.另外,较大的丝直径和丝阵直径使X射线辐射脉冲时间较宽.     

等离子体断路开关装置上的多丝Z箍缩初步实验

 开展了基于等离子体断路开关的脉冲功率源驱动多丝Z箍缩负载初步实验，实验中采用了2根或4根钨丝组成的环形阵列，其中钨丝的直径分别为7 mm和20 mm。利用高速扫描摄影获取钨丝电爆炸和箍缩过程中等离子体自发光的物理图像。实验结果表明：导通电流为105 kA的等离子体断路开关将67%~78%的电流转换至金属丝阵负载上，负载电流上升沿为84~110 ns。高速扫描相机观察到了钨丝电爆炸形成晕等离子体及其向轴线箍缩和后期向外膨胀的物理过程。     

Z箍缩装置的单色背光成像

 基于晶体布拉格衍射理论,搭建了X射线背光成像系统,核心色散元件为α-石英球面弯曲晶体。在中国工程物理研究院流体物体研究所“阳”加速器上进行了单色X射线背光成像实验,背光源为箍缩负载Al丝阵聚爆产生的激光等离子体X射线,成像物体为厚度100 μm的不锈钢网格阵列,接收装置得到Al丝阵聚爆的等离子体X射线2维分辨的空间单色成像,其空间分辨力为75 μm。目前实验中采用Al膜作为滤片,对Al的类He跃迁辐射线系都有吸收,得到的背光成像信噪比较小。     

“强光一号”单排平面型铝丝阵Z箍缩实验研究

利用"强光一号"装置开展了排宽度6~24 mm、丝根数10~34、不同参数的单排平面型铝丝阵Z箍缩实验研究,重点研究了不同负载参数下平面型丝阵Z箍缩内爆、辐射特性随负载参数的变化规律。结果表明:平面型丝阵负载内爆过程存在先驱等离子体柱、拖尾质量等,并伴随着R-T不稳定性;在滞止后期等离子体箍缩柱受扭曲不稳定性影响明显;不同参数负载聚爆时间取决于线质量与排宽度平方的乘积值;以辐射能衡量的最优化值应位于200~400μg·cm之间,在相同值下丝间距应选择在1 mm以下为宜。实验获得的平面型铝丝阵最大X射线辐射能量22 kJ,峰值功率630 GW,最大K层辐射能量3.9 kJ,K层辐射功率158 GW。     

“强光一号”钨丝阵Z箍缩等离子体辐射特性研究

在“强光一号”装置驱动电流峰值1.4—2.1MA、上升时间80—100ns条件下，研究了不同丝阵直径、丝数及丝直径的钨丝阵负载Z箍缩等离子体的辐射特性.用自行研制的测试系统对等离子体辐射参数进行了诊断.实验获得的最大X射线总能量为34kJ，最大峰值功率为1.28TW.得到了一些关于钨丝阵Z箍缩等离子体辐射特性的规律性认识. 关键词： 钨丝阵 Z箍缩 等离子体辐射     

强光一号Z箍缩实验研究

 在强光一号装置驱动电流峰值1.4~2.1 MA、上升时间80~100 ns条件下,研究了喷Kr气、喷Ne气、W丝阵和Al丝阵负载Z箍缩等离子体的辐射特性和聚爆过程。实验研究中,用分压器和两个罗戈夫斯基线圈分别测量二极管的电压和流过负载的电流波形,用过滤型X射线二极管和100~1 400 eV平能谱响应闪烁探测器测量X射线时间谱,用镍薄膜量热计测量X射线总能量,用纳秒时间分辨软X射线图像诊断系统记录了Z箍缩的聚爆过程,用时空分辨的椭圆弯晶谱仪诊断了Z箍缩等离子体产生的keV级特征X射线的能谱分布。其中,喷Kr气负载的X射线辐射总能量大于60 kJ,峰值功率约1.7 TW,总能量转换效率可达23%;W丝阵负载的辐射总能量大于30 kJ,峰值功率约1.30 TW,总能量转换效率约为12.5%;喷Ne气负载的keV级辐射总能量5.6 kJ,峰值功率约256 GW,能量转换效率可达2%; Al丝阵负载的keV级辐射总能量2.3 kJ,峰值功率约94 GW,能量转换效率可达0.8%。喷气负载在Z箍缩聚爆过程中存在“拉链”现象,丝阵负载在Z箍缩聚爆过程中存在先驱现象。     

