空位缺陷和相变对冲击压缩下蓝宝石光学性质的影响

为了探究冲击压缩下蓝宝石光学性质的变化行为,本文采用第一性原理方法,在180 GPa的压力范围内计算了蓝宝石理想晶体和含空位点缺陷晶体的光学性质.吸收光谱数据表明,仅考虑压力和温度因素不能解释冲击消光实验的结果,而冲击诱导的氧离子空位点缺陷应该是导致该结果的一个重要原因.波长在532 nm处的折射率数据表明:1)蓝宝石的两个高压结构相变将导致其折射率明显上升;在Corundum和Rh_2O_3相区,其折射率将随冲击压力增大而降低;在CalrO_3相区,压力小于172 GPa时,其折射率随冲击压力增大而缓慢地降低,但172 GPa以上时折射率却随冲击压力增大而逐渐增大;2)空位点缺陷对折射率随冲击压力的变化规律有明显的影响.本文结果不仅有助于增强用空位点缺陷的物理机理来解释蓝宝石冲击透明性损伤现象的可靠性,而且对未来进一步的实验研究以及发展新型窗口材料有重要的参考作用.     

Density functional theory study of formaldehyde adsorption and decomposition on Co-doped defective CeO_2(110) surface

Formaldehyde as an air pollutant to adverse health effects for humanity has been getting attention. The adsorption and dissociation of formaldehyde(HCHO) on the Co_xCe_(1-x_O_(2-δ)(110) surface were investigated by the density functional theory(DFT) calculations. We calculated the oxygen vacancy formation energy as the function of its site around dopant Co in detail. The results showed that Co doping was accompanied by compensating oxygen hole spontaneous formation.The adsorption configurations and bindings of HCHO at different locations on the Co_xCe_(1-x)O_2(110) were presented.Four possible pathways of oxidation of formaldehyde on the catalytic surface were explored. The results suggested that formaldehyde dissociation at different adsorption sites on the doped CeO_2(110) — first forming dioxymethylene(CH_2O_2)intermediate, and then decomposing into H_2O, H_2, CO_2, and CO molecules. It was found that the presence of cobalt and oxygen vacancy significantly prompted the surface activity of CeO_2.     

First-principles study of the structural,electronic, and magnetic properties of double perovskite Sr_2FeReO_6 containing various imperfections

The structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of double perovskite Sr_2FeReO_6 containing eight different imperfections of FeReor ReFeantisites, Fe1–Re1 or Fe1–Re4 interchanges, V_(Fe), V_(Re), VOor V_(Sr) vacancies have been studied by using the first-principles projector augmented wave(PAW) within generalized gradient approximation as well as taking into account the on-site Coulomb repulsive interaction(GGA+U). No obvious structural changes are observed for the imperfect Sr_2FeReO_6 containing FeReor ReFeantisites, Fe1–Re1 or Fe1–Re4 interchanges, or VSrvacancy defects. However, the six(eight) nearest oxygen neighbors of the vacancy move away from(close to) VFeor V_(Re)(VO) vacancies. The half-metallic(HM) character is maintained for the imperfect Sr_2FeReO_6 containing FeReor ReFeantisites, Fe1–Re4 interchange, V_(Fe),VO or V_(Sr) vacancies, while it vanishes when the Fe1–Re1 interchange or VRevacancy is presented. So the Fe1–Re1 interchange and the VRevacancy defects should be avoided to preserve the HM character of Sr_2FeReO_6 and thus usage in spintronic devices. In the FeReor ReFeantisites, Fe1–Re1 or Fe1–Re4 interchanges cases, the spin moments of the Fe(Re)cations situated on Re(Fe) antisites are in an antiferromagnetic coupling with those of the Fe(Re) cations on the regular sites. In the V_(Fe), V_(Re), VO, or V_(Sr) vacancies cases, a ferromagnetic coupling is obtained within each cation sublattice,while the two cation sublattices are coupled antiferromagnetically. The total magnetic moments μtot(μB/f.u.) of the imperfect Sr_2FeReO_6 containing eight different defects decrease in the sequence of VSrvacancy(3.50), VRevacancy(3.43),FeReantisite(2.74), VOvacancy(2.64), VFevacancy(2.51), ReFeantisite(2.29), Fe1–Re4 interchange(1.96), Fe1–Re1interchange(1.87), and the mechanisms of the saturation magnetization reduction have been analyzed.     

