铁硒基超导材料实用化研究进展

由于铁基超导体含有铁磁性元素以及具有极高的上临界场等特性, 引发了科学家对其理论和实用化研究的热潮. 铁基超导体主要分为四个体系: “1111”体系、 “122”体系、 “111 ”体系和“11 ”体系. 其中, “11 ”体系中的 FeSe基超导材料由于结构简单、 单晶制备容易以及不含有毒元素等优势, 使其成为了研究铁基超导材料的热门体系, 同时也成为了新型实用化超导材料的研究热点. 本文在简要介绍铁基超导材料和 FeSe 基超导材料的基础上, 重点介绍了实用化 FeSe 基超导材料多晶块体、 线带材以及薄膜在制备工艺以及性能等方面的研究进展, 最后对其相关领域今后的发展做出展望     

面向高场应用的铁基超导材料

铁基超导体的上临界磁场可达100 T以上,并具有较小的各向异性、简单的制备工艺等突出优点,在核磁共振成像(MRI)、核磁共振谱仪(NMR)及高场超导磁体等领域具有重要的应用前景。目前铁基超导材料正处于快速发展的研发阶段,低成本的粉末装管法已广泛应用于铁基超导线带材的制备,临界传输电流密度在4.2 K和10 T下超过10~5A/cm~2;最近世界首根百米量级铁基超导长线的成功研制进一步奠定了铁基超导材料在强电领域的应用基础。本文首先介绍了铁基超导材料的典型结构与基本超导特性,接着以粉末装管工艺流程为主线,从影响铁基线带材临界电流密度的关键因素:相纯度、晶界弱连接以及致密度等方面入手,详细评述了国内外铁基超导线带材制备的最新研究进展。在此基础上,分析当前研究中存在的问题,并提出进一步改善传输性能的可能对策,最后对铁基超导材料的发展趋势进行了展望。     

c轴织构1111型铁基超导体临界传输电流密的计算

采用最大网络流量模型和Ford-Fulkerson算法思想编写的Matlab程序在计算c轴织构122型铁基超导体临界传输电流密度时表现出色。变动部分参数后,该模型和计算方法也同样适用于其它铁基超导体。这里计算了c轴织构的1111型铁基超导体在不同温度和磁场下的临界电流密度Jc,并研究了材料的相对密度对Jc的影响。     

新型交生结构自掺杂铁基超导体

铁基高温超导体的基本结构单元是反萤石型Fe₂X₂层（X为磷族或硫族元素）,因此,设计具有Fe₂X₂层的新化合物成为探索铁基超导材料的有效途径.本文在回顾铁基超导体结构特征和基本结构类型的基础上,归纳总结了铁基超导体块层结构设计的基本原则;着重介绍迄今发现的几类具有层状交生（intergrowth）结构的新型自掺杂铁基超导材料.     

Ba1-xKxFe2As2单晶(Tc=38.5K)磁通钉扎力与钉扎机理研究

铁基超导体是在2008年由Hosono发现的一种新型超导材料, 由于其具有上临界场高、各向异性小、临界电流密度大等优点, 在世界范围内引起了广泛关注. 以Ba_1-xK_xFe₂As₂为代表的FeAs-122系超导体具有结构简单、合成温度低、单晶容易制备等优点, 是物理学家和材料学家关注的焦点. 本工作在获得最优化掺杂的Ba_1-xK_xFe₂As₂单晶(T_c = 38.5 K)基础上, 通过分析其在不同磁场条件下电阻温度变化关系、不同温度条件下的磁滞回线等数据, 系统的研究了Ba_1-xK_xFe₂As₂单晶磁通钉扎力和磁通钉扎机理. 研究发现Ba_1-xK_xFe₂As₂超导体具有非常高的磁通钉扎势, 其中9 T的外场条件下, 其在H//c轴和H//ab面的钉扎势分别为5800 K和8100 K, 展示出良好的应用前景; 通过进一步分析发现, 其磁通钉扎机理应是由于晶格内部的小尺寸缺陷引起的电子平均自由程变化而导致的δl钉扎.     

