HFC152a/HCFC141b混合气体水合物相平衡特性研究

1引言气体水合可使水在8—12”C络合结晶形成水合物，同时释放反应热（蓄冷）。其反应热与传热性能均较理想，被认为是理想的空调蓄冷介质山。早期研究的主要是Rll和R12的水合物。由于Rll和R12严重破坏大气臭氧层而受控，因此寻找替代CFC的新型致冷剂气体水合物成为当前的研究重点［‘－‘］。近年来我们根据混合物性能互补原理，提出了利用混合气体水合物构造性能优良的蓄冷材料的设想［‘1。HFC152a和HCFC141b分别是R12和Rll的首选替代物之一。HFC152a是较活跃的致水合物质，但相变温度和压力偏高。而HCFC141b水合物的相变温度…     

混合制冷剂气体水合物生成及融解过程实验研究

1引言城市建筑物中，空调作为最大用电设备之一，夏季占建筑物耗电总量的一半以上，为了缓解高峰用电负荷并有效利用低谷电力，解决峰期用电紧张的矛盾，达到总体节能的目的，空调蓄冷移峰节电技术被认为是实现城市供电平衡和建筑节能的重要手段。作为实用的空调蓄冷技术，最为重要的是其蓄冷材料的相变温度与空调工况相适应，即在5～12℃发生相变，且相变潜热大，传热性能好．氟里昂气体水合物作为蓄冷材料，具有适合空调储冷的理想性质，可使水在8～12℃水合结晶，形成暖冰时释放反应热，其反应热与结冰潜热相当[1]。然而，由于一些氟里昂…     

HFC134a/HCFC141b混合气体水合物相平衡特性

1引言致冷剂气体水合物具有适合空调蓄冷的理想性质，其形成结晶的温度在8～12℃，在结晶形成“暖冰”时，释放较大的反应热（330～380kJ／kg），并且具有较好的传热性能[1~2]。但早期研究的主要是R11和R12的水合物，其致冷剂是典型的大气臭氧层破坏物质，现已受到了严格的限制。研究和开发新型的CFC替代物气体水合物已成为当前的重点[3]。近年来，中国科学院广州能源研究所在国家自然科学基金和广东省科学基金的支持下，展开了对新型致冷剂气体水合物相变蓄冷材料的研究。文献[4]首次报告了对CFC替代物HFC152a／HCFC141b混合气体水…     

四丁基溴化铵水合物浆在蓄冷空调中的应用前景

TBAB水合物浆作为适用于空调工况的新型两相潜热输送载冷剂,可以大幅度降低冷量输送的功耗。通过添加成核剂的方法来降低所需的过冷度,制备方法简单节能,而且蓄冷特性出色,相变蓄冷温度与溶液的浓度密切相关,可通过调节溶液的浓度,获得与空调冷冻水一致的相变温度。根据非牛顿流体的特点,综述了国内外关于TBAB水合物浆流变方程的选择,列出了表观粘度及传热系数的计算方法,并指出TBAB水合物浆应用于蓄冷空调中的优点。     

空调蓄冷材料研究现状及其新进展

分析了空调蓄冷材料研究现状及存在的一些问题 ,提出研制一种新型空调复合蓄冷材料 ,通过实验 ,分析该蓄冷材料的融点、融解热等热学性能。并通过实验研究寻找到了一种新型空调蓄冷材料 ,测试结果表明该蓄冷材料具有较高的相变潜热、适宜的相变温度和较好的热稳定性 ,因此可被应用于蓄冷空调系统中。     

制冷剂气体水合物用于蓄冷空调中的探讨

由于能源和电力供应紧张,蓄冷技术引起关注。文中从节能环保的角度,分析了制冷剂气体水合物用于蓄冷空调的必要性和优越性。概括阐述了制冷剂气体水合物的工质选择及替代、促晶技术和蓄冷系统方面的研究,为气体水合物尽快实用化提出研究重点。     

相变蓄冷材料制备及热性能研究

制备了一种空调用相变蓄冷材料,该蓄冷材料由两种相变材料(辛酸和软脂酸)组成,通过加热搅拌的方法将其制备成均匀的共晶相变蓄冷材料,实验分析了所研制的蓄冷材料的相变点、相变潜热等性能。测试结果表明该相变蓄冷材料具有适宜的相变温度和较高的相变潜热,可用作空调蓄冷材料。     

鼓泡法强化甲烷水合物成核及生长研究

水合物在相变蓄冷等领域具有广泛的应用前景,而降低水合物成核诱导期、提升水合物生长速率是影响水合物蓄冷技术发展的关键因素。开发了一套可视化水合物原位生成实验系统,通过反应釜底部气泡板持续产生气泡强化水合物成核生长,重点对鼓泡法下水合物诱导期和生长速率进行了研究。实验结果表明,气泡表面形成壳状水合物并不断堆积。鼓泡法显著地降低了甲烷水合物诱导期,在SDS体系下,鼓泡法对诱导期的缩减最高达到93.6%。同时,鼓泡法对后续水合物的生长也具有显著促进效果,使水合物生长速率提高15.1～37.5%。在纯水体系中,鼓泡法提高了甲烷气体的转化率,最高提高了14.57倍。同时实验呈现温度越低,气体转化率和水合物生长速率越大的规律。     

蓄冷用二元气体水合物工质匹配的研究

揭示了蓄冷用二元气体水合物相对单一气体水合物在生长动力学、相平衡热力学等生长特性方面的优越性,可以缩短水合物生长进程,具有共融和非共融的相变特性。同时结合HCFCS淘汰替代的进程,以及国内外最新的蓄冷工质研究进展,根据不同蓄冷工质匹配可以实现性能优势互补的原则,列出了新型环保水合物蓄冷的工质对。最后指出了工质匹配研究中应该注意的问题,对水合物蓄冷走向实用化作了展望。     

冰蓄冷辐射空调系统方案设计与能耗分析

基于温湿度独立控制思路,提出了一种冰蓄冷辐射空调系统,该系统将冰蓄冷技术和毛细管辐射空调技术相结合,系统还利用地源为毛细管辐射供冷提供主要的高温冷源,以实现电力负荷"削峰填谷"、降低能耗和更好的热舒适性。以杭州地区某办公楼为实例,进行了负荷计算、空调方案设计和蓄冷策略制定等工作,并与常规空调系统相比较进行了节能分析,结果表明冰蓄冷辐射空调系统具有明显的节能优势。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.