快速吸附与脱附的声表面波H2S传感器

本文主要研究了基于SnO₂/CuO薄膜的声表面波（SAW）传感器（室温下,工作频率约为147.8 MHz）检测H₂S气体的特性。以36°YXLiTaO₃为基片制作声表面波器件,通过采用射频磁控溅射法在其表面淀积SnO₂/CuO的复合薄膜制作出H₂S气体传感器。由场发射电子扫描电镜观察薄膜,薄膜连续均匀且表面分布大量微气孔,因而具有良好的吸附性。然后本文在85℃～205℃范围内对传感器的吸附和脱附速率、灵敏度及选择性等进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,所制备的传感器在较低温度下同时具备快速吸附和脱附特性,工作在190℃时气体吸附和脱附速率最快,检测20ppm H₂S的响应和恢复时间分别为30s、15s;工作在160℃时,传感器检测20ppmH₂S的灵敏度最高,工作频率变化约230 kHz,且对于低浓度2 ppm H₂S,频率变化可达45 kHz。同时,传感器也表现出良好的重复性和选择性。     

Evidence for bicarbonate formation on vacuum annealed TiO2(110) resulting from a precursor-mediated interaction between CO2 and H2O

The reaction of CO₂ and H₂O to form bicarbonate (HCO⁻₃) was examined on the nearly perfect and vacuum annealed surfaces of TiO₂(110) with temperature programmed desorption (TPD), static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SSIMS) and high resolution electron energy loss spectrometry (HREELS). The vacuum annealed TiO₂(110) surface possesses oxygen vacancy sites that are manifested in electronic EELS by a loss feature at 0.75 V. These oxygen vacancy sites bind CO₂ only slightly more strongly (TPD peak at 166 K) than do the five-coordinated Ti⁴⁺ sites (TPD peak at 137 K) typical of the nearly perfect TiO₂(110) surface. Vibrational HREELS indicates that CO₂ is linearly bound at the latter sites with a ν_a(OCO) frequency similar to the gas phase value. In contrast, oxygen vacancies dissociate H₂O to bridging OH groups which recombine to liberate H₂O in TPD at 490 K. No evidence for a reaction between CO₂ and H₂O is detected on the nearly perfect surface. In sequentially dosed experiments on the vacuum annealed surface at 110 K, CO₂ adsorption is blocked by the presence of preadsorbed H₂O, adsorbed CO₂ is displaced by postdosed H₂O, and there is little or no evidence for bicarbonate formation in either case. However, when CO₂ and H₂O are simultaneously dosed, a new CO₂ TPD state is observed at 213 K, and the 166 K state associated with CO₂ at the vacancies is absent. SSIMS was used to tentatively assign the 213 K CO₂ TPD state to a bicarbonate species. The 213 K CO₂ TPD state is not formed if the vacancy sites are filled with OH groups prior to simultaneous CO₂+H₂O exposure. Sticking coefficient measurements suggest that CO₂ adsorption at 110 K is precursor-mediated, as is known to be the case for H₂O adsorption on TiO₂(110). A model explaining the circumstances under which the proposed bicarbonate species is formed involves the surface catalyzed conversion of a precursor-bound H₂O–CO₂ van der Waals complex to carbonic acid, which then reacts at unoccupied oxygen vacancies to generate bicarbonate, but falls apart to CO₂ and H₂O in the absence of these sites. This model is consistent with the conditions under which bicarbonate is formed on powdered TiO₂, and is similar to the mechanism by which water catalyzes carbonic acid formation in aqueous solution.     

