运动型汽车排气系统消声器的研究

为了获得运动型排气噪声,本文研究了汽车排气系统消声器结构对运动声学品质的影响。通过改变消声器的内部结构,建立与之对应的GT-Power模型,利用一维流体动力学原理对排气系统的声学性能进行模拟和仿真,并运用声学测试平台测试节气门全开加速时的尾管噪声。验证了去除排气系统的中排消声器并在后排消声器内加入消声棉的结构,可明显提高噪声的运动性,另外,消音棉的利用可以有效降低高频噪声,消声器进气管处的穿孔结构可以有效消除中低频噪声。     

轴对称抗性消声器的有限元分析

扩张室消声器结构简单,因此在噪声控制工程中得到广泛的应用。近年来异形插管消声器更得到重视。但是用经典的一维平面波理论来估计它的消声特性或指导设计都很困难。本文采用有限元方法,求出它的声场分布和消声特性,为设计此类消声器提供了理论基础和新方法。文中以简单扩张室消声器为例,证实有限元方法计算值与经典的一维平面波理论值在低频范围内能很好的符合。在较高频率的范围,一维理论方法要受到限制,而有限元方法仍然适用,并能估计出消声器中的二维效应。对于异形插管消声器,则只能用有限元方法求其消声特性。本文着重介绍具有轴对称和自然边界条件波动方程的有限元方法。     

多孔扩散型消声器外壳对其性能影响的研究

多孔扩散型消声器由于其体积小、消声性能高而广泛应用到排气噪声的降低上,其外壳对消声器的消声性能具有重要作用。本文对此类消声器外壳的孔型、孔径和孔距以及外壳同消声材料的配合方面进行了细致的实验研究,特别对外壳与消声材料的配合与其排放噪声以及外部流场之间的关系进行了探讨,得到了一些有用的结论,对消声器性能的提高具有一定指导意义。     

基于低频吸声超构材料的复合消声器研究*

针对管道内低频噪声难以抑制的问题，本文基于亥姆霍兹共振腔（HR）阵列吸声板和穿孔管消声器组合，设计了一种复合式宽带消声器。首先利用有限元法仿真分析传统穿孔管消声器，发现中低频消声能力较差，通过嵌入HR阵列吸声板吸收中低频噪声。采用仿真与实验的方式研究吸声板的声学性能：在400-1000 Hz频段内的平均吸声系数达到了0.88。然后对复合式消声器进行数值模拟及3D打印阻抗管实验测试对比：复合式消声器在400-1718Hz频率范围内的平均传递损失为18.15 dB ，最终实现了管道内全频带噪声有效控制。     

小孔消璔器的流量和噪声特性

本文对小孔消声器的流量流阻和噪声辐射与气室压力和小孔设计的关系进行了实验研究,并取得了规律。当气流的阻塞出现在小孔时,如小孔数不大,流量和噪声能量都与小孔数或其总面积成正比,反压力甚小,只在0.1大气压力上下。经过每个小孔的流量与气室压力(驻压)成正比,但有效面积只约为实际面积的60％,小孔总面积超过喷口面积的1.5倍后,流量逐渐饱和,最后达到喷口的流量。每个小孔产生的噪声则符合一般喷注噪声的规律。根据单个小孔噪声的指向性,可求得通过孔轴的表面上的平均噪声级,这个值应与管周开孔的小孔消声器在周围产生的噪声一致,实验证实了此点。因而求得一种方法,由与喷注垂直方向的噪声级可导出小孔消声器周围的噪声级,从而得到小孔消声器消声量的修正值,小孔间距对消声量的影响文中也作了进一步的分析。     

间歇性排气噪声源的特性及消声器结构的研究

排气噪声可分为稳定排气噪声，周期性排气噪声和间歇性排气噪声，通过对锻压机离合器与制动器的排气噪声源的特性研究，指出间歇性气噪声是由管道噪声，阀门噪声和喷口噪声所组成，首次指出了间歇性排气噪声存在单极子噪声及爆炸声。通过理论计算及试验建立了一种有效的滤波了噪消声器结构。     

