Wave field synthesis of a sound field described by spherical harmonics expansion coefficients

Near-field compensated higher order Ambisonics (NFC-HOA) and wave field synthesis (WFS) constitute the two best-known analytic sound field synthesis methods. While WFS is typically used for the synthesis of virtual sound scenes, NFC-HOA is typically employed in order to synthesize sound fields that have been captured with appropriate microphone arrays. Such recorded sound fields are essentially represented by the coefficients of the underlying surface spherical harmonics expansion. A sound field described by such coefficients cannot be straightforwardly synthesized in WFS. This is a consequence of the fact that, unlike in NFC-HOA, it is critical in WFS to carefully select those loudspeakers that contribute to the synthesis of a given sound source in a sound field under consideration. In order to enable such a secondary source selection, it is proposed to employ the well-known concept of decomposing the sound field under consideration into a continuum of plane waves, for which the secondary source selection is straightforward. The plane wave representation is projected onto the horizontal plane and a closed form expression of the secondary source driving signals for horizontal WFS systems of arbitrary convex shape is derived.     

Achieving acoustic cloak by using compressible background flow

We propose a scheme of acoustic spherical cloaking by means of background irrotational flow in compressible fluid.The background flow forms a virtual curved spacetime and directs the sound waves to bypass the cloaked objects. To satisfy the laws of real fluid, we show that spatially distributed mass source and momentum source are necessary to supply. The propagation of sound waves in this system is studied via both geometric acoustics approximation and full wave approach.The analytic solution of sound fields is obtained for plane wave incidence. The results reveal the effect of phase retardation(or lead) in comparison with the ordinary transformation-acoustic cloak. In addition, the ability of cloaking is also evaluated for unideal background flows by analyzing the scattering cross section.     

Interaction of a spherical acoustic wave with an elastic spherical shell

The interaction of a spherical acoustic wave with an elastic spherical shell is treated analytically. The solution includes the coupling between the acoustic sound field and vibration of the shell with any degree of fluid loading. The formulation for the far-field acoustic pressure is derived in terms of natural spherical wave functions, the properties of the acoustic medium, and the material constants of the shell. The far acoustic field is computed for a thin aluminum shell and several sound source locations over a large range of ka, where k is the wavenumber, and a is the shell radius. It is shown that the acoustic pressure depends significantly on whether the shell is in air or is submerged in water, particularly when the sound source is very near the surface. In air, the sound field of the shell is nearly identical to that of a rigid sphere but, in water, the shell is more compliant, which results in a damped radiation field that is characterized by vibrational resonances throughout the range of frequencies considered. As the sound sources is moved further away from the surface, however, this resonance response decreases very rapidly, and the sound field corresponds more closely to that of the shell in air.     

高精度球面阵聚焦声源定位方法研究

提出了一种高精度高空间分辨率球面阵聚焦声源定位方法——虚拟源法。该方法通过球面阵波束扫描获得实际声源的空间聚焦谱,并假定各扫描点为虚拟声源,将实际声源聚焦谱看作是全体虚拟源共同作用的结果,由此得到各虚拟源对声场的贡献量,从而可实现声源精确定位。仿真研究分析了频率,阵列孔径,声场模态阶数,信噪比等参数对声源定位性能的影响,并与常规算法进行对比。结果显示,该方法不受频率和阵列孔径的限制,避免了空间“混淆”,能够进行高精度高分辨率声源定位,并具有良好的背景噪声抑制能力。      

Planar near-field acoustical holography in a moving medium

Near-field acoustical holography (NAH) is a well-established method to study acoustic radiation near a stationary sound source in a homogeneous, stationary medium. However, the current theory of NAH is not applicable to moving sound sources, such as automobiles and trains. In this paper, the inclusion of a moving medium (i.e., moving source and receiver) is introduced in the wave equation and a new set of equations for plannar NAH is developed. Equations are developed for the acoustic pressure, particle velocity, and intensity when mean flow is either parallel or perpendicular to the hologram plane. If the source and the measurement plane are moving at the same speed, the frequency Doppler effect is absent, but a wave number Doppler effect exists. This leads to errors when reconstructing the acoustic field both towards and away from the source using static NAH. To investigate these errors, a point source is studied analytically using planar NAH with flow in one direction. The effect of the medium moving parallel to the hologram plane is noted by a shift of the radiation circle in wave number space (k-space). A k-space Green's function and a k-space filter are developed that include the effects of the moving medium.     

