海面噪声的空间相关与垂直方向性理论

本文讨论由海面噪声源与分层介质海洋所组成的海洋环境噪声模型。假设噪声源是统计独立分布在海面上的指向性点源,研究噪声源特性以及传播条件对海洋环境噪声场的影响。发展了海面噪声的简正波理论,并在一定条件下将简正波理论得到的适合于小掠角范围的噪声场方向密度函数解析延拓至大掠角范围,使之与射线理论表式衔接起来,获得了计算海洋环境噪声强度、空间相关与方向密度函数的简明表式。     

噪声源非均匀分布海洋环境噪声水平声能流理论分析

研究水平非均匀分布噪声源所产生的各向异性海洋环境噪声场声能流。提出一种混合型非均匀分布噪声源模型,理论分析并数值计算了此模型情况下的环境噪声场水平声能流。结果表明:非均匀分布噪声源引起的海洋环境噪声场具有显著非零平均水平声能流;不同接收点的水平声能流明显不同;其幅度和方向取决于各个局部海域不等强度声源产生的合成噪声声能流矢量和。研究了两接收点间噪声的声压和振速水平分量、振速水平分量归一化相关系数随两接收点间距的关系,各量之间表现出较强相关性,为分析水下矢量声场目标探测技术性能提供理论依据。      

起伏海面散射引起浅海声传播损失的统计特性与快速声场预报方法

基于海洋环境信息、起伏海面的小斜率近似和简正波模型,研究了浅海环境中不同季节起伏海面散射引起的声传播损失的统计特性,给出了海面散射声传播损失-风速拟合公式以及一种快速声场预报方法,可据此快速评估水下长期工作设备的工作性能。仿真结果表明,对于全年运行的水声设备,当传播距离超过10 km时,须考虑起伏海面散射对声传播的影响。起伏海面散射对声场的影响冬季大于夏季,在夏季负跃层环境中起伏海面散射对下发上收声场的影响大于下发下收声场。     

海洋环境噪声研究发展概述及应用前景

海洋环境噪声是海洋声场的背景场,通常被当作干扰项。在传统的水声学和海洋声学中,对海洋环境噪声的研究目的大多是为了降低或抑制环境噪声对水下设备的干扰,提高水下设备的性能和作用距离。目前,许多国家纷纷投入力量,开展海洋环境噪声数据获取、分析及噪声场建模工作。从另一个角度考虑,海洋环境噪声是海洋中永恒存在的声场,包含了水体及海底海面等环境特性信息。因此,可利用海洋环境噪声来研究海洋环境物理特性,通过低代价换取丰富的海洋声学信息。若能对海洋环境噪声的宽频带和任意时间存在的特性加以利用,则可以从海洋环境噪声中提取出相关的海洋环境参数。     

海面波浪对海洋环境噪声垂直空间相关性的影响

研究了由海浪谱导得的噪声源的相关函数对海洋环境噪声垂直空间相关性的影响。常用的海洋环境噪声空间相关性模型一般假设海面噪声源是非相关的,这种假设可以解释一些物理现象,但是与真实情况并不符合。考虑到风成噪声与海浪运动的相关性,引入海浪谱,得到噪声源的相关函数,利用Kuperman-Ingenito (K/I)噪声模型,计算海洋环境噪声的垂直相关性。通过仿真结果与实验数据对比可以看出,在高风速下,假设噪声源不相关时计算得到的噪声场垂直相关性与实验结果相差较大,而利用由海浪谱导得的噪声源的相关函数计算得到的噪声场的垂直相关性与实验结果符合较好。      

海洋环境噪声空间相关特性建模综述*

相对于大多数声纳,海洋环境噪声通常被视为背景干扰。水听器基阵的信噪比增益成为了基阵设计和性能估计的重要参数。从空间相关特性的角度看,当信号场已知时,阵增益可唯一由噪声场的空间相关特性来确定,这就是海洋环境噪声空间相关特性建模的动机。根据环境和声场之不同,文献中已给出几种不同的噪声场模型。为了阐明已有模型的特点及未来的研究方向,本文对噪声场空间相关特性建模做了简要综述。     

