喷射等离子体触发气体开关导通特性

利用内嵌微孔火花放电产生喷射等离子体、作用于两电极开关,研究了间隙距离、气压、气体种类、开关工作系数和电压极性配合等因素对等离子体喷射控制开关导通特性的影响。实验结果表明,等离子体喷射触发开关可在工作系数为10%的条件下可靠快速导通,当开关采用0.5 MPa_N₂作为绝缘介质、间隙距离5 mm时,触发导通时延为11.7 μs,抖动为1.42 μs;当间隙距离增大到18 mm时,触发导通时延增大至19.7 μs,触发可靠性降低;当工作系数由10%增大到60%时,触发导通时延由11.7 μs降低至1.1 μs。在确保开关自击穿电压一致的前提下,短间隙、高气压、负触发脉冲电压、正工作电压更有利于减小开关触发导通时延。     

盘式触发电极触发管开关的触发特性

 对采用盘状触发电极的新型触发管开关的触发特性进行了实验研究,得到不同极性组合、不同触发电压幅值和不同触发电流条件下开关的触发特性实验结果。实验结果表明:新型触发管开关获得最佳触发特性所需的极性组合应为异极性组合,触发电压幅值范围为自击穿电压的30%~50%,为兼顾触发电流和保护触发器,触发电阻值应为50~100 Ω,验证了触发管开关击穿机制的已有认识。     

纳秒级Trigatron开关触发特性

设计了一种Trigatron开关,以Tesla型GW级纳秒脉冲源为实验平台,实验研究了不同电压极性组合、触发电压、触发间隙、触发极直径和触发脉冲宽度对开关触发特性的影响。实验研究结果表明:开关电压极性组合、触发电压、触发间隙对开关触发特性影响较大,在各欠压比条件下差异均十分明显,触发极直径和触发脉冲宽度对开关的触发特性影响较小。根据实验结果优化了开关结构和工作参数,获得的开关抖动最低可达0.1 ns。     

Vacuum Switch Trigger Delay Characteristics

Measurements have been conducted to determine the turn-on times of a triggered vacuum gap as a function of main gap voltage and trigger and main gap polarities. The triggered vacuum gap consisted of a pair of molybdenum electrodes mounted in a low-inductance (20 nH) stainless-steel chamber. Triggering was accomplished by supplying a 10-kV pulse from a charged 12.5-? cable circuit to a tungsten trigger pin protruding through one electrode. The main gap voltage was supplied by a 4-? charged cable circuit. Minimum wait times (the time from application of the trigger pulse to the beginning of main gap voltage coliapse) of 50 ns were observed when a negative pulse was applied to the trigger located in the cathode. A minimum value of voltage collapse time of 10 ns was observed when a positive pulse was applied to the anode located trigger. The switch could be triggered for all main gap voltages in the range 50 V-75 kV, with minimum delay times occurring at 500 V.     

一种基于吸气电极的新型真空触发开关

针对真空触发开关触发时延和抖动大、使用寿命不长的难题,设计了一种基于吸气电极的新型真空触发开关,开展工作寿命测试实验和不同触发极性、主间隙电压和触发能量下的导通特性实验。实验结果表明:与纯金属电极开关相比,吸气电极开关的触发时延和抖动更小,工作寿命更长。负极性触发时的触发时延和抖动均远低于正极性触发。正极性触发的触发时延为1.7～3 μs,抖动为300～700 ns,而负极性触发的触发时延为400～600 ns,抖动为30～70 ns。触发时延和抖动都随着触发能量的增大而减小,但当能量高于一定值后,触发能量对导通特性的影响趋于饱和。     