Nb_3Al超导材料及磁体制备技术的研究进展

Nb3Al超导材料在高场下具有非常高的临界电流密度以及优异的应变容许特性,被认为是高场磁体应用的理想材料.但由于Nb3Al超导材料成相反应过程的特殊性导致其制备难度极大,成为目前实用化低温超导材料研究领域的热点和难点.本文对目前国内外Nb3Al超导材料及磁体制备技术的研究进展进行了系统分析,对未来发展的趋势进行了探讨.     

新型铁基超导体角分辨光电子能谱研究

最近发现的新型122结构的铁基超导体掀起了铁基高温超导研究的又一轮热潮.文章利用角分辨光电子能谱实验手段,研究了这类新型铁基材料的电子结构、费米面拓扑和超导能隙.实验结果表明,其在布里渊区中心的能带结构及费米面与其他铁基超导体存在明显差异,并导致嵌套在粒子-空穴通道的费米面消失.另外,在布里渊区边缘的电子型费米面发现了较强的并且有各向同性的超导能隙.这些结果对可能的超导配对机制提出了严格的限制.     

新型FeSe基超导材料研究进展

FeSe基超导体作为铁基超导材料家族的重要组成部分,已经成为凝聚态物理研究的一个热点领域,对这类超导材料的探索和制备是研究其物理性质的基础.目前,对于FeSe基超导材料的探索主要集中于插层和外延单层FeSe薄膜.其中,通过插层方法获得的FeSe基超导材料具有独特的性质,且种类众多.本文介绍了近年来发现的一系列FeSe基高温超导材料,涵盖K_xFe₂Se₂,A_xNH₃FeSe,LiOHFeSe和有机分子插层FeSe等,并针对各种材料,简述了其性质及影响.     

新型铁基超导体材料的研究进展

文章主要介绍了碱金属插层法合成新型铁基超导体的研究进展.通过采用碱金属K对FeSe层状材料插层的方法,得到了一种新型的铁基超导体K0.8Fe1.7Se2,并对该材料的晶体结构与物性进行了研究.结果表明,该化合物的超导转变温度达到30K,这是FeSe体系在常压下的最高超导转变温度.同时,观察到该体系中存在转变温度为43K的超导相,但未得到纯相.通过磁性元素Co的掺杂研究,进一步加深了对K0.8Fe1.7Se2体系超导演化规律的认识.该超导体的发现对深入认识铁基超导体的超导机理,探索具有更高超导转变温度的铁基超导体具有重要意义.     

Ba-122铁基超导带材扭转下临界性能研究

为推动铁基超导带材实用化发展,本文研制出一种在铁基超导带材纯扭转测试装置,分析了7芯Ba_1-xK_xFe₂As₂(Ba-122)带材在扭转应变下临界性能变化。带材临界电流在扭转应变下会出现衰退行为,并且随扭转应变增大而减小。四对电压信号测量结果一致,表明扭转变形均匀。以95%的初始临界电流为临界扭转标准,带材临界扭转角为120°,相应的临界剪切应变为0.86%和临界扭转螺距为240 mm。扭转应力会损伤超导芯,导致带材临界载流性能降低。     

高温超导Bi2212 圆线材的热失超行为研究

为了及时的发现和保护超导体在失超过程中由于局部温度的突然升高而导致的材料的不可逆破坏行为,对于超导材料的失超行为深入地研究和定量地分析是必要的. 本文结合电场方程和热平衡方程, 建立了能够描述失超行为的热-电耦合方程, 并构建了能够表征多芯 Bi2212 圆线材结构的三维模型, 同时基于有限单元法进行数值计算, 研究其失超 行 为. 通过对比实验与研究结果验证模型的准确性和有效性, 继而研究了正常区传播速度(NZPV) 和最小失超能( MQE) 与运输电流之间的关系, 并给出了热失超过程中电流重分布过程.     