膨胀小孔消声器的流量和噪声特性

本文对膨胀小孔消声器的流量和噪声辐射与气室压力的关系进行了理论计算和实验研究并取得规律,流量和噪声特性都与小孔的总面积和排气管的截面积的比值η有关,存在一临界比值η_c当η<η_c时,气流只在小孔阻塞.当η>η_c时,气流先在排气管口阻塞,然后在小孔处阻塞.消声器的有效面积与排气管截面积的比值随小孔的总面积的增加而逐渐增加,最后饱和达到1,理论计算和实验都得到同一规律.当η很小时,气流在消声器内产生的噪声可以不计,消声器辐射的噪声为各个单孔辐射的总和,指向性图也与单孔喷注者相同.当η甚大时,消声器内膨胀的噪声起作用,消声器辐射噪声的指向性也发生变化.高压时,辐射噪声的声功率为不膨胀时各小孔喷注辐射的声功率的总和,没有膨胀降噪的作用.但如果将消声器内的膨胀噪声消除后,则消声器的辐射声功率降低,降低的值符合本文的理论预期.     

水介质管路弹性背腔微穿孔消声器的传递损失特性

为抑制水介质管路系统低频噪声,兼顾结构的紧凑性,提出弹性背腔微穿孔管路消声结构,弹性管壁为橡胶帘线复合材料,并推导了传递损失的数值解法。首先,基于Biot-Allard多孔弹性理论,将弹性微穿孔板等效为弹性多孔材料;然后,利用双尺度法建立帘布的周期性代表单元,求得其刚度矩阵;接着,基于分层理论,建立弹性管壁的多层复合材料模型,并与内部声场耦合计算,得到弹性背腔微穿孔管路消声器的传递损失。在水介质驻波管中,利用双声源法测量弹性背腔微穿孔管路消声器样机的传递损失曲线,并与扩张式管路消声器和刚性背腔微穿孔管路消声器进行对比,理论结果与试验结果吻合良好。研究表明,弹性背腔微穿孔管路消声器属于反射耗散复合式消声器,具有低频域、宽频带的消声特性。样机B2在40~300 Hz和40~1200 Hz频段内的传递损失分别为36 dB和30 dB,而相同尺寸扩张式消声器在对应频段的传递损失分别为7 dB和11 dB。      

喷口上游扰动对喷注噪声的影响及其抑制

本文研究了喷口上游气流受到扰动后对喷注噪声产生的影响。通过实验证明这种影响主要是上游湍流噪声辐射到喷口外部而产生的,并且观察到上下游之间存在微弱的非线性相互作用。在这个基础上进一步考察了小孔消声器对上游噪声的抑制作用,提出小孔消声器对这一部分噪声消声量的经验公式。     

汽车排气消声器的正向设计研究*

本文以实现汽车排气消声器的正向设计为目的,提出消声器的开发思路:首先采用从分析设计目标到确定总体方案,再到具体设计的路线,结合Virtual.Lab Acoustics、GT-Power和Fluent等数值分析软件与发动机台架试验。然后以主消声器的设计为主,副消声器的设计为辅;以声学性能为主,流场及其他性能为辅。再通过对消声频率的分析,逐级设计消声结构并进行组合、验证和改进,并在与企业提供的消声器方案进行对比后初步判断设计方案的可行性。最后通过实验验证了消声器设计方案的综合性能达到设计目标,表明了本文提出的消声器正向开发思路的合理性,在汽车排气消声器的设计开发上具有实用价值。     

