Inversion for acoustic impedance of a wall by using artificial neural network

A new approach for measuring acoustic impedance is developed by using artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm. Instead of using impedance tube, a rectangular room or a box is simulated with known boundary conditions at some boundaries and an unknown acoustic impedance at one side of the wall. A training data basis for the ANN algorithm is evaluated by similar source method which was developed earlier by Too and Su [Too G-PJ, Su T-K. Estimation of scattering sound field via nearfield measurement by source methods. Appl Acoust. 1999;58:261-81 (SCI) (EI)] for the estimation of interior and exterior sound field. The training data basis is constructed by evaluating of acoustic pressure at a field point with various acoustic impedance conditions at one side of the wall. Then, the inversion for unknown acoustic impedance of a wall is performed by measuring several field data and substituting these data into ANN algorithm. The simulation result indicates that the prediction of acoustic impedance is very accurate with error percentage under 1%. In addition, one field point measurement in the present approach for acoustic impedance provides more straightforward and easier evaluation than that in the two point measurement of impedance tube.     

Finite element simulation of an axisymmetric acoustic transmission system with a sound absorbing wall

A finite element formulation for the axisymmetric acoustic field problem with an arbitrary sound absorbing wall is developed on the true adjoint system approach. A triangular ring element with a second order polynomial trial function is used for discretization. As a first numerical example, the transmission characteristic of acoustic filters of expansion type is considered, in which the wall is partly treated with sound absorbing material. As a second example the effect of a temperature gradient in the chamber on the transmission characteristic is calculated. The third example is the calculation of the throat impedance of conical and exponential acoustic horns, for which the half sphere into which the radiation travels is assumed to be terminated at an appropriate radius by a hypothetical wall having the characteristic impedance of the acoustic medium. The calculated results are verified by comparison with measured results.     

Sound radiation from an aperture in a rectangular enclosure under low modal conditions

This paper investigates both theoretically and experimentally the sound radiation from an aperture placed in an enclosure wall for the particular case of low modal sound field. The incidence field is composed of the enclosed sound field, which is calculated using the theoretical modal model presented. The transmitted sound is calculated by the Rayleigh radiation equation after continuity conditions have been applied in the aperture plane, assuming the condition of a thin wall. The model is experimentally validated by measuring the directivity and sound pressure radiated from an aperture in the side of a rectangular box. Because the walls of the enclosure are not rigid, an experimental procedure to determine its admittance is also presented. The experiments have been carried out for the first four modes of the enclosed sound field, and good agreement is found between the theoretical and experimental results. These results indicate that the admittance of the aperture, its radiation efficiency, and its directivity are all functions of the predominant mode shape, and the frequency, as well as the location and shape, of the aperture relative to the predominant enclosed mode shape.     

Experimental estimation of the transmission loss contributions of a sound package placed in a double wall structure

The objective of this paper is to propose a practical impedance tube method to optimize the sound transmission loss of double wall structure by concentrating on the sound package placed inside the structure. In a previous work, the authors derived an expression that breakdown the transmission loss of a double wall structure containing a sound absorbing blanket separated from the panels by air layers in terms of three main contributions; (i) sound transmission loss of the panels, (ii) sound transmission loss of the blanket and (iii) sound absorption due to multiple reflections inside the cavity. The sound transmission loss contributions of the blanket can thus be estimated from three acoustic measurements using impedance tube techniques: two reflection coefficients at the front face and the rear face of the blanket placed in specific positions characteristic of its position inside the double wall structure and its sound transmission coefficient. The method is first validated in the case of a double wall structure filled with a 2 in. foam material. Next, it is applied to investigate (i) the effect of frame compression of a 2 in. fibre glass in an aeronautic-type double wall structure and (ii) the effect of double porosity with or without porous inclusions in a building-type double wall structure.     