单根SnO_2纳米线器件的电输运性能及其机理研究

为探究常态环境下氧空位对单根SnO_2纳米线电输运性能的影响,采用化学气相沉积法合成了SnO_2纳米线,通过光刻微加工技术构筑了Au/单根SnO_2纳米线/Au二端纳米器件.将单根SnO_2纳米器件进行氢化处理,测试其在空气与真空中的伏安特性曲线,发现单根SnO_2纳米线在空气和真空环境中呈现异常不同的电输运特性:在空气中,加偏压注入电子会使通过纳米器件的电流减小,Au电极与SnO_2纳米线之间的接触势垒增大;抽真空后,在偏压的影响下,通过纳米器件的电流增大,Au/SnO_2交界面的接触方式由肖特基接触转变成欧姆接触.实验分析表明,影响单根SnO_2纳米线电输运特性行为的因素与纳米线表面的氧原子吸附与脱吸附所引起的氧空位浓度的变化有关.为进一步分析氧空位浓度变化的作用,利用第一性原理计算方法计算了氧空位浓度对SnO_2纳米线电输运性能的影响,通过分析体系的能带结构、态密度及Au/SnO_2接触界面的I-V曲线和透射谱,发现随着氧空位浓度的增大,SnO_2纳米线的带隙变小.同时,氧空位缺陷使Au/SnO_2接触界面处电子透射率增大,体系电输运能力变强.该研究结果将为集成纳米功能器件的设计提供一种新思路.     

杭锦2#土的光谱特征及非均相Fenton反应机理

杭锦2#土是内蒙古鄂尔多斯杭锦旗地区发现的层状含铁天然矿物,利用Ｘ射线衍射、吡啶吸附红外光谱及Ｘ射线光电子能谱技术对样品的性质进行了表征。X射线光电子能谱表明杭锦2#土骨架结构中Si和Al原子结合能与标准硅氧四面体和铝氧八面体中Si和Al结合能相比明显增加,表面存在Lewis酸位和Brönsted酸位,且杭锦2#土中铁物种以Fe(Ⅲ)和Fe(Ⅱ)形式存在于骨架结构中;非均相Fenton反应中杭锦2#土的Fe(Ⅱ)可与H₂O₂反应生成自由基(·OH)与Fe(Ⅲ),但反应速率慢且难以循环。酸活化后杭锦2#土中Si和Al的结合能进一步增加,铁物种部分转变为非结构铁并以Fe3+与Fe2+转移到样品表面;X射线光电子能谱、吡啶红外和氨气程序升温表征表明酸活化杭锦2#土表面Lewis酸位和Brönsted酸位增多;非均相Fenton反应中,酸活化杭锦2#土表面Fe3+与Fe2+可与H₂O₂循环反应,不断生成·OH并对甲基橙进行降解,且活化杭锦2#土表面Brönsted酸能够提供质子将H₂O₂包围,抑制其分解生成HO-₂并提供更多的·OH,Lewis酸能增加杭锦2#土表面吸附氧（O_ad）含量,而Fe2+可被O_ad氧化为Fe3+,促进Fe2+/Fe3+之间的循环,同时在氧化过程中电子转移到O_ad形成O·-₂,O·-₂能够与Brönsted酸提供的质子反应形成·OH,·OH与O·-₂均为氧化性自由基,能够提升活化杭锦2#土非均相Fenton反应活性。此外,X射线衍射表明酸活化使杭锦2#土中CO2-₃转化为对Fenton反应负面影响更小的SO2-₄进而提升其非均相Fenton反应活性。     

Radiation induced chemisorption of oxygen on chromia

The effect of nuclear radiation on the chemisorption of oxygen on Cr₂O₃, Cr₂O₃-Al₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃-SnO₂ catalysts has been studied. An iodometric method was used to measure the amount of chemisorbed oxygen; simultaneously the increase in the catalytic activity of the catalyst in the decomposition of H₂O₂ was determined. It was found that the radiation present within a nuclear reactor promotes the chemisorption of oxygen on chromia (either pure or supported on Al₂O₃ or SnO₂) at temperatures at which such a chemisorption does not normally occur. The radiochemisorption of oxygen on chromia increases with the degree of dispersion of chromia on Al₂O₃ or SnO₂ and is accompanied by an increased catalytic activity of this catalyst in the decomposition reaction of H₂O₂. It seems that the radiochemisorption is largely due to the action of γ-rays and fast neutrons on the gas.     