A novel multi-cavity Helmholtz muffler

A novel multi-cavity Helmholtz muffler is proposed. The multi-cavity Helmholtz muffler is composed of steel structures and silicone membranes. With suitable construction, the Helmholtz muffler can be designed to exhibit negative mass density in low frequency, and the muffling frequency can be adjusted when we change the internal structure of the cavity,which will be very attractive for noise control. In this paper, we investigate the influence of the membranes and the cavities on noise reduction characteristics with theoretical calculations and simulations. The results show that the numbers of membranes and the volumes of the cavities can have a great effect on the position of the muffling frequency. The number of cavities can have a great effect on the width of the muffling frequency(reduce the noise by 10 dB). With different combinations of the membranes and cavities, we can get different muffling frequencies, which can meet different muffling demands in practical applications and is more flexible than the traditional Helmholtz cavity.     

A hybrid approach for aeroacoustic analysis of the engine exhaust system

This paper presents a new hybrid approach for prediction of noise radiation from engine exhaust systems. It couples the time domain analysis of the engine and the frequency domain analysis of the muffler, and has the advantages of both. In this approach, cylinder/cavity is analyzed in the time domain to calculate the exhaust mass flux history at the exhaust valve by means of the method of characteristics, avoiding the tedious procedure of interpolation at every mesh point and solving a number of equations simultaneously at every junction. This is done by making use of an interrelationship between progressive wave variables of the linear acoustic theory and those of the method of characteristics. In this approach, nonlinear propagation in the exhaust pipe is neglected and free expansion is assumed at the radiation end of the exhaust pipe. In the case of a muffler proper, expansion from the exhaust pipe into the first chamber is assumed to be a free expansion. Various results of this approach are compared with those of the method of characteristics and the classical acoustic theory, and various peaks and troughs in insertion loss curves are analytically validated.     

The research on semi-active muffler device of controlling the exhaust pipe’s low-frequency noise

In order to control low frequency noise in exhaust pipe, this paper puts forward a new concept of H-Q tube based semi-active muffler device. The semi-active muffler device and bench testing system have been designed and operated. Finite element simulation study on semi-active muffler and experimental study on semi-active muffler and passive muffler have been carried on. The effect of simulation and experiment are consistent. The semi-active muffler device acts well in low frequency band, especially between 50 Hz and 150 Hz. The average level of noise reduction is around 35 dB, which is much better than passive muffler. Between 150 Hz and 350 Hz, semi-active muffler has a better performance than passive muffler; above 350 Hz, it has worse performance compared with the passive muffler.     

Numerical studies on venting system with multi-chamber perforated mufflers by GA optimization

Research on new techniques of perforated silencers has been well addressed and developed; however, the research work in shape optimization for a volume-constrained silence requested upon the demands of operation and maintenance inside a constrained machine room is rare. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to not only analyze the sound transmission loss of a multi-chamber perforated muffler but also to optimize the best design shape under space-constrained condition.In this paper, both the generalized decoupling technique and plane wave theory are used. The four-pole system matrix in evaluating the acoustic performance of sound transmission loss (STL) is also deduced in conjunction with a genetic algorithm (GA). To demonstrate the precision of the tuning ability in a muffler, various targeted pure tones are proposed in numerical cases. Results reveal that the maximal acoustical performance precisely occurred in the desired frequency. Furthermore, a noise reduction with respect to full-band exhausted noise emitted from a diesel engine is also introduced and assessed. To achieve a better optimization in GA, several test parameter values were used. Before a GA operation can be carried out, the accuracy of the mathematical models have to be checked by experimental data.The optimal result in eliminating full-band noise reveals that the overall noise reduction of a multi-chamber muffler can achieve 68 dB under space-constraint conditions. Consequently, the approach used for the optimal design of the STL proposed in this study is indeed easy, economical and quite effective.     