On the acoustic modes in a cylindrical duct with an arbitrary wall impedance distribution

The present paper considers the propagation of sound in a cylindrical duct, with a wall section of finite length covered by an acoustic liner whose impedance is an arbitrary function of position. The cases of (i) uniform wall impedance, and wall impedance varying along the (ii) circumference or (iii) axis of the duct, or (iv) both simultaneously, are explicitly considered. It is shown that a nonuniform wall impedance couples modes with distinct azimuthal l or axial m wave numbers, so that their radial wave numbers k can no longer be calculated separately for each pair (m,l). The radial wave numbers are the roots of an infinite determinant, in the case when the wall impedance varies either (i) circumferentially or (ii) radially. If the wall impedance varies (iv) both radially and circumferentially, then the radial wave numbers are the roots of a doubly infinite determinant, i.e., an infinite determinant in which each term is an infinite determinant. The infinite determinants specifying the radial wave numbers are written explicitly for sound in a cylindrical nozzle with a uniform axial flow, in which case the radial eigenfunctions are Bessel functions; the method of calculation of the radial wave numbers applies equally well to a cylindrical nozzle with shear flow and/or swirling flows, with the Bessel functions replaced by other eigenfunctions. The radial wave numbers are calculated by truncation of the infinite determinants, for several values of the aspect ratio, defined as the ratio of length to diameter. It is shown that a nonuniform wall impedance will give rise to additional modes compared with a uniform wall impedance. The radial wave numbers specify the eigenfrequencies for the acoustic modes in the duct; the imaginary parts of the eigenfrequencies specify the decay of the sound field with time, and thus the effectiveness of the acoustic liner.     

一种基于BLT方程的孔缝箱体屏蔽效能计算方法

本文基于等效电路法, 提出一种通过BLT方程计算带孔缝箱体屏蔽效能的方法, 可以快速准确计算任意入射、极化平面波照射箱体以及任意位置开孔和双面开孔箱体的屏蔽效能. 根据等效电路法求解出孔缝散射矩阵, 依据信号流图建立传播关系和散射关系方程, 并推导出包含孔缝耦合效应的广义BLT方程. 将BLT方程计算结果与等效电路法计算结果以及CST仿真做对比, 验证了方法的正确性. 与等效电路法相比, 在同一孔阻抗下, 孔缝散射矩阵包含箱体内外能量之间的相互耦合作用, 本方法计算结果精度更高, 能预测更多箱体谐振模式; 与CST仿真相比, 本方法占用时间和资源少, 可以对箱体参数进行规律性研究.     

基于传输线等效法的双腔体屏蔽系数快速算法

传输线等效法(TLM)是一种常用的开孔腔屏蔽系数快速计算方法,在孔缝耦合系数的计算中考虑了孔缝处的场模式,提高了TLM算法在高频段计算屏蔽系数(SE)的准确性。继而将TLM算法推广到开孔双金属腔屏蔽系数的计算,通过将外腔体中任意位置的电压等效为内孔缝处的辐射电压源,计算得到内腔体中任意位置上的屏蔽系数,解决了已有文献中方法的不足。该算法计算结果与CST仿真结果吻合较好。     

双间隙双耦合口输出回路冷测模拟方法

根据微波网络理论,将单耦合口输出回路的冷测模拟物理模型进行扩展,使其适用于双耦合口回路。并在此模型的基础上提出了计算双间隙双耦合口输出回路间隙阻抗频率特性的冷测模拟方法。运用该方法,结合软件仿真,计算分析了某S波段双间隙双耦合口输出腔,分别得到该回路工作在2模式下的阻抗实部与虚部的频率特性,并对计算结果的合理性作了论证。最后通过将计算结果与采用场分析法及散射参数方法得到的结果进行比较和分析,进一步验证该冷测模拟方法的可靠性。     

开孔对封闭空间共振特性的影响

研究了开孔对封闭空间声场的影响。通过将孔内振动空气等效为点源,用模态展开法建立了开孔封闭空间的声场模型,计算了开孔封闭空间高阶共振频率和在共振频率激励下的声压分布。结果显示:开孔等效于孔处声质量减小,一般使得开孔封闭空间的共振频率增加;但当孔位于某模态节点时,由于该阶模态与任一模态在开孔处未发生耦合,该模态共振频率不变;由于在开孔区域对应于激励频率的模态声压和其余各阶模态声压之和的相位相反,高阶共振频率激励下靠近小孔位置的声压减小。因此,开孔对封闭空间声场有影响,其影响程度与开孔位置和开孔尺寸有关。      