Low Voltage Firing Characteristics of a Simple Triggered Vacuum Gap

The firing characteristics of the simple triggered vacuum gap (TVG) using lead zirconate titanate as dielectric material in the triggered gap are described. This TVG has a long life of about 2000 firings without appreciable deterioration of the electrical properties for main discharge currents upto 3 kA and is much superior to these made with Supramica (Mycalex Corporation of America) and silicon carbide as used in our earlier investigations. The effects of the variation of trigger voltage, trigger curcit, trigger pulse duration, trigger pulse energy, main gap voltage, main gap separation and main circuit energy on the firing characteristics have been studied. Trigger resistance progressively decreases with the number of firings of the trigger gap and as well as of the main gap. This decrease in the trigger resistance is more pronounced for main discharge currents exceeding 10 kA. The minimum trigger current required for reliable firing decreases with increase of trigger voltage upto a threshold value of 1.2 kV and there-onwards saturates at 3.0 A. This value is less than that obtained with Supramica as dielectric material. One hundred percent firing probability of the TVG at main gap voltages as low as 50 V is possible and this low voltage breakdown of the main gap appears to be similar to the breakdown at low pressures between moving plasma by other workers. and the cold electrodes immersed in it, as reported     

Molecular dynamics simulations of acid/base induced switching of a bistable rotaxane

Rotaxanes are an interesting group of compounds whose structure can be controlled by an external stimulus, thus giving them considerable scope for nanoscale engineering applications. This research uses molecular simulations to examine a bistable rotaxane in which the configuration is altered by addition of acid or base. It was found that classical forcefields were sufficient to be able to reproduce shuttling of the rotaxane's ring between stations, and they also correctly predicted the most stable structure. A difference in the switching speed was found between the two stable configurations with the deprotonated rotaxane switching to its stable configuration faster. The movement of the rotaxane ring was also simulated in water and chloroform, and polarity was shown to have a significant effect, slowing the rate of switching. The potential of mean force was calculated with respect to the ring-station separation. Protonated systems show a higher barrier to switching than the deprotonated systems, and the protonated system in water shows only a small decrease in energy favouring the switch to the preferred station, thus resulting in a slow rate of switching.     

Reversible Resistance Switching Effect in Amorphous Ge1Sb4Te7 Thin Films without Phase Transformation

We demonstrate a reversible resistance switching effect that does not rely on amorphous-crystalline phase transformation in a nanoscale capacitor-like cell using Ge1Sb4Te7 films as the working material. The polarity and amplitude of the applied electric voltage switches the cell resistance between low- and high-resistance states, as revealed in the current-voltage characteristics of the film by conductive atomic force microscopy （CAFM）. This reversible SET/RESET switching effect is induced by voltage pulses and their polarity. The change of electrical resistance due to the switching effect is approximately two orders of magnitude.     

多间隙气体开关的电场分布特性

为了寻求可用于快前沿直线型变压器驱动源最理想的多间隙气体开关结构,利用有限元分析软件模拟计算了几种不同电极结构气体开关内各间隙在开关触发前后的电场分布,并利用新型开关电路模型研究了气体开关触发导通前均压措施对开关内部各间隙电场分布均匀性的影响,以及触发后各中间电极对主电极杂散电容与气体开关内电场分布规律之间的关系。结果表明:圆形环状结构电极有利于形成稳定的多通道放电,降低开关的电感及抖动;在开关各个间隙之间并联相同阻值的电阻可以有效地改善开关直流耐压特性;在开关触发导通时,各间隙的电压分布主要与触发电压的上升时间、各个电阻及杂散电容值有关;触发电压的上升时间越短,杂散电容值对间隙电压分布的影响越明显。     

新型等离子体喷射触发气体开关

为了提高气体开关的同步性,降低自放电概率和抖动,提出并设计了一种新型等离子体喷射触发气体开关。开关整体结构与传统的三电极场畸变开关相似,最大特点是在触发电极内部嵌入一个微型激励腔,用于产生等离子体喷射。研究了触发电压和气压对等离子体的喷射特性的影响,对比场畸变和等离子体喷射两种触发方式下开关触发特性的差异,并研究触发电压对开关性能的影响。实验结果表明:等离子体喷射高度随触发电压的升高而增加,随气压的升高而降低;采用等离子体喷射触发能够显著降低过压间隙的延时和抖动;提高触发电压不但降低开关的抖动,而且还扩展开关稳定触发的工作范围;当触发电压80kV,工作系数27.4%,开关仍然能够可靠触发,延时和抖动分别为97.1ns和3.5ns。     