Broadband noise reduction by circular multi-cavity mufflers operating in multimodal propagation conditions

In this study, sound propagation through a circular duct with non-locally lining is investigated both numerically and experimentally. The liner concept is based on perforated screens backed by air cavities. Dimensions of the cavity are chosen to be of the order or bigger than the wavelength so acoustic waves within the liner can propagate parallel to the duct surface. This gives rise to complex scattering mechanisms among duct modes which renders the muffler more effective over a broader frequency range. This work emanates from the Cleansky European HEXENOR project which aim is to identify the best multi-cavity muffler configuration for reduction of exhaust noise from helicopter turboshaft engines. Here, design parameters are the cavity dimensions in both longitudinal and azimuthal directions. The best cavity configuration must in addition fit weight specifications which implies that the number of walls separating each cavity should be chosen as small as possible. To achieve these objectives, the scattering matrix of the lined duct section is obtained experimentally for two specific muffler configurations operating in multimodal propagation conditions. The good agreement with numerical predictions serves to validate the perforate plate impedance model used in our calculation. Finally, given an incident acoustic pressure which is representative of typical combustion noise spectrum, the best cavity configuration achieving the maximum overall acoustic Transmission Loss is selected numerically. The study also illustrates how the acoustic performances are dependent on the nature of the incident field.     

Sound attenuation of a periodic array of micro-perforated tube mufflers

The wave propagation in a periodic array of micro-perforated tube mufflers is investigated theoretically, numerically and experimentally. Because of the high acoustic resistance and low mass reactance due to the sub-millimeter perforation, the micro-perforated muffler can provide considerable sound attenuation of duct noise. Multiple mufflers are often used to enhance attenuation performance. When mufflers are distributed periodically in a duct, the periodic structure produces special dispersion characteristics in the overall sound transmission loss. The Bloch wave theory and the transfer matrix method are used to study the wave propagation in periodic micro-perforated tube mufflers and the dispersion characteristics of periodic micro-perforated mufflers are examined. The results predicted by the theory are compared with finite element method simulation and experimental results. The results indicate that the periodic structure can influence the performance of micro-perforated mufflers. With different periodic distances, the combination of the periodic structure and the micro-perforated tube muffler can contribute to the control of lower frequency noise with a broader frequency range or improvement of the peak transmission loss around the resonant frequency.     

Expansion-chamber muffler for impulse noise of pneumatic frictional clutch and brake in mechanical presses

A compound expansion-chamber muffler, which consists of a sound absorbing chamber and a switch valve, the chamber integrating structural features of impedance muffler and micropunch plate muffler, is proposed to diminish impulse exhaust noise of pneumatic friction clutch and pneumatic friction brake (PFC/B) in mechanical presses. The structure decreases the impulse exhaust noise of PFC/B over 30 dB(A). A one-dimensional flow model is applied to study the aerodynamic characteristics of compound exhaust process of the single acting cylinder and muffler because the exhaust time is a critical factor for application of muffler in PFC/B. The volume of sound absorbing chamber is found to be an important design parameter to minimize the exhaust resistance of pneumatic cylinder. Experiments are also conducted to validate analytical results. Then the effects of diameter of exhaust ducts and volume of muffler on the exhaust time are discussed in detail. The proposed one-dimensional computational method, which considers the coupling of air-flow field and sound field, gives satisfactory results for the preliminary design of an expansion-chamber muffler. This method has been applied to an existing model HKM3-40MN to reduce its impulse noise.     

一种基于工业级CCD器件的高性能制冷CCD成像组件

随着CCD器件的发展,采用工业级CCD器件研制高性能制冷CCD成像系统成为一个重要的发展方向。从高性能CCD成像和高性能微光ICCD成像应用需求出发,研制了一种基于工业级CCD器件的高性能制冷型数字视频CCD成像组件;介绍了成像组件在高性能大面阵CCD器件、低噪声驱动电路、小型化低功耗制冷技术以及特殊的制冷腔结构等方面的设计特点,指出成像组件对进一步发展高性能CCD成像系统具有积极的促进作用,在军事、工业、生物医学和科学研究领域具有广泛的应用前景。