缺陷TiO2中铁磁性的第一性原理计算

计算钛空位（V_Ti）和氧空位（V_O）共存情况下未掺杂金红石TiO₂的铁磁性.发现V_O可以产生局域磁矩,由它引起的自旋极化比V_Ti引起的更加局域,导致V_O之间的铁磁耦合作用弱于V_Ti之间的铁磁耦合作用.V_Ti之间的铁磁耦合在引入V_O之后进一步加强.V_O引入的电子调制两个分离的V_Ti之间的长程铁磁耦合.加入V_Ti之后,两个V_O的磁矩猝灭,当V_O的数量多于V_Ti的数量二倍时,V_O会对磁矩有贡献.结果与实验发现的V_O可以提高铁磁有序,并且总的磁矩会随着V_O数量的增多而增加的结果符合很好.     

Effects of preadsorbed oxygen on the formation and decomposition of NCO on Rh(111) surfaces

The interaction of HNCO with oxygen dosed Rh(111) surface has been investigated by Auger electron, electron energy loss and thermal desorption spectroscopy. The presence of adsorbed oxygen exerted no apparent influence on the weakly adsorbed HNCO (T_p = 130 K). It promoted, however, the dissociative adsorption of HNCO by forming a strong O—H bond which prevented the associative desorption of HNCO. As a result no H₂ and NH₃ formation occurred, in contrast with the clean surface, and the surface concentration of irreversibly bonded NCO was also increased. New products of the surface reaction were H₂O and CO₂, in addition to CO and N₂ observed on a clean surface. From the behavior of the losses characteristic for the adsorbed NCO it appeared that the preadsorbed oxygen exerted a significant stabilizing effect on the NCO bonded to the Rh.     

等离子体放电活化生理盐水杀菌应用研究

等离子体中含有多种活性物种可实现高效安全杀菌,活性物种与生物体相互作用多在水环境下进行.因此等离子体与水的相互作用过程研究掀起了等离子体生物杀菌的新浪潮.本文采用水中阵列放电产生等离子体活化生理盐水,利用所产生的活化生理盐水对大肠杆菌开展了杀菌消毒研究,当等离子体放电时间达到120 s时产生的活化生理盐水与大肠杆菌混合后可使大肠杆菌的存活效率降至0.001%.通过紫外-可见吸收光谱测量及化学氧化还原沉降滴定表明放电电荷及激发态氧化性活性物种与水溶液相互作用,转化为活化生理盐水中长寿命相对稳定存在的H_2O_2和O_3等氧化性物种,与大肠杆菌作用并主导主要杀菌效果.     

金红石TiO_2中本征缺陷扩散性质的第一性原理计算

基于密度泛函理论的爬坡弹性带方法,对金红石相二氧化钛晶体中钛间隙、钛空位、氧间隙、氧空位4种本征缺陷的扩散特征进行了研究.对比4种本征缺陷在晶格内部沿不同扩散路径的过渡态势垒后发现,缺陷扩散过程呈现出明显的各向异性.其中,钛间隙和氧间隙沿[001]方向具有最小的扩散势垒路径,激活能分别为0.505 eV和0.859 eV;氧空位和钛空位的势垒最小的扩散路径分别沿[110]方向和[111]方向,激活能分别为0.735 eV和2.375 eV.     

Electrical conductivity and defect structure of Mg-doped Cr2O3

The electrical conductivity of Cr₂O₃ nominally doped with 2 mol% MgO has been studied by the four point a.c. technique as a function of the oxygen activity (O₂ + Ar, CO + CO₂ and H₂ + H₂O) in the temperature range 400–1200 °C. It is concluded that Cr₂O₃ doped with MgO is an extrinsic conductor and that the dissolved Mg-dopant is compensated by the formation of electron holes at near atmospheric oxygen pressures and by oxygen vacancies (or possibly interstitial chromium ions) at highly reduced oxygen activities (in CO + CO₂ and H₂ + H₂O gas mixtures). In H₂ + H₂O mixtures Mg-doped chromia also dissolves hydrogen as protons and significantly affects the defect structure and electrical conductivity. The defect structure of the oxide under various conditions is discussed.     

