±100 kV三电极场畸变气体火花开关

设计了一种用于直线变压器驱动源的三电极场畸变气体火花开关。开关采用SF6气体绝缘,开关尺寸和电感较小,实测开关电感约为67 nH。在工作电压80 kV、工作系数为70%时,开关触发时延为40.0 ns,抖动约2.8 ns。对比研究了钨铜合金和黄铜两种电极材料对开关静态和触发击穿特性的影响,研究结果表明:铜钨合金电极开关的自击穿电压分散性、触发时延及抖动、自放电概率和电极表面烧蚀均小于黄铜电极,更适宜作为三电极场畸变开关的电极材料。     

电极结构对触发管型开关击穿特性的影响

基于600kV触发管型SF6气体开关,设计了三种具有典型电场分布的电极结构,计算分析了各个场分布特点,在-600kV/400ns脉冲电压下对不同电极结构进行了击穿特性实验,分析了场分布对开关击穿特性的影响。实验结果表明:三种结构中平头形电极触发击穿模式与其欠压比相关,触发抖动较小;球头形电极自击穿电压抖动最小,能够稳定工作于长时间触发击穿模式;锥头形电极击穿模式较不稳定,可能与其两个间隙击穿特性较相近有关。     

Tesla变压器型重复频率纳秒脉冲源的研制

脉冲变压器与陡化开关结合的方式是产生纳秒脉冲较为成熟的方式,采用这种方式,研制了一种基于空芯Tesla变压器和陡化开关的紧凑高压重复频率纳秒脉冲源。该脉冲源主要由重复频率充电模块、Tesla变压器和陡化开关三部分组成,重复频率充电模块主要通过晶闸管的时序配合实现,Tesla变压器为脉冲源装置系统的核心及主升压模块,陡化开关是一个三电极自击穿型气体开关,用于将变压器次级输出的电压陡化成纳秒快脉冲波形,对该重复频率脉冲源以上各部分进行了详细的设计和测试。实验结果表明,该脉冲源可以在6kΩ的负载电阻上输出幅值100kV、上升沿约为30ns、最高频率可达500Hz的高压纳秒脉冲。     

间隙长度对气体火花开关静态性能的影响

针对快放电直线脉冲变压器驱动源初级储能开关,调节开关气压,进行相同自击穿电压下不同间隙长度的开关自击穿实验。通过监测自击穿电压分布规律变化,研究开关间隙长度对开关自击穿特性的影响。结果表明,当开关间隙长度较大时,电极表面粗糙度较小,表明电极烧蚀程度较低。开关间隙长度为6 mm时,开关自击穿电压分散性达到最小,自击穿电压分布符合高斯函数,间隙长度大于6 mm时自击穿电压分布符合极限函数。适当增加开关间隙长度使自击穿电压分布失去对称性,有利于开关在低欠压比下获得更好的静态性能。针对电极结构,选择开关间隙长度为6~9 mm时能够获得最佳的静态性能。初步分析,引起开关自击穿电压分布发生改变的原因是电场强度的改变对阴极电子发射产生了影响。     

气体开关前沿陡化的实验研究

气体开关是脉冲功率技术中广泛应用的关键部件之一,高功率、高性能气体开关的技术研究及设计具有重要意义,陡化前沿是开关技术研究的重要内容。分析了气体开关的击穿机理和击穿通道的分布规律。对气体开关充分"老练",开关击穿点和击穿通道将相对稳定,实验研究了开关间距和电场对脉冲前沿的影响。击穿电场较低时,减小开关间距有利于陡化脉冲前沿;击穿电场较大时(大于180kV/cm),开关间隙(电感)对输出脉冲前沿的影响减弱,气体开关的击穿电场成为影响输出脉冲前沿的关键因素。研究结果表明,增大开关的击穿场强,是陡化开关脉冲前沿的有效途径。     

高功率重复频率三电极气体开关自击穿特性

 以“CHP01”加速器为实验平台，对自行研制的重复频率三电极气体开关的自击穿特性开展了实验研究。研究了开关自击穿特性与气压、气流流速、电极形状等因素的关系，并对实验结果进行了分析。结果表明：随着气压的升高，开关自击穿电压分散性变大；适当流速的气流有助于减小开关的自击穿分散性，但气流流速过大将加大自击穿分散性；当通过改变电极形状增大极间场增强因子时，开关电极间场增强因子变大，开关分散性减小，但平均自击穿电压有所降低。     