Momentary interruption of current passing through zero in subnanosecond high-pressure gas-discharge switches

Data are reported for the performance of subnanosecond high-pressure gas-discharge switches aimed at generating high-voltage bipolar voltage pulses with a width of less than 1 ns, an amplitude of up to 200 kV, and a repetition rate of 100 Hz. Pulse formers, in which the polarity of the current passing through the switch does not change in the course of switching, seem to be the most appropriate. When the current changes sign, passing through zero, the effect of its momentary interruption is observed. The explanation of this effect is that, when the voltage across the gap reverses, a certain time interval is necessary for a cathode layer to form, which can transmit a high discharge current at a low voltage drop across the layer.     

触发电压对±100 kV多级多通道开关性能的影响

 研制了一种用于快脉冲直线型脉冲变压器的±100 kV多级多通道火花开关,研究了触发电压极性、幅值对多级多通道火花开关触发性能的影响,分析了不同触发电压下开关各部分延时及抖动。研究结果表明：触发电压的极性对双极性多级多通道火花开关触发性能影响较小;开关的触发放电延时和抖动随着触发电压的增大而减小。进一步分析了多级多通道火花开关的触发击穿模式以及影响开关击穿延时和抖动的主要因素,提出了减小开关触发击穿延时及抖动的技术途径。     

六间隙串联气体开关触发放电过程

针对堆栈式六间隙串联气体开关,建立了6个放电间隙的光信号测量系统,实验获得了不同触发电压和气压时开关统计时延和形成时延的变化规律。统计时延占总时延约42%,形成时延占总时延约58%,触发电极相邻的两个间隙击穿时延占总时延约75%,是开关触发时延的主要组成部分。利用四分幅纳秒高速相机拍摄开关的放电通道图像,初步分析了放电通道的形成和变化过程,得到了不同实验条件下放电通道数量的变化规律。开关最底部间隙可以形成多通道放电,其他间隙以单通道为主。随着触发电压提高,触发间隙的放电通道数量明显增加,但是其他间隙变化不大。在放电过程中,没有观察到放电通道合并或熄灭的现象,间隙击穿后仍然有可能形成新的放电通道。     

Plasma Buildup and Breakdown Delay in a Triggered Vacuum Gap

The phenomena leading to the surface flashover across solid insulators in vacuum and the subsequent spread of the trigger plasma thus formed to bridge the main gap in a triggered vacuum switch are investigated experimentally. The results show that the breakdown proceeds in two stages. In the first stage a plasma is formed by electrons releasing and ionizing absorbed gases. The electrons are field emitted at the insulator-electrode junction and the breakdown delay is primarily affected by the trigger voltage. In the second stage the trigger plasma expands into the main gap with a speed depending on the trigger current and trigger electrode geometry, in accordance with a simple model.     

晶闸管触发开通特性

从载流子的传输过程和载流子数密度两个方面分析了晶闸管触发开通过程,研究了强触发方式对晶闸管开通特性的影响。利用功率MOSFET的快开通特性和通流能力,设计了晶闸管强触发电路,并通过晶闸管开通特性实验平台研究了触发条件和工作电压两个因素与晶闸管开通时间的关系。实验结果表明:晶闸管开通时间决定于触发方式和工作电压,强触发方式可以缩短延迟时间,高工作电压可以减小导通时间,利用强触发方式和提高工作电压能够有效地改善晶闸管的开通性能。     

Comparison of two cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet configurations in argon