千米量级多芯MgB2/Nb/Cu超导线材的制备及性能研究

以无磁性的Nb作为中心增强体和阻隔层材料,无氧铜作为稳定体包套材料,采用原位法粉末装管工艺(in-situ PIT)制备了千米量级7芯导体结构的MgB2/Nb/Cu超导线带材,由于Nb/Cu包套材料具有良好的塑形加工性能,整个加工过程中未进行中间退火热处理,复合多芯线材最终加工到Φ1.4mm;在真空热处理炉中680℃保温2小时进行成相热处理;对烧结后的线材进行了微观结构、超导电性、纵向电流分布均匀性及常温力学性能等分析检测.线带材的工程临界电流密度在20K,1T磁场条件下达到2.5×104 A/cm2.结果表明该工艺能够制备实用化高性能的MgB2线带材.     

Large transport critical currents of powder-in-tube Sr0.6K0.4Fe2As2/Ag superconducting wires and tapes

We report the achievement of transport critical currents in Sr_0.6K_0.4Fe₂As₂ wires and tapes with a T_c = 34 K. The wires and tapes were fabricated through an in situ powder-in-tube process. Silver was used as a chemical addition as well as a sheath material. All the wire and tape samples have shown the ability to transport superconducting current. Critical current density J_c was enhanced upon silver addition, and at 4.2 K, a largest J_c of ～1200 A/cm² (I_c = 9 A) was achieved for 20% silver added tapes, which is the highest in iron-based wires and tapes so far. The J_c is almost field independent between 1 T and 10 T, exhibiting a strong vortex pinning. Such a high transport critical current density is attributed to the weak reaction between the silver sheath and the superconducting core, as well as an improved connectivity between grains. We also identify a weak-link behavior from the apparent drop of J_c at low fields and a hysteretic phenomenon. Finally, we found that compared to Fe, Ta and Nb tubes, Ag was the best sheath material for the fabrication of high-performance 122 type pnictide wires and tapes.     

AC losses in multifilamentary Bi(2223) tapes with an interfilamentary resistive carbonate barrier

For the most common AC application frequencies, the main component of the AC losses in multifilamentary Bi(2223) tapes are caused by hysteresis- and coupling losses. These losses can be reduced enhancing the matrix resistivity and applying a twist to the filaments. We report on the AC loss properties of 37-filament tapes with AgAu (8 wt.%) matrix, and novel 19-filament tapes with SrCO₃ barriers between the filaments. We performed transport AC loss and magnetic AC loss measurements in parallel and perpendicular magnetic fields. Both kinds of tapes were also prepared with filament twists below a twist pitch of 20 mm. The influence of the different tape modifications on the AC loss behaviour is presented and compared with theoretical models to understand the effect of the resistive matrix. In the case of magnetic AC loss measurements, reduced AC losses due to decoupled filaments were observed for the twisted tapes with a resistive matrix in low parallel fields.     

一种铁基超导带材交流损耗的测量

近年来铁基超导材料的发现掀起了又一轮新型超导材料研究的热潮,各种配方的铁基超导材料不断被制备出来,转变温度也不断提高,中国科学家在该领域取得了十分突出的成果,制备出了多种铁基超导材料,但对其交流损耗特性研究鲜有报道,而实际应用中交流损耗的特性又十分重要,因此搭建了一套采用探测线圈法的交流损耗测量平台,测试了一种中国科学院电工研究所采用PIT工艺制作的单芯铁基超导带材的交流损耗。该文介绍了采用探测线圈法测量超导材料交流损耗的一种测量平台的搭建与标定,以及采用标定过的测量平台在液氦温度下测量的一种采用PIT工艺制作的单芯铁基超导带材的交流损耗;并与计算得到的铁基带材超导芯的磁滞损耗和包套的涡流损耗进行了比较分析,得出了其交流损耗与背景磁场频率成正比,其涡流损耗可以忽略的结论。     

Influence of tape-specific properties on local stress and strain in Bi-2223/Ag tapes

Superconductors are typically fragile, and their superconducting properties are reduced under strain. Moreover, superconductor wires operate under large mechanical loads in most applications. Thus, a careful mechanical analysis is essential when designing superconducting applications. So far, plenty of experimental and computational studies concerning stress and strain in, e.g. Bi-2223/Ag tapes have been carried out. However, Bi-2223 tapes contain several properties that vary between different tapes and are often unknown when designing a specific application. The largest uncertainties are related to the creep at high temperatures, stiffness and anisotropy of filaments and the yield strength of silver. In this paper, the influence of uncertainties on the local stress and strain in Bi-2223/Ag tapes is studied computationally to determine efficient strategies to reduce inaccuracy of the results. The results suggest that the filaments can be described as an isotropic material and the filament stiffness is the most important input parameter to estimate the total stiffness of the tape.     