氩气Z箍缩内爆动力学过程实验研究

在太瓦级脉冲功率装置“阳”加速器上开展了一系列氩气Z箍缩内爆实验研究.利用了高时空分辨的X射线纳秒分幅相机、可见光高速扫描相机、激光剪切差分干涉系统、X射线针孔相机和软X射线功率谱仪对内爆动力学过程进行了诊断.观测到了内爆中的“拉链”效应、“颈缩”效应、腊肠不稳定性等现象，获得了等离子体温度变化和内爆速度变化等典型结果，并分析了电流上升时间等因素对等离子体内爆过程的影响，给出了相关结论. 关键词： Z箍缩 等离子体 “拉链"效应 腊肠不稳定性     

强光一号兆安电流钨丝X箍缩实验研究

为了获得更高亮度的X射线点源,在"强光一号"装置上开展钨丝X箍缩实验研究.基于能量平衡方程,估算了1 MA电流热斑等离子体平衡半径为1—10μm.实验中,测试钨丝直径为25—100μm,丝根数为2—48,负载线质量为0.18—6.9 mg/cm;负载电流峰值为1—1.4 MA,10%—90%前沿为60—70 ns."强光一号"装置上匹配的X箍缩负载为30或32根25μm钨丝X箍缩,这种负载一定概率产生单个脉冲X射线辐射,辐射时刻位于电流峰值附近,典型参数为keV X射线脉宽1 ns,辐射功率35 GW,产额40 J,热斑尺寸～30μm.然而,兆安电流X箍缩通常产生多个热斑及多个脉冲X射线辐射.keV能段首个脉冲X射线辐射时刻与负载线质量正相关,并受到负载丝直径的影响.多个X射线脉冲可能由二次箍缩和局部箍缩产生,多个热斑可能由交叉点处微Z箍缩的长波长扰动和短波长扰动引起.与百千安电流X箍缩相比,兆安电流X箍缩热斑亮度更高,但X射线辐射脉冲的单一稳定性还有待于进一步改善.     

基于聚龙一号的钨丝阵Z箍缩内爆辐射特性

介绍了基于聚龙一号装置的Z箍缩诊断和实验布局, 分析了丝数132~300、丝直径5~10 m、丝阵直径13~30 mm的单/双层钨丝阵Z箍缩内爆动力学过程和软X射线辐射特性规律。研究表明, 钨丝阵等离子体的停滞时间与零维薄壳模型计算的停滞时间一致, 内爆轨迹存在偏离, 丝阵等离子体内爆开始前以丝烧蚀为主, 内爆开始时间约为总内爆时间的67%;随着负载质量和半径的增大, 负载电流、内爆停滞时间和X射线辐射脉冲半高宽也相应增加, X射线辐射峰值功率减小。双层钨丝阵的内爆均匀性和一致性优于单层丝阵, 其辐射峰值功率明显高于单层钨丝阵, 但单/双层钨丝阵辐射产额基本相当, 能量转换效率约为15%。此外, 还初步讨论了单层钨丝阵驱动的低密度泡沫动态黑腔辐射功率波形特征及其与纯钨丝阵内爆辐射的差异。     