The present study compares the operation of two cold atmospheric plasma jet (CAPJ) configurations: needle-to-cylinder electrode configuration (CAPJ I) and single high-voltage cylinder electrode around the quartz tube (CAPJ II). The CAPJs were operated in argon flowing through a quartz capillary with 0.5-mm inner diameter into the ambient air, and the plasma was generated by sinusoidal kHz frequency AC power supplies. The main emphasis of the study was on the mechanism of the initiation of ionization waves for these two configurations. For both CAPJs, there appeared several ionization waves during one half-period of the applied voltage waveform, and the number of ionization waves increased at higher voltage amplitudes. However, we discovered marked differences in the initiation of the ionization waves for two different CAPJ configuration. The applied voltage controlled the initiation of consecutive ionization waves, which propagated from the grounded electrode towards the tube orifice in CAPJ I. In the case of CAPJ II, certain time had to pass for the initiation of a new ionization wave, and subsequent ionization waves within the same half-period started at the tube orifice. In addition to the differences in the initiation of the ionization waves, we observed that the CAPJ I was ignited and sustained at lower voltages, while CAPJ II produced a longer plasma jet. The observed advantages and deficiencies of investigated CAPJ configurations point out their potential in different applications.     

微秒脉冲下极性效应对碳酸丙烯酯击穿场强的影响

通过对比碳酸丙烯酯在针板电极间距分别为0.5、1.0和2.0 mm下的击穿电压大小的实验,研究碳酸丙烯酯的极性效应.实验设备包含一个充电时间在5～20毫秒的电容储能型脉冲型脉冲功率源和一个内置针板电极的击穿试件. 每一组的击穿电压通过示波器显示记录. 三组不同间距下的击穿实验数据表明碳酸丙烯酯的正电极击穿场强高于负电极击穿场强,并且击穿场强随着电极间距的增大而增 大. 对碳酸丙烯酯针板电极的击穿进行了仿真模拟实验. 基于实验结果对碳酸丙烯酯的极性效应给出了相应的解释.     

带触发网络的多重火花间隙触发器的研制

提出了一种基于Tesla变压器且带触发网络的多重火花间隙触发器设计方案。阐述了多重火花间隙在直流和脉冲信号下电压分布特性,并给出了其在脉冲电压作用下电压分布的主要影响因素。仿真分析了触发频率、分压电容和均压电阻对多重火花间隙电压分布的影响,确定了触发网络的最佳参数配置。以10级火花间隙为例,从触发器设计三要素,即脉冲陡度、输出幅值、带载能力出发,确定了Tesla型脉冲触发器的关键设计参数,当脉冲变压器的耦合系数为0.7,初级电感为2500 nH,次级电感为400 mH,初级电容为60F,初级电容充电电压为2.0 kV时,次级直接输出的触发高压可实现10级火花间隙的触发导通。结合多重火花间隙导通实验,对作用于多重火花间隙的触发器的工作过程进行实验验证。     

固体有机薄膜开关短时延低抖动触发特性

 实验研究了快脉冲触发固体有机薄膜开关的欠压比、触发脉冲幅值、极性效应和间隙距离对触发特性的影响。固体有机薄膜开关具有较快的脉冲前沿，但其触发性能因条件不同而差异很大。对于自击穿电压为10kV的18μm薄膜，在工作电压9kV，触发脉冲上升沿为1ns,脉冲40ns,幅值9kV条件下，测得开关时延为1.1ns， 时延抖动为0.2ns。     

Large-gap AC coplanar plasma display cells: macro-cell experiments and 3-D simulations

We present experimental and simulation studies of the plasma in a macroscopic AC plasma display panel discharge cell operating with a large coplanar gap. We find that the xenon excitation efficiency is much larger than that in the conventional, small-gap electrode configuration but with larger sustaining voltage. We discuss the discharge mode and efficiency in such large gap configurations, with the help of time resolved optical diagnostics and simulations.