电极材料对气体火花开关静态性能的影响北大核心CSCD

在工作气压和火花间隙固定的条件下,针对稍不均匀场的圆饼形电极开关开展了不同电极材料下开关自击穿实验,开关间隙距离为5mm,工作气压为0.25 MPa,击穿电压平均值为40kV。分别选取了不锈钢、黄铜、钨铜合金和石墨材料作为实验对象,对比了不同电极材料下电极质量损失、电极表面形貌和开关静态特性的差异。实验结果表明,石墨电极质量损失速率略高于金属电极,但是由于石墨电极烧蚀产物多为气体,因此石墨电极绝缘子污染程度远小于金属电极。石墨电极开关在低欠压比下自击穿概率也远小于金属电极开关。三种金属电极开关,其静态特性差异不大,但钨铜电极烧蚀程度显著低于不锈钢和黄铜电极开关。     

200kV小型低电感气体开关

为减小脉冲功率源装置的体积,对场畸变三电极轨道气体开关和两电极轨道气体开关结构进行了小型化低电感设计,采用电磁场仿真软件对局部结构进行优化,对初步设计的触发开关和自击穿开关在不同气压(0~0.3MPa)和不同气体介质(N2,SF6,以及二者混合)条件下的击穿电压及导通电感等进行了研究。研究表明:小型触发开关和自击穿开关在0~0.3MPa气压范围内自击穿电压随气压具有较好的线性关系;相同气压下SF6气体的自击穿电压约为N2气体的两倍;N2与SF6压力按3∶2混合的自击穿电压约为纯SF6气体的0.8~0.9倍;内部充入0.25MPa气压的SF6气体时,触发开关和自击穿开关均可在190kV左右正常工作。根据实验中出现的开关沿面击穿现象,对开关的沿面绝缘能力进行了优化设计,并得到了实验验证。另外通过短路放电测试,得到触发开关电感约22nH,自击穿开关电感约20nH,开关导通电流大于20kA,多次放电后电极烧蚀痕迹分布均匀。     

100 kV重频气体开关初步研究及应用

为了减小脉冲功率源装置的体积, 对三电极气体开关和两电极气体开关的结构进行了小型化设计。采用电磁场仿真软件对局部结构进行优化, 对初步设计的触发开关和自击穿开关在不同SF6气压（0～0.2 MPa）、不同开关间隙条件下的击穿电压及触发工作电压等进行了实验研究。结果表明:设计的触发开关和自击穿开关在0～0.2 MPa气压范围内, 自击穿电压随气压具有很好的线性关系; 自击穿开关间隙为8 mm, 改变气压（0.1～0.2 MPa）可实现自击穿电压90～125 kV可调; 触发开关主间隙为7 mm, 改变气压（0.1～0.2 MPa）可实现触发工作电压40～95 kV 可调; 初步估算, 触发开关和自击穿开关的工作电感均约20 nH。利用重频脉冲电源, 测试了开关的重频工作能力, 在工作电压80 kV、导通电流约20 kA的条件下, 重复工作频率在20 Hz以上。此外, 利用研制的开关构建了八级紧凑型Marx发生器, 实现了5和10 Hz重频多脉冲输出。     

感应电压叠加器中水介质开关脉冲自击穿特性

 设计了应用于感应电压叠加器中的水介质主开关与峰化开关,主开关的电极结构为“平板 环型”,峰化开关的电极结构为“环型”。研究了开关在300 ns脉冲电压下的自击穿特性,给出了不同工作电压下开关的间隙距离。实验结果表明,主开关与峰化开关的结构合理、击穿特性稳定、相互配合良好,峰化开关可以有效地峰化主脉冲,降低预脉冲的幅值。主开关的实验结果同时验证了Martin经验公式的适用性。     

预电离触发管气体开关特性

利用脉冲火花预电离方式,设计了一种脉冲火花预电离触发的触发管气体开关。开关工作电压等级为100 kV,工作介质采用干燥空气,开关主间隙10 mm,电极材料采用304不锈钢,触发结构设计成盘环嵌套结构。实验结果表明:预电离能够显著减小低工作系数下触发管气体开关的触发时延和抖动。对于ns级快脉冲触发,预电离时刻越早,开关击穿时延和抖动越低。在30 kV/8 ns触发脉冲作用下,脉冲预电离触发的触发管开关在80%工作系数时,平均时延约为40 ns,抖动小于1 ns。     

Dark soliton switching in an NLDC in the presence of higher-order perturbative effects

Dark soliton switching in a nonlinear directional coupler in the presence of intermodal dispersion, cross-phase modulation (CPM), third-order dispersion, Raman effect, and self-steepening effect is reported for the first time. It is shown that, with the exception of CPM, all of the other perturbative effects have almost no effect on the switching characteristics of the dark soliton switch, which is an improvement over the corresponding bright soliton switch. Although the CPM increases the critical power of dark soliton switching, the soliton pulse remains stable inside the coupler during its propagation.     