球面电磁波斜入射建筑物内场的数值分析

为了分析窄带电磁脉冲源近、远场辐照大型建筑物内部空间电磁场分布特点,采用时域有限差分方法,对比分析平面波、球面波场源正面斜入射多层多单元建筑物的计算结果,并较为全面地分析了各房间各水平面中心电场强度幅值、各层各水平面电场强度最大值分布情况。建筑物各层相对应高度面上场强分布近似,在电磁波传播方向上窗户房间内部区域场强较强,两种波场源入射结果基本一致;在其余区域场强较弱,特别是在较大空间内的区域,球面波场源入射下场强相对更弱。其中通过与待模拟建筑物外形相紧凑性匹配的球面波场源构建,模拟仿真了窄带球面电磁波在真空空间的辐射传播,计算结果验证所构建球面波近场源准确可行。     

单层传声器阵列重建相干声场的近场声全息方法研究

针对传声器阵列两侧存在相干声源的非自由声场重建问题,提出基于球面谐波函数扩展近场声全息理论的相干声场重建方法。该方法在已知测量面两侧声源几何位置时,使用单层传声器阵列获取测量面处的声压分布,通过最小二乘法获得与目标声源和干扰噪声源响应对应的最优球波函数扩展项数和最优系数向量,结合测点位置的空间坐标进行声波分解,并分别重建出各声源在测量面上的声压分布。为了验证方法的有效性,分别给出了相干噪声源为球形声源和非球形声源的仿真验证,并在全消声室内对双扬声器产生的相干声场的重建进行了实验验证。结果表明:该方法对球形声源和非球形声源干扰下的声场重建都具有较好的效果,球形声源干扰下的重建精度更高。      

Steady-state sound field in enclosures

The classical normal-mode theory expresses the steady-state soundfield in an enclosure produced by a sound source as a series of normal modes ofvibration.Experimental facts are not often explained by this theory,and it wasconjectured that the normal-mode expression is not the complete solution ofthe wave equation in the enclosure,but only the reverberant part of it,and thereshould be an additional term representing the direct spherical radiation to makethe solution complete.The problem is examined by critically reviewing the de-rivation of the normal-mode expression,and by theoretical analysis of thesteady-state sound field in the room and experimental measurements therein.The conjecture is thus confirmed,and it is definitely shown that the sound fieldshould contain the direct wave as well as the standing waves(normal modes)formed by the confinement of the boundary surfaces.Relevant mathematicalexpressions are derived.     

A novel approach for description of nonlinear field radiated from a concave source with wide aperture angle

A new approach is proposed to study the nonlinear sound field radiated from a concave spherical source with a wide aperture angle. The nonlinear sound field is theoretically described by a set of equations deduced reversely from the second-order Westervelt nonlinear wave equation. To examine the validity of the theoretical model, numerical calculations are performed on a concave spherical radiator with the aperture angle wide up to 40 degrees. Numerical calculation is implemented by the finite difference time domain algorithm in the oblate spheroidal coordinate system. Numerical results are in agreement with those obtained by Kamakura's solutions.     

Computation of acoustic radiation from vibrating structures in motion

The noises from a vibrating structure in motion are often encountered in engineering practice, for example, tire noise and pass-by noise of moving vehicles. Consequently, research on the radiation characteristics of moving acoustic source is of significance. In this paper, a new computational method based on the wave superposition approach is developed for the acoustic field from a vibrating structure in motion. It inherits the advantages of the wave superposition approach in the acoustic computation, and in which a method of moving simple sources is used to eliminate the influence of the Doppler effect. By the proposed method, the acoustic radiation from the moving vibrating structure can be calculated easily with the same implementation process as the conventional wave superposition approach performed in the stationary acoustic field. Finally, the validity and feasibility of the proposed method are verified by the numerical results.     