Oxygen diffusion and surface exchange in La1−xSrxFe0.8Cr0.2O3−δ (x=0.2, 0.4 and 0.6)

Oxygen tracer diffusion (D*) and surface exchange rate constant (k*) have been measured, using isotopic exchange and depth profiling by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), in La_1−xSr_xFe_0.8Cr_0.2O_3−δ (x=0.2, 0.4 and 0.6). Measurements were made as a function of temperature (700–1000 °C) and oxygen partial pressure (0.21–10⁻²¹ atm) in dry oxygen, water vapour and water vapour/hydrogen/nitrogen mixtures. At high oxygen activity, D* was found to increase with increasing temperature and Sr content. The activation energies for D* in air are 2.13 eV (x=0.2), 1.53 eV (x=0.4) and 1.21 eV (x=0.6). As the oxygen activity decreases, D* increases as expected qualitatively from the increase in oxygen vacancy concentration. Under strongly reducing conditions, the measured values of D* at 1000 °C range from 10⁻⁸ cm² s⁻¹ for x=0.2 to 10⁻⁷ cm² s⁻¹ for x=0.4 and 0.6. The activation energies determined at constant H₂O/H₂ ratio are 1.21 eV (x=0.2), 1.59 eV (x=0.4) and 0.82 eV (x=0.6).

The surface exchange rate constant of oxygen for the H₂O molecule is similar in magnitude to that for the O₂ molecule and both increase with increasing Sr concentration.     

Adsorption of hydrogen and deuterium on potassium-promoted Pd(100) surfaces

The adsorption of H₂ and D₂ has been studied on clean and K-promoted Pd(100) surfaces using thermal desorption, work function changes, ultraviolet photoelectron and Auger spectroscopy. The potassium adlayer significantly lowers the sticking coefficient (from 0.6 to 0.06 at θ_k = 0.2), and the uptake of hydrogen, but increases the desorption energy for H₂ desorption. Calculation showed that each potassium adatom blocks approximately 4–5 adsorption sites for H₂ adsorption. Atomization of hydrogen led to an increase of hydrogen uptake. The adsorption of potassium on the H-covered surface caused a significant decrease in the amount of hydrogen adsorbed on the surface (as indicated by less desorbing hydrogen below 500 K) and promoted the dissolution of H atoms into the bulk of Pd. The dissolved hydrogen was released only above 600–650 K. In the interpetation of the results the extended charge transfer from K-dosed Pd to the adsorbed H atoms and the direct interaction between adsorbed H and K adatoms are taken into account.     

具有氧空位Bi_xWO_6(1.81≤x≤2.01)的第一性原理计算和光催化性能研究

为了探索影响Bi_2WO_6光催化性能的内在机制,采用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算和实验研究了非化学计量和氧空位对Bi_2WO_6晶体结构、电子结构和显微结构的影响.采用溶剂热法合成了具有氧空位的非化学计量Bi_xWO_6(x=1.81,1.87,1.89,1.92,2.01)光催化剂.DFT计算结果表明,氧空位的存在可显著减小Bi_2WO_6的带隙,有利于光生电子的生成.实验结果表明,当Bi元素的含量小于化学计量比时,Bi_2WO_6的晶体结构发生了微小变形,Bi元素含量对Bi_2WO_6的显微结构影响不大,但会影响产品氧空位的含量和光吸收性能,并有效抑制电子空穴的复合.Bi_(1.89)WO_6产品的光催化性能最佳,可见光照射180 min后,可降解98%的罗丹明B.采用适当方法,使产品具有氧空位和非化学计量是获得高光催化活性材料的一种有效方法.     

立方纳米结构ZnGa_2O_4的制备及光催化性质

首先采用水热法在FTO衬底上制备出α-GaOOH纳米柱阵列,再以α-GaOOH纳米柱/FTO结构作为前驱体进行水热反应,经溶解再结晶过程,α-GaOOH纳米柱可转变为边长约为500 nm的ZnGa_2O_4纳米立方块。在模拟太阳光源辐照下的一系列光催化实验结果表明:样品对亚甲基蓝具有较强的吸附作用和较高的光催化活性,对罗丹明B、刚果红的吸附能力和光催化作用都很弱,对甲基橙只有较弱的光催化作用;H_2O_2可以作为电子捕捉剂和供氧剂,促进样品的导带电子参与活性自由基的形成,使样品对染料表现出持续较高的光催化活性。     

Radiation-induced processes and defects in alkali and alkaline-earth borate crystals