Fabrication and characterization of iron pnictide wires and bulk materials through the powder-in-tube method

The recent discovery of superconductivity in the iron-based superconductors with very high upper critical fields presents a new possibility for practical applications, but fabricating fine-wire is a challenge because of mechanically hard and brittle powders and the toxicity and volatility of arsenic. In this paper, we report the synthesis and the physical characterization of iron pnictide wires and bulks prepared by the powder-in-tube method (PIT). A new class of high-T_c iron pnictide composite wires, such as LaFeAsO_1?xF_x, SmFeAsO_1?xF_x and Sr_1?xK_xFeAs, has been fabricated by the in situ PIT technique using Fe, Ta and Nb tubes. Microscopy and X-ray analysis show that the superconducting core is continuous, and retains phase composition after wire drawing and heat treatment. Furthermore, the wires exhibit a very weak J_c-field dependence behavior even at high temperatures. The upper critical field H_c2(0) value can exceed 100 T, surpassing those of MgB₂ and all the low temperature superconductors and indicating a strong potential for applications requiring very high field. These results demonstrate the feasibility of producing superconducting pnictide composite wire. We also applied the one-step PIT method to synthesize the iron-based bulks, due to its convenience and safety. In fact, by using this technique, we have successfully discovered superconductivity at 35 K and 15 K in Eu_0.7Na_0.3Fe₂As₂ and SmCoFeAsO compounds, respectively. These clearly suggest that the one-step PIT technique is unique and versatile and hence can be tailored easily for other rare earth derivatives of novel iron-based superconductors.     

Fabrication and transport properties of ex situ powder-in-tube (PIT) processed (Ba,K)Fe2As2 superconducting wires

Soon after the discovery of Fe based superconductors, attempts of wire fabrication started using a powder-in-tube (PIT) technique, because their high transition temperature and extremely high upper critical field bring the hope of high field applications. Although the transport critical current density, $J_c$, reported in the early stage was disappointingly low, it has been rapidly improved during the past one year to the orders of ${10}^4$ and 10⁵ A/cm² by optimizing various processing parameters of the PIT technique. This paper reports one of the works which brought such rapid progress. (Ba,K)Fe₂As₂ superconducting wires were fabricated by an ex situ powder-in-tube (PIT) process using a melt processed precursor material. The paper also discusses the influence of Ag addition, critical current irreversibility, critical current anisotropy of the tape sample, and finally future prospect in the development of Fe based superconducting wires.     

Current distributions in multifilamentary conductors: the influence of intergrowths

The modelling of both critical and remanent states (i.e., the current density and field distributions) in periodic arrays of flat superconducting strips is important for calculating the AC losses in multifilamentary tapes made for power applications. We model the current and field profiles for such magnetically coupled conductors, and have measured these dependences for BSCCO-22223 tapes using a miniature scanning Hall probe technique. The results indicate that the filaments are also electrically connected to a significant extent, which must be caused by superconducting intergrowths between individual filaments.     

Bi-2212/Ag-Mn多芯线材的制备

Bi-2212(Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox)线材具有优异的低温高场性能,线材的各向同性为磁体绕制提供方便,使其成为超高磁场磁体内插线圈的首选材料.本研究采用PIT技术与部分熔化工艺相结合的工艺制备Bi-2212/AgMn线材,系统研究熔化温度、降温速率以及低温保温时间后处理气氛等参数对线材相成分、微观结构及超导电性的影响,最终制备出临界电流密度Jc达到14.7kA/cm2(77K,self)的Bi-2212多芯线材.