“强光一号”装置上部分Z箍缩实验结果的物理分析

从原子的电离能和维持等离子体所需能量出发，给出了估算任一元素材料，要产生任一壳层的X射线辐射，每个离子(原子)所需要的基本能量和要达到的内爆箍缩速度的方法.对“强光一号”加速器上典型的氪喷气和部分钨丝阵Z箍缩实验的电流和电压波形所蕴涵的丰富物理信息进行了分析，得到了电感和洛伦兹(Lorentz)力做功等物理量的变化规律以及负载参数变化对它们的影响.该电感与基于壳层模型计算出的电感有较大的差异.前者随箍缩开始而缓慢增大，甚至在箍缩到心和飞散后还在增大，最后大致稳定在100 nH附近.差异可能是由于壳层模型过于简化和电流电压的测点同负载有一定的距离而造成的.当丝阵直径为8 mm时，洛伦兹力做功最大；当丝阵直径相同时，丝数较大时，洛伦兹力做功也较大.同时还对该加速器的喷气和丝阵负载的线质量进行了优化，表明也是直径为8 mm的钨丝阵为最佳负载，这同实验的优化结果也一致.     

X-ray backlighting of two-wire Z-pinch plasma using X-pinch

Two 50-μm Mo wires in parallel used as a Z-pinch load are electrically exploded with a pulsed current rising to 275 kA in 125 ns and their explosion processes are backlighted using an X-pinch as an x-ray source.The backlighting images show clearly the processes similar to those occurring in the initial stages of a cylindrical wire-array Z-pinch,including the electric explosion of single wires characterised by the dense wire cores surrounded by a low-density coronal plasma,the expansion of the exploding wire,the sausage instability (m=0) in the coronal plasma around each wire,the motion of the coronal plasma as well as the wire core toward the current centroid,the formation of the precursor plasma column with a twist structure something like that of higher mode instability,especially the kink instability (m=1).     

超高速激光纹影技术测量脉冲功率驱动的磁重联现象

用超高速激光纹影技术测量了Z箍缩等离子体磁重联现象。实验采用超高速光电分幅相机,配合激光纹影技术,测量了XP-1装置上两根金属丝产生的等离子体分布,论证了超高速激光纹影技术研究Z箍缩磁重联现象的可行性。双钨丝实验结果表明,电流加载约10ns后金属丝已有明显膨胀,线性拟合得到平均膨胀速度约8km/s,金属丝内外两侧出现了规则的极有可能是垂直磁场的电热不稳定性扰动,并沿角向高度关联。铝丝负载的实验结果表明,早期的不稳定性波长为0.4mm,电流峰值之后金属丝初始位置仍有大量等离子体,后期的不稳定性波长约1.5mm。这些现象揭示了不稳定性发展的一个主要特征:短波模式受抑制,长波模式将占主导。     

丝阵负载Z箍缩早期过程的研究

利用X箍缩等离子体产生的μm级、亚ns脉冲X射线点源对双丝电爆炸过程进行了X射线背光照相,结果表明:真空环境下爆炸丝通常形成“核冕”结构,即高密度丝核表面围绕着低密度冕等离子体;随后在全局磁场驱动下,冕层将被连续剥离并向轴线汇聚,形成“先驱等离子体”,大大降低丝阵的内爆品质。针对上述问题,进一步对实现“无核丝爆”(提高丝核沉积能量实现金属丝的均匀汽化)的方法进行了研究。实验结果表明:提高驱动电流上升率以及在金属丝表面构造正向径向电场均有利于丝核沉积能量的提高。结合上述两种方法,提出了阴极串联闪络开关的电极构型,大幅度提高了丝核沉积能量:正负极性驱动电流下比能量分别提高到原来的2倍(从5.7 eV/atom到13 eV/atom)和3.5倍(3.4 eV/atom到12 eV/atom),均超过了钨丝汽化能(8.8 eV/atom),且激光干涉图像表明爆炸产物具有很高的汽化率,即实现了“无核丝爆”。     