采用球面波叠加法还原自由声场的方法

为解决非自由声场中近场声全息重建时,干扰声在目标声源表面产生的散射影响,提出一种基于球面波叠加法的自由场还原技术。该技术首先采用基于球面波叠加法的声场分离技术获得向内和向外传播的声场,然后以目标声源的表面导纳作为边界条件,实现目标声源辐射声和散射声的分离,从而获得等效于自由声场的测量条件。该技术为准确实现非自由声场中的噪声源识别创造了条件。文中首先详细描述了该技术的基本原理,并提出一种最优球面波展开项数选取方法,最后通过数值仿真说明了该技术的有效性。结果表明:在频率较低时,散射声影响较小,采用声场分离技术和自由场还原技术效果相当;但随着频率升高,散射声影响逐步增强,必须采用自由场还原技术才能准确获得目标声源辐射声。      

Recovery of the free field in noisy environment by using the spherical wave superposition method

To remove the scattering effect of the disturbing sound on the target source when implementing nearfield acoustic holography in a non-free field, a free field recovery technique based on the spherical wave superposition method is proposed. In the method, the sound field separation technique based on the spherical wave superposition method is first used to separate the incoming and outgoing fields, and a further step for separating the radiated and scattered fields is performed by utilizing the surface admittance of the target source as the boundary condition. The technique makes it possible to correctly identify noise sources in a non-free sound field. The basic principle of the technique is described firstly, a method for choosing the optimal number of spherical wave expansion terms is given, and two numerical simulations are used to demonstrate the validity of this technique. It is shown that, for the lower frequency, the scattering effect can be neglected, and the radiated field of the target source can be obtained by the sound field separation technique, however, as the increasing of the frequency, the scattering effect cannot be neglected, and the free field recovery technique has to be used to obtain the radiated field of the target source.     

矩形单元声场波函数构造及其应用

在波叠加法中,结构外部声场是在离散边界上对Green函数进行积分并叠加得到,但数值积分的计算效率较低。而等效源法虽然提高了计算效率,但其面源简化为点源的过程中存在较大的积分近似误差。针对上述两种方法的缺陷,构造了一种波函数以替代离散单元关于Green函数积分的声场。首先,利用球坐标系下Helmholtz方程的解,推导了替代矩形单元积分的一般形式波函数及效率更高的内推波函数。其次,当离散单元为正方形时,将其近似成圆形域,进一步简化了内推波函数的表达式。最后,将所构造的波函数应用于声场计算。数值结果表明,在计算单个矩形单元外部辐射声场时,构造的波函数不仅保证了计算精度,而且相比于直接积分大幅度提高了计算效率。其中,矩形域一般形式和内推形式的波函数计算效率是直接积分的5～6倍,圆形域内推波函数计算效率达到了直接积分的12～13倍。在简支板声源和立方箱体辐射声源数值算例中,圆形域内推波函数在整个计算频段的声场计算精度均高于等效源法。     

Active noise cancellation of a spherical multipole source using a radially vibrating spherical baffled piston

The creation of quiet zones in a diffuse sound field due to a multipole spherical primary source by means of a radially vibrating surface set in the side of a rigid sphere (secondary source) is investigated in this article. The formulation utilizes the appropriate wave field expansions along with the translational addition theorems for spherical wave functions to develop a closed-form solution in the form of an infinite series. The numerical results reveal that using a baffled spherical piston model as a secondary source instead of a monopole control source will obviously improve the sound minimization efficiency of such noise-control systems in all cases, especially for a dipolar primary source.     

可压缩涡流场中空泡运动规律及声辐射特性研究

基于可压缩流体力学基本理论, 通过边界积分方程, 采用不同表面压力模型, 求解空泡在计及可压缩性的涡流场中的运动规律; 通过表面离散及坐标变换, 采用Kirchhoff动边界积分方程, 将空泡表面视为运动变形边界, 作为直接噪声源, 获得涡流场中空泡运动产生的时域声压分布; 分析了涡流场参数对空泡运动规律及声辐射特性的影响. 研究结果表明: 计及流场可压缩性, 空泡的脉动幅度会随时间减弱, 辐射声压幅值随之减小; 空泡在涡流场中会发生延展、 颈缩、 撕裂, 并在撕裂后子空泡中形成射流; 当流场中的压力减小时, 空泡运动过程中的最大半径与撕裂前的最大长度逐渐增加, 且当流场中压力较小时, 空泡撕裂时形成的子空泡增多; 空泡辐射声压的指向性较弱, 撕裂会使辐射声压产生突变, 形成极大峰值; 随着涡通量的增大或空泡数的减小, 空泡脉动周期及其诱导的辐射声压波动周期随之延长, 辐射声压峰值逐渐滞后并减小. 本文结果旨在为涡流场中空泡运动规律及声辐射特性的相关研究提供参考. 关键词： 可压缩 涡流场 空泡 声辐射     