A novel approach for description of nonlinear field radiated from a concave source with wide aperture angle

A new approach is proposed to study the nonlinear sound field radiated from a concave spherical source with a wide aperture angle. The nonlinear sound field is theoretically described by a set of equations deduced reversely from the second-order Westervelt nonlinear wave equation. To examine the validity of the theoretical model, numerical calculations are performed on a concave spherical radiator with the aperture angle wide up to 40 degrees. Numerical calculation is implemented by the finite difference time domain algorithm in the oblate spheroidal coordinate system. Numerical results are in agreement with those obtained by Kamakura's solutions.     

ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE GRATING SLOW-WAVE STRUCTURE WITH THE ARBITRARY SHAPED GROOVES

The rectangular waveguide grating slow-wave structure (SWS) with arbitrary shaped grooves is presented and analyzed in this paper. As an all-metal slow-wave circuit, it has properties that can be used in high-power millimeter-wave or sub-millimeter wave traveling wave tube (TWT). The unified dispersion equation and the expression of coupling impedance are obtained in this paper by means of an approximate field-theory analysis, in which the profile of the groove is approximately replaced by a series of steps and the field continuity at the interface of two neighboring steps together with the field matching conditions at the interface between the groove region and the interaction region are employed. A rectangular groove SWS was manufactured and the cold measurement was made. The experimental data are in good agreement with the numerical calculation. The derived transcendental equations are resolved numerically for four classical structures such as rectangular, dovetail, ladder and cosine. Finally, taking the rectangular waveguide grating SWS with rectangular grooves for example, the influences of physical dimensions on dispersion relation and coupling impedance are discussed.     

管束穿孔板的管腔耦合共振吸声机理研究

为了揭示管束穿孔板共振吸声结构的吸声机理,利用热黏性条件下基于有限元算法的管束穿孔板仿真模型,研究了平面声波正入射条件下,管束穿孔板内部声场分布特征,并利用阻抗管对吸声系数的理论仿真结果进行了试验验证.结果表明,管束穿孔板在低频主要靠腔体共振吸声,在高频主要靠管共振吸声,管束穿孔板整体呈现出较为明显的管腔耦合共振吸声特征。管束穿孔板共振时管中声强和质点法向振速较大,高频次吸声峰频点处管中和腔中均有驻波形成,频率越高驻波数量越多.管束穿孔板的耦合共振受到管长、腔深、穿孔率和管内径等参数变化的影响,管长对高频耦合共振的影响最大,管长增大使高频主吸声峰频点移向低频,并使相邻主吸声峰之间的间距减小.      

0-3型压电复合材料覆盖层水下 吸声性能的理论研究

目前压电分流阻尼技术在振动和噪声领域的应用得到了广泛的关注. 本文尝试将压电分流阻尼技术应用于水下吸声领域, 以提高覆盖层的吸声性能. 将压电覆盖层厚度模态的机电方程和声波传播的传递矩阵相结合, 建立一维电声模型. 该模型可以用于分析多层压电和非压电水下吸声覆盖层的吸声性能. 采用该模型分析了0-3型压电复合材料覆盖层的水下吸声性能. 压电复合材料的参数是采用Furukawa的模型计算的. 研究结果表明, 采用合适的分流电阻, 负电容分流电路可以在较宽的频率范围显著提高覆盖层的吸声性能. 其原理可以从阻抗匹配的角度解释, 负电容分流电路可以调整压电覆盖层的表面声阻抗, 使之与水的特性声阻抗相匹配.     

Transmission of a spherical sound wave through a single-leaf wall: Mass law for spherical wave incidence

This paper examines the sound insulation of a single-leaf wall driven by a spherical wave. The transmitted sound field of an infinite elastic plate under a spherical wave incidence is theoretically analyzed and insulation mechanisms are considered. The displacement of the plate is formulated using the Hankel transform in wavenumber space and the transmitted sound pressure in the far-field is obtained by Rayleigh’s formula in an explicit closed form. Moreover, a reduction index is also derived in a closed form by introducing an approximation into the vibration characteristics of the plate. Deterioration of the insulation performance under the spherical wave incidence is caused by an apparent decrease of wall impedance that depends on the directivity of the transmitted sound wave. The mass law for a spherical wave incidence is different from that for a normal plane wave incidence: doubling the weight of the wall or the frequency gives an increase of 3 dB (c.f. 6 dB for a normal plane wave incidence), which is also smaller than the field incidence mass law.     