Inhomogeneity of currents in a wire array during its explodingphase

The current in a wire array during its exploding phase has been studied. The wire array consisting of many thin wires is used as a plasma source in a z-pinch X-ray radiation system. The current distribution in the exploding wire array plays an important role in producing an initial symmetrical plasma. In the present experiment, four tungsten wires of 0.1 mm in diameter were exploded in a vacuum. The experiment was carried out with an inductive voltage adder pulsed power generator providing a current of 160 kA at quarter period of 1.8 μs The currents through and the voltage across the wires were measured simultaneously. It was found that the currents in the wires were inhomogeneous, especially after the wires became plasma. Once the currents became inhomogeneous, the inhomogeneity remained throughout the discharge. It was also studied how the dimensions of the wires affected the homogeneity of the currents. Wires of different lengths or different cross sectional areas resulted in strong inhomogeneities of the currents. The wires with shorter length or smaller cross-sectional area became plasmas earlier than other wires. Thus, the resistances of the wires were not equal. These differences in the resistance caused the inhomogeneity of the currents     

X-ray observations of tungsten wire array Z-pinch implosions on QiangGuang-1 facility

Z-pinch experiments with two arrays consisting, respectively, of 32 4-μm- and 6-μm-diameter tungsten wires have been carried out on QiangGuang-1 facility with a current rising up to 1.5MA in 80ns. At early time of implosion, x-ray framing images show that the initial emission comes from the central part of arrays, and double clear emission rings, drifting to the anode and the cathode at 5×10⁶cm/s and 2.4×10⁷cm/s respectively, are often produced near the electrodes. Later, in a 4-μm-diameter tungsten wire array, filamentation caused by ohmic heating is prominent, and more than ten filaments have been observed. A radial inward shift of arrays starts at about 30\,ns earlier than the occurrence of the x-ray peak power for both kinds of arrays, and the shrinkage rate of emission region is as high as 1.7×10⁷cm/s in a 4-μm-diameter tungsten wire array, which is two times higher than that in a 6-μm one. Emission from precursor plasmas is observed in implosion of 6-μm-diameter tungsten wire arrays, but not in implosion of a 4-μm-diameter tungsten wire array. Whereas, in a 4-μm-diameter tungsten wire array, the soft x-ray emission shows the growth of m=1 instability in the plasma column, which is caused by current. The reasons for the discrepancy between implosions of 4-μm- and 6-μm-diameter tungsten wire arrays are explained.     

“阳”加速器钼丝X-pinch初步实验研究

 在“阳”加速器上进行了直径分别为10, 15, 20 μm, 交叉角为32°,45°,60°的钼（Mo）丝X-pinch实验。“阳”加速器产生的电流峰值约520 kA，上升时间80 ns。实验中通过X射线功率谱仪和纳秒分幅相机等仪器对Mo丝X-pinch辐射特性进行了诊断。实验表明：Mo丝X-pinch过程中会出现多次X射线爆发，箍缩过程中产生的热点辐射出能量超过3 keV的X射线，探测到的最小热点直径小于30 μm。     

Radiation characteristics and implosion dynamics of tungsten wire array Z-pinches on the YANG accelerator

We investigated the radiation characteristics and implosion dynamics of low-wire-number cylindrical tungsten wire array Z-pinches on the YANG accelerator with a peak current 0.8-1.1 MA and a rising time ～ 90 ns.The arrays are made up of(8-32)×5 μm wires 6/10 mm in diameter and 15 mm in height.The highest X-ray power obtained in the experiments was about 0.37 TW with the total radiation energy ～ 13 kJ and the energy conversion efficiency ～ 9%(24×5 μm wires,6 mm in diameter).Most of the X-ray emissions from tungsten Z-pinch plasmas were distributed in the spectral band of 100-600 eV,peaked at 250 and 375 eV.The dominant wavelengths of the wire ablation and the magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor instability were found and analyzed through measuring the time-gated self-emission and laser interferometric images.Through analyzing the implosion trajectories obtained by an optical streak camera,the run-in velocities of the Z-pinch plasmas at the end of the implosion phase were determined to be about(1.3-2.1)×10 7 cm/s.