High-speed video microscopy and computer enhanced imagery in the pursuit of bubble dynamics

The equipment and method for studying transient bubble dynamics are described in simple sonochemical reactors and presented using still frames from high-speed video microscopy (500 fps). Effects on aeration bubbles (mean size 1–3 mm diameter) and the cavitation induced species (<0.5 mm diameter) are studied. The images are computer enhanced to improve interpretation of such features as the maximum ellipsoidal distortion at the nodal sound plane and spherical shape regain with due consideration of energy involved and expansion effects at the nodal sound plane. Also immersion depth/pressure effects, as the bubbles transcend the sound field column, in the cylindrical reactor, are recorded for evaluation of nodal and antinodal sound wave effects. Positions of the nodal and antinodal regions are marked using a novel tungsten halogen bulb technique and verified using the sonoelectroluminescent approach with the classical luminol/hydrogen peroxide chemistry which is enhanced under the sound field conditions.     

水下目标对幅度高斯相关海面环境噪声场扰动特性的研究

理论探讨了水下目标受海面环境噪声场激发产生的散射场对海洋环境噪声场的扰动特性,基于幅度高斯型相关海面噪声源模型,利用任意声源分布声场的积分表达式和单极子源半无限空间格林函数的球面波展开式,获得了刚性球目标在海面单极子和偶极子源海洋环境噪声“照射”下的直达噪声场、散射噪声场、总噪声场,以及二接收点直达、散射和总噪声协方差的理论表达式,表明总噪声场除了和目标阻抗特性、接收点的方向有关外,还受到海面噪声源相关特性,以及直达与散射噪声场之间干涉的较大影响。数值计算结果给出较近距离范围内,刚球目标声学可见度约为4~5dB,并指出在海洋环境噪声场中,刚球目标散射的方向特性明显不同于平面波入射。      

运动小孔径水平基阵估计目标深度

针对浅海动态声场,基于简正波模型提出了一种利用运动小孔径水平基阵估计目标深度的方法。通过合成孔径算法将运动小孔径水平基阵扩展成虚拟的大孔径水平基阵,利用稀疏近似最小方差准则可以在相对较小的合成孔径上估计各阶简正波模态能量,不同深度的模态匹配度由Camberra距离的负指数度量,目标深度估计结果是模态匹配度最大值对应深度。数值仿真与实验结果表明,在简正波声场结构基础上,声源频率越低则实现目标深度估计需要的合成孔径距离越小,当声源与阵列端射方向成一定角度时,对所需合成孔径的影响与其相对速度变化时的影响相同,在典型浅海水平分层波导中,当单阵元输入信噪比为10 dB时,准确估计200 Hz和350 Hz声源的深度,分别要求合成孔径大于12倍和16倍波导深度。利用实验数据验证了该方法对水下低频线谱声源的深度估计能力。      

基于时域多普勒修正的运动声全息识别方法

由于运动声源测量信号中多普勒效应的存在,一般声全息方法无法直接使用,而阵列信号波束成形处理方法无法进行定量分析.本方法建立了基于测量面、辐射面和全息面的运动学几何关系,提出了声源与测量信号之间的非线性时间映射方法,基于运动声源的声源特征函数,构造了消除多普勒效应的全息面时域声压分布.全息重建得到运动声源表面有效声压分布,实现了对主要声源处声压幅值的定量估计.实际运动声源的测量实验结果证明了该方法的有效性.     

Transmission of a spherical sound wave through a single-leaf wall: Mass law for spherical wave incidence

This paper examines the sound insulation of a single-leaf wall driven by a spherical wave. The transmitted sound field of an infinite elastic plate under a spherical wave incidence is theoretically analyzed and insulation mechanisms are considered. The displacement of the plate is formulated using the Hankel transform in wavenumber space and the transmitted sound pressure in the far-field is obtained by Rayleigh’s formula in an explicit closed form. Moreover, a reduction index is also derived in a closed form by introducing an approximation into the vibration characteristics of the plate. Deterioration of the insulation performance under the spherical wave incidence is caused by an apparent decrease of wall impedance that depends on the directivity of the transmitted sound wave. The mass law for a spherical wave incidence is different from that for a normal plane wave incidence: doubling the weight of the wall or the frequency gives an increase of 3 dB (c.f. 6 dB for a normal plane wave incidence), which is also smaller than the field incidence mass law.