虚拟源阵估计浅海目标噪声源强度

针对浅海目标噪声源强度测量估计受波导影响产生偏离的问题,提出一种虚拟垂直源阵浅海目标噪声源强度估计方法,通过被测目标噪声源在浅海波导中移动形成虚拟垂直源阵,利用简正波特征函数的正交性,消除浅海目标噪声场的干涉,以及声源和接收点深度对声源强度测量的影响,获取了更为接近自由场测量的目标噪声源强度估计。理论分析和数值仿真表明,浅海波导中采用本方法测量估计得到的目标噪声源自由场强度和预设真实值相近,同一噪声源在不同浅海波导测量估计结果相同。仿真结果证实了方法的可行性,并显示:南海某实际波导中, 100 Hz以上频段目标噪声源强度估计和真实值相差小于0.5 dB, 40 Hz至100 Hz频段,相差小于1.0 dB, 20 Hz误差约为3.0 dB; 30 Hz以上频段,同一源4种波导环境中测量估计值的标准差小于0.5 dB。文中还就所提方法的主要误差来源以及导致低频段误差增大的原因进行了理论分析和仿真。文中所提虚拟源阵方法,为提高水中目标噪声源强度的测量估计精度提供了一种思路,并可为波导参数的准确反演估计提供参考。     

浅海舰船噪声声强流的垂直方向性

浅海环境中,确定性声源的多途声信号干涉使得接收点处声强流的方向发生改变,不再与声源位置处的声强流方向一致。只测量声场的标量声强时,无法得到接收点处声强流的垂直方向性,而基于简正波矢量场建模和仿真,可获得理想条件下宽带点声源激发声场声强流的垂直方向性。本文采用单矢量水听器进行海上实验,获得了海洋环境噪声和干扰条件下舰船噪声声强流的垂直方向性。仿真和实验结果表明:远场条件下,浅海干涉现象引起接收点处声强流的方向(极角)随频率和距离变化,其时间-频率分布呈现与LOFAR谱干涉条纹相似的条纹,声强流的极角值主要分布在70?～110?范围内。     

深海中利用单水听器的影区声源无源测距测深方法

在典型深海情况下当声源与接收水听器位于海水表层时,在影区内由声源海底接收器、声源海面海底接收器、声源海底海面接收器和声源海面海底海面接收器4条声线形成声场干涉结构,声强随着频率具有两种干涉周期,随着收发距离的增加而增大,分别随着声源深度、接收水听器深度的增加而减小。因此由单水听器记录的声场干涉结构即可实现宽带声源目标的无源测距测深,仿真分析验证了其有效性。在南海深海声学实验中观测到海面宽带噪声源在声场影区所形成的声场干涉结构,数据分析结果验证了深海声场干涉结构用于声源无源定位的有效性。与传统无源定位方法相比,该方法不需要宽带引导声源、精确的海底声学参数和大规模的拷贝场计算。      

水下低频振荡涡流场声散射调制机理与特性研究

水下涡流场对声波的散射问题是声波在复杂流场中传播的基本问题,在水下目标探测和流场声成像领域具有重要意义.针对水下低频振荡涡流场声散射调制问题建立了理论分析模型与数值计算方法,探究了其声散射调制声场的产生机理与时空频特性.首先,基于运动介质的波动方程,通过引入势函数将波动方程分解为流声耦合项和非耦合项,并对流声耦合项进行频域分析处理,揭示了水下振荡涡流场的声散射调制机理;其次,采用间断伽辽金数值方法对水下低频振荡涡流场中声传播过程进行了数值模拟,分析了低马赫数条件下,不同入射声波频率、涡流场的振荡频率和涡核尺度对涡流场声散射调制声场时空频特性的影响规律,并结合理论分析模型对其特性进行了解释.研究表明:低马赫数下,振荡涡流场对声波的散射可产生包含涡流场振荡频率双边带调制谐波的散射调制声场,且随着入射声波频率、涡核尺度的增大,散射调制声场强度增强,总散射声场空间分布具有对称性和明显主瓣,且主瓣方位角趋近于入射波传播方向;在频率比远大于1条件下,涡流场振荡频率对散射调制声场强度影响较小.     

Recovery of the free field in noisy environment by using the spherical wave superposition method

To remove the scattering effect of the disturbing sound on the target source when implementing nearfield acoustic holography in a non-free field, a free field recovery technique based on the spherical wave superposition method is proposed. In the method, the sound field separation technique based on the spherical wave superposition method is first used to separate the incoming and outgoing fields, and a further step for separating the radiated and scattered fields is performed by utilizing the surface admittance of the target source as the boundary condition. The technique makes it possible to correctly identify noise sources in a non-free sound field. The basic principle of the technique is described firstly, a method for choosing the optimal number of spherical wave expansion terms is given, and two numerical simulations are used to demonstrate the validity of this technique. It is shown that, for the lower frequency, the scattering effect can be neglected, and the radiated field of the target source can be obtained by the sound field separation technique, however, as the increasing of the frequency, the scattering effect cannot be neglected, and the free field recovery technique has to be used to obtain the radiated field of the target source.     