The paper presents the results of a study of the radiation-induced processes and defects in nonlinear optical crystals Li₂B₄O₇ (LTB), LiB₃O₅ (LBO), CsLiB₆O₁₀, KB₅O₈·4H₂O, β-BaB₂O₄. It was revealed that a pulsed electron beam irradiation at 290 K forms the radiation-induced pairs of the ‘vacancy—interstitial atom’ defects in the cation sublattice of these crystals. This gives rise to a creation of metastable electronic (interstitial atom) and hole (small-radius polaron near the cation vacancy) centers in high concentrations. Optical hole-transitions from the local level of the trapped hole centers to the valence band states are responsible for the transient optical absorptions (TOA) of borates in the visible and UV spectral ranges. A sublattice of the weakly bound mobile lithium cations in LTB and LBO favors a spatial separation of the radiation-induced pair defects ‘hole polaron near Li-vacancy—mobile interstitial Li⁰ atom’. Their decay rated by the electron–hole nonradiative tunnel recombination determines a peculiar feature of the TOA decay kinetics in LTB and LBO.     

n(Zn)：n(Ga)比值对合成ZnGa2O4结构及光致发光性能的影响

以ZnO和HGaO₂为原料,用不同配比合成出系列ZnGa₂O₄,并对其晶体结构和发光性能进行了研究。用荧光分光光度计检测了ZnGa₂O₄的激发和发射光谱,用X射线衍射仪检测了ZnGa₂O₄的衍射图谱,用热重差热仪绘制了TGA-DAT曲线。对检测结果分析认为:1.ZnGa₂O₄属于尖晶石结构,稍过量的Zn或Ga能进入ZnGa₂O₄结构中,并对ZnGa₂O₄的晶格常数产生一定影响。2.ZnGa₂O₄存在两个自激发光中心,当Ga稍过量时,自激发光中心是四面体镓氧键[T_d(Ga-O)],最大激发波长约248nm,最大发射波长约367nm;当Zn稍过量时,自激发光中心是八面体镓氧键[O_h(Ga-O)],最大激发波长约270nm,最大发射波长约441nm。当n(Zn):n(Ga)在理论值附近,激发和发射光强度最大,而且光谱峰位发生了红移。3.ZnGa₂O₄的热稳定性能非常好。上述结论对研究ZnGa₂O₄基质或掺杂的发光材料具有一定意义。     

氧化反应调控的金纳米簇“关-开”型荧光探针检测过氧化氢和葡萄糖

基于过氧化氢（H₂O₂）氧化单巯基（—S）为双巯基（S—S）,抑制金纳米簇（AuNCs）荧光猝灭,建立了一种灵敏的荧光传感方法用于过氧化氢和葡萄糖（Glu）的检测。DNA为模板合成的金纳米簇作为荧光探针,荧光强度高、稳定且合成简单快速。加入半胱氨酸（Cys）,半胱氨酸上的单巯基可以与金纳米簇发生化学键合反应形成稳定的Au—S键,破坏金纳米簇的结构,导致金纳米簇荧光强度猝灭。但当体系中存在过氧化氢时,将单巯基半胱氨酸氧化成双巯基的胱氨酸。双巯基的胱氨酸不能与金纳米簇发生键合作用,金纳米簇在471 nm处发射出强烈的荧光信号。葡萄糖可以在葡萄糖氧化酶（Gox）的作用下产生过氧化氢,利用该方法进一步开展了对葡萄糖的检测。以金纳米簇荧光强度的变化值F/F₀为纵坐标,过氧化氢或葡萄糖浓度为横坐标,实现了对过氧化氢和葡萄糖的灵敏检测,线性范围分别为10~100和10~200 μmol·L-1,检测下限分别为2.8和3.1 μmol·L-1。选择4种其他糖类化合物和5种金属离子作为干扰物质,均不会抑制半胱氨酸对金纳米簇的荧光猝灭效应,表明该方法具有很好的选择性。用该方法成功检测了胎牛血清样品中的葡萄糖,加标回收率为94.5%~112.7%。此外,该方法可拓展到其他基于酶催化产生过氧化氢体系的分析物检测,如胆固醇、辣根过氧化物酶等,为过氧化氢相关反应的分析提供了一种通用、简便的方法,在临床诊断、食品科学和环境分析等领域具有潜在的应用价值。