阵元间互辐射对基阵指向性的影响研究及试验

针对常规基阵指向性图计算并未考虑阵元间互辐射阻抗影响这一不足,修正了常规基阵指向性图计算公式。将阵元间的互辐射阻抗引入到水声基阵的辐射声场计算中,并依据叠加原理得到包含阵元间互辐射阻抗的基阵指向性图计算修正公式。15元均匀线列阵和5×5均匀平面阵的计算机仿真和消声水池试验结果表明,该修正公式相比于常规公式更能反映基阵指向性图的真实情况。      

Combustion driven oscillations

Combustion driven oscillations can occur when a turbulent flame is enclosed in a tube or cavity. Interaction between heat fluctuations and the internal standing wave field at one of the natural frequencies of the air column produces strong organ pipe tones. The sound power emitted by this thermal-acoustic interaction depends on the impedance either side of the combustion zone and on a transfer function defining the response of the flame to sound wave disturbances. If this power exceeds the rate at which energy is dissipated at the cavity boundaries then there is a growth of the internal pressure field and an increase in the radiated sound. Plane wave theory is used to calculate the flame transfer function and adjacent impedances for a simple gas fired tube assembly. The predicted instability frequencies are then compared with experimental data. The results indicate that the flame transfer function plays a dominant role in determining the acoustic stability of the cavity and that insufficient data is available for accurately predicting unsteady flame front behaviour.     

流管实验装置中声传播计算的模态方法

流管实验装置是测量有流动情况下航空发动机消声短舱内声衬声阻抗的主要装置。本文发展了一种解析的模态匹配方法进行在平均流有声衬条件下矩形流管中声传播的计算。用同伦方法求解特征值问题,并与用环绕积分求解的结果进行比较。声场通过轴向阻抗间断面的声压和声质点速度积分相等计算。第一个算例是无流动、硬壁、有限长、考虑端口反射的情况,并与北航流管实验台测量数据进行了对比;第二个算例为有流动情况下有限长声衬管道不考虑端口反射的声场计算,它与文献中NASA流管实验结果和CAA计算结果符合得很好。     

Application of the equivalent surface source method to the acoustics of duct systems with non-uniform wall impedance

The paper outlines the application of the equivalent surface source method to the analysis of the acoustic field in a partially lined duct with arbitrarily non-uniform wall impedance. Lined sections of the duct wall are represented by unsteady mass source singularities, the strengths of which are determined by solving integral equations. The method is applicable to lined walls of impedance which is non-uniform in the streamwise and/or circumferential direction. Numerical examples are given to show the effects of various design parameters on sound attenuation. Some advantageous features of circumferentially non-uniform wall impedance are demonstrated.     

沟道板慢波电路的高频特性

 提出了一种适用于毫米波行波放大器的慢波电路——沟道板慢波电路，该慢波电路的基本结构与沟道梯型慢波电路相似，但其环与金属壁间使用金属板相连。使用场论方法分析了沟道板慢波电路，得到的色散结果与CST的模拟结果之间的误差在1.5%以内。计算表明，沟道板慢波电路与沟道梯型慢波电路的耦合阻抗特性相似，且沟道板电路的色散相对较弱，具有更宽的带宽。     

Quantifying the through-thickness asymmetry of sound absorbing porous materials

A method to quantify the through-thickness asymmetry of a sound absorbing porous material is proposed and discussed. Its calculation only requires impedance tube measurements of the acoustical surface impedance performed on both sides of the tested material. The method may be used for quality control or to assess the level of asymmetry of the material in terms of its acoustic properties. As a first validation, a two-layered porous system seen as an equivalent asymmetrical single porous layer with a sudden change in its physical properties is studied. From this study, a criterion of asymmetry is suggested and experimentally tested.