纳秒级Trigatron开关触发特性

设计了一种Trigatron开关,以Tesla型GW级纳秒脉冲源为实验平台,实验研究了不同电压极性组合、触发电压、触发间隙、触发极直径和触发脉冲宽度对开关触发特性的影响。实验研究结果表明:开关电压极性组合、触发电压、触发间隙对开关触发特性影响较大,在各欠压比条件下差异均十分明显,触发极直径和触发脉冲宽度对开关的触发特性影响较小。根据实验结果优化了开关结构和工作参数,获得的开关抖动最低可达0.1 ns。     

Air breakdown times of two-stage spark gaps and their applications

The air breakdown times of second spark formation, geometrically in series with trigatron switching, are studied and compared to that of a triggered spark gap. Despite a large breakdown jitter of ⩾1 μs in the trigatron, the latter is not observed to affect the electrical closure times of the series-connected second spark gap, which is triggered largely as a result of their direct electrical and optical coupling. While most of the multistage spark gaps are designed for fast and precision switching of high voltages, the air breakdown times of the second spark formation find a number of useful applications, particularly in achieving uniform glow discharge in pulsed gas lasers     

MV级重复频率三电极气体开关的优化研究

 对一种高工作电压、高重复频率的三电极气体开关的优化设计方法进行了研究，包括绝缘结构的优化、最优触发孔径和触发电极位置的选取。采用设计开关开展了实验研究，并对实验结果进行了分析。结果表明，开关实现了工作电压1.1 MV，峰值电流约13.8 kA，重复频率100 Hz的最大稳定运行参数，性能满足设计要求；开关绝缘恢复性能良好，各次电压波形幅值均匀，分散性小，归一化标准偏差小于3%。     

Femtosecond pulse switching in a fiber coupler with third order dispersion and self-steepening effects

A numerical study of femtosecond pulse propagation and switching in a dual-core nonlinear directional coupler with the consideration of third order dispersion and self-steepening effects is reported. The Split Step Fourier Method (SSFM) is used to investigate the switching characteristics of nonlinear directional couplers. It is observed that the energy transfer from core to core is not affected by changing the input pulse shapes except super-Gaussian. While the normalized coupling co-efficient and the input peak power dominate the coupling characteristics, the effects of third order dispersion (TOD) and self-steepening (SS) are also reported.     

触发管型气体火花开关触发电极结构研究

 通过对触发管型气体火花开关触发机理和电极结构的分析，提出了圆盘型、齿轮型及多针型等新的触发电极。实验表明，这三种触发电极除多针型外都具有稳定工作性能，触发范围与常规针状电极结构相当，在纳秒前沿的触发脉冲作用下抖动可低于10 ns。其中，采用齿轮状触发电极结构，在幅值22 kV（约为主间隙静态击穿电压的20％）、前沿10 ns的触发脉冲下，触发最小时延为77 ns，抖动为2.5 ns。     

Perturbative effects on ultra-short soliton self-switching

A numerical study of ultra-short self-soliton switching along with the corresponding analysis of coupler parameters is carried out for a Kerr coupler with intermodal dispersion. The influence of perturbations like third-order dispersion, self-steepening and intrapulse Raman scattering, on switching characteristics is also studied.      

The influence of polarity on trigatron switching performance

This paper reports on a study into the effect of trigger voltage polarity and main gap voltage polarity on the switching performance of a pulse charged trigatron. The four polarity combinations possible, two homopolarity (trigger voltage and main gap voltage of the same polarity) and two heteropolarity (trigger voltage and main gap voltage of opposite polarity), were studied and compared in terms of their effect upon the switching range, delay time to breakdown, jitter, and voltage collapse time. It was found that the two heteropolarity configurations were superior to the homopolarity configurations in terms of the above switching characteristics, with the positive trigger/negative main gap heteropolarity configuration performing the best. The results are discussed, and an explanation of the influence of the polarity configuration on switching is suggested in terms of the discharge initiation mechanisms and subsequent development     

Temporal solitons in magnetooptic and metamaterial waveguides

The important topic of temporal soliton propagation in double-negative metamaterials is discussed with an emphasis upon short pulses that exhibit self-steepening controlled by the frequency dependence of the relative permittivity and permeability. In addition, magnetooptic control is included, leading to some fascinating outcomes that should have practical application. The role of self-steepening, Raman scattering, third-order dispersion and magnetooptics is thoroughly investigated, and it is shown that pulses can acquire signatures in the form of additional velocities with respect to the moving frame. The metamaterial influence upon self-steepening has such a strong frequency dependence that it can be used to combat Raman scattering. The self-steepening can change sign, and it is shown that it is possible to arrange pulses in special switching formats to organise the output times. The metamaterial influence upon bit-patterns admits an important degree of control over multi-pulse interactions, and this is combined with magnetooptics to restore patterns. The role of third-order dispersion is also presented. Again, a control of the pulse behaviour in the neighbourhood where the frequency dependence causes the group-velocity dispersion parameter to approach zero is a direct consequence of using this kind of metamaterial. Finally, a Lagrangian analysis is used to support simulations of the positions of the pulse maxima.