应用于有源声辐射控制的一种组合次级声源

在分析多通道单极子次级源控制系统的基础上,提出一种幅度调节型组合次级声源,这种组合源由两个单极子声源构成,单极子声源的间距远小于声波的波长。文中就组合次级源在自由场中对不同初级声源辐射噪声的控制进行理论分析和实验验证,并与同等条件下的单极子次级源控制系统的降噪性能进行了比较分析。数值计算和实验结果均表明,对于不同的初级声场,在次级通道数相同的情况下,组合次级源控制系统可以得到比单极子次级源控制系统高的降噪量。     

采用球面波叠加法还原自由声场的方法

为解决非自由声场中近场声全息重建时,干扰声在目标声源表面产生的散射影响,提出一种基于球面波叠加法的自由场还原技术。该技术首先采用基于球面波叠加法的声场分离技术获得向内和向外传播的声场,然后以目标声源的表面导纳作为边界条件,实现目标声源辐射声和散射声的分离,从而获得等效于自由声场的测量条件。该技术为准确实现非自由声场中的噪声源识别创造了条件。文中首先详细描述了该技术的基本原理,并提出一种最优球面波展开项数选取方法,最后通过数值仿真说明了该技术的有效性。结果表明:在频率较低时,散射声影响较小,采用声场分离技术和自由场还原技术效果相当;但随着频率升高,散射声影响逐步增强,必须采用自由场还原技术才能准确获得目标声源辐射声。      

Active noise cancellation of a spherical multipole source using a radially vibrating spherical baffled piston

The creation of quiet zones in a diffuse sound field due to a multipole spherical primary source by means of a radially vibrating surface set in the side of a rigid sphere (secondary source) is investigated in this article. The formulation utilizes the appropriate wave field expansions along with the translational addition theorems for spherical wave functions to develop a closed-form solution in the form of an infinite series. The numerical results reveal that using a baffled spherical piston model as a secondary source instead of a monopole control source will obviously improve the sound minimization efficiency of such noise-control systems in all cases, especially for a dipolar primary source.     

On acoustic radiation by a rigid object in a fluid flow

A problem of sound radiation by an absolutely rigid object, moving with respect to the surrounding fluid, is considered on the basis of the Lighthill's equation for aerodynamic sound. An integral representation of the radiated acoustic field is utilized, where the field is characterized as the sum of three fields, generated by a volume distribution of monopoles and by distributions of monopoles and dipoles on the surface of the rigid object. It is shown that, due to a discontinuity of Lighthill's stress tensor on the rigid boundary, a layer of surface divergence of hydrodynamic stresses on the boundary must be taken into account when evaluating the volume integral over Lighthill's quadrupole sources. When the contribution of the surface divergence is included in the solution of Lighthill's equation, amplitudes of the monopole and dipole sound radiated by the rigid object are shown to depend on the potential components of the normal velocity and the pressure on the rigid surface. The obtained solution is compared with Curle's solution for this problem, which establishes that the sound radiation by a rigid object is determined by the force exerted by the object upon the fluid. Both solutions are applied to two known problems of sound scattering and radiation by a rigid sphere in variable pressure and velocity fields. It is shown that predictions based on the obtained solution are equivalent to the results known from literature, whereas Curle's solution gives predictions contradicting the known results. It is also shown that the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings equation, which coincides with Curle's equation for an immoveable rigid object, does not lead to the correct predictions as well.     

Experimental Estimation of the Emission Directivity of a Moving Surface Vessel in Shallow Water

The possibility of constructing an acoustic model of a surface ship’s noise emission in the far field using monopole-type emitters uniformly distributed along the hull is investigated. Experimental data obtained in shallow water are used to calculate the characteristics of equivalent monopole emission sources that form a total sound field similar to the sound field from a moving surface ship. The powers of each monopole and the cross-correlations between them are calculated. For the selected discrete components and linear model of an extended source, the directivity patterns are constructed, reduced to the free space. In the experiments and calculations, technical tools and algorithms were used that ensure high-precision positioning of the vessel with respect to the receiving elements of the array. An equivalent model of the waveguide transfer function in the operations area was preliminarily obtained by acoustic waveguide calibration using specially developed equipment, experimental techniques, and processing algorithms. This made it possible to use adequate seafloor models and the waveguide transfer function when calculating the equivalent sound field and directivity pattern. Good agreement is shown between the calculated and experimental data, both of the directivity pattern and field distribution along the transit characteristics. Practical recommendations are given for developing methods to measure the noise fields of surface vessels.

     

Active control of radiation from a piston set in a rigid sphere

Active control of the sound radiated from a piston set in a rigid sphere with a set of control point sources around is considered in this paper, where the scattering sound field of the control sound from the rigid sphere has been taken into account to minimize the total radiated sound power. Analytic results of the sound power are obtained and numerical simulations show that it is possible to reduce the radiation from a small piston set in a rigid sphere similar to the size of a human head up to a certain frequency. It is found that the introduction of the scattering object makes significant differences from the active control without scattering objects. This being the case, the scattering object makes the active noise control easier. To increase the global reduction of sound-power output, the optimal number and locations of the control sources and the optimal number and locations of error sensors are discussed. Finally, experiments with one control source and one error sensor around a head simulator have been carried out to verify the simulation results.     

Multi-scattering in active noise control

This paper follows up on an earlier paper of the author [1] dealing with the issue of multi-scattering in a typical active noise control system. This work concerns the effects of the presence of a neighboring wall on the performance of an active noise cancellation system when the dimension of sources is added to the analysis. Effect of the adjacent wall is taken into account using the image method, and multi-scattering is also allowed for by the spherical harmonic addition theorem. The recognized method of separation of variables and appropriate wave field expansions in spherical coordination are used to derive the required analytical solutions. A primary spherical source radiates at different modes, and a secondary source is modeled as a radially vibrating cap which resembles a real sound speaker. Our particular interest in this work is to investigate effects of multi-scattering at intermediate working frequencies of ANC, e.g., about 100–500 Hz. In addition to emphasizing the importance of multi-scattering, this work endeavors to find the appropriate cap angle of the control source to achieve acceptable noise attenuation for different vibrating modes of the primary source (monopole, dipole). Numerical results reveal that the presence of a rigid wall will considerably change the adequate velocity of the secondary source and also show that using a baffled spherical piston instead of a monopole control source will obviously improve the sound minimization efficiency when the primary source vibrates in the n = 1 mode in a low frequency range. Published in Russian in Akusticheskiĭ Zhurnal, 2008, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 5–17. The text was submitted by the author in English.     

Wave field synthesis of moving virtual sound sources with complex radiation properties

An approach to the synthesis of moving virtual sound sources with complex radiation properties in wave field synthesis is presented. The approach exploits the fact that any stationary sound source of finite spatial extent radiates spherical waves at sufficient distance. The angular dependency of the radiation properties of the source under consideration is reflected by the amplitude and phase distribution on the spherical wave fronts. The sound field emitted by a uniformly moving monopole source is derived and the far-field radiation properties of the complex virtual source under consideration are incorporated in order to derive a closed-form expression for the loudspeaker driving signal. The results are illustrated via numerical simulations of the synthesis of the sound field of a sample moving complex virtual source.     

Fresnel approximations for acoustic fields of rectangularly symmetric sources

A general approach is presented for determining the acoustic fields of rectangularly symmetric, baffled, time-harmonic sources under the Fresnel approximation. This approach is applicable to a variety of separable source configurations, including uniform, exponential, Gaussian, sinusoidal, and error function surface velocity distributions, with and without focusing in either surface dimension. In each case, the radiated field is given by a formula similar to that for a uniform rectangular source, except for additional scaling of wave number and azimuthal distance parameters. The expressions presented are generalized to three different Fresnel approximations that correspond, respectively, to diffracted plane waves, diffracted spherical waves, or diffracted cylindrical waves. Numerical results, for several source geometries relevant to ultrasonic applications, show that these expressions accurately depict the radiated pressure fields, except for points very near the radiating aperture. Highest accuracy near the source is obtained by choice of the Fresnel approximation most suited to the source geometry, while the highest accuracy far from the source is obtained by the approximation corresponding to diffracted spherical waves. The methods are suitable for volumetric computations of acoustic fields including focusing, apodization, and attenuation effects.