基于减反膜外腔反馈半导体激光器拉曼光的产生

通过直接对减反膜外腔反馈半导体激光器进行电流调制的方法,得到了两束位相锁定且频率差在6.0-9.3GHz范围内连续可调的激光,其中6.835和9.192GHz分别对应Rb⁸⁷和Cs¹³³原子基态超精细能级之间的频率差,激光功率分别可以达到6.87mW和5.09mW. 根据减反膜外腔反馈半导体激光器的特点,通过调整外腔腔长、激光器工作温度、电流以及所加射频调制信号的功率和频率,在调制频率小于等于4.0GHz时可以将载波完全压制. 调制频率大于4.0GHz时,虽不能将载波完全压制,但由于外腔与调制频率共振时对调制的增强也得到了调制深度很高的激光,并对其中的物理机理作了分析. 通过后续滤波等方法处理以后,该拉曼光源可以广泛应用到原子的量子操控中. 关键词： 受激拉曼光 高频调制 调制增强     

基于光学反馈频率锁定的窄线宽稳定中红外激光产生技术研究

中红外精密激光光谱技术在痕量气体检测、基本物理常数测定等领域都有重要应用,然而由于缺乏窄线宽、稳定的中红外光源,很难实现中红外精密光谱测量.本文介绍了一种基于光学反馈频率锁定的窄线宽稳定中红外激光产生技术,分析了光学反馈实现激光到F-P腔锁定的可行性,利用一个高精细度中红外超稳F-P腔作为频率参考,基于光学反馈技术实现了量子级联激光器到该超稳腔的锁定.经过评估得到激光器线宽被压窄到1.1 Hz,压窄激光线宽的同时稳定了激光频率,将激光器的长期漂移控制在20 kHz/12 h.其中,为了获取长时间稳定的光学反馈,基于PDH技术获取了误差信号,用于对反馈相位的实时伺服控制.     

用于光频传递的通信波段窄线宽激光器研制及应用

通信波段窄线宽激光器在基于光纤的光学频率传递中有着重要应用. 本文报道了1550 nm超窄线宽光纤激光器的研制及其在光学频率传递中的初步应用结果. 利用一台激光光源, 分别锁定到两个参考腔上(精细度分别为344000和296000), 锁定后经拍频比对测得单台激光线宽优于1.9 Hz, 秒级频率稳定度为1.7×10^-14, 优于国内同类报道. 将研制的超窄线宽激光器用于光纤光学频率传递, 在50 km光纤盘上实现了 7.5×10^-17/s的传递稳定度, 较采用商用光纤激光器提高了3.2倍.     

X射线透明

通常气体原子吸收一定频率的光，这种频率对应于气体原子中两个量子能级之间的能量差。但是如果存在第三个能级，则可能产生所谓电磁诱发透明的量子现象。为产生这种现象，用一束激光作为抽运束，造成第二个与第三个能级的相干叠加，成为所谓的“缀饰态”。如果调谐得适当，由第一态到两个缀饰态的跃迁发生相消干涉。     

采用偏振光谱对外腔半导体激光器稳频时反馈环路带宽的影响

在采用磁光阱实现单个铯原子俘获的实验中, 运用无调制偏振光谱方法将光栅外腔半导体激光器(提供冷却/俘获光)的频率锁定在铯原子6S1/2 F=4→6P3/2 F′=5的超精细跃迁线上.采用偏振光谱技术得到的类色散曲线作为鉴频信号, 并同时对光栅外腔半导体激光器的电流调制端口和光栅外腔的压电陶瓷电压调制端口进行反馈, 以拓展反馈环路的带宽, 实现激光器的频率锁定.与通常的饱和吸收光谱稳频技术相比, 激光频率锁定之后的频率稳定度得到了明显改善.在取样时间τ=300 s时, 阿仑方差σy(τ)=4.6×10-12.     

用于互组跃迁谱测量的窄线宽激光系统

采用Pound-Drerer-Hall稳频技术将689 nm激光锁定在高精细度超稳极低膨胀系数材料腔上,实现用于探测锶原子互组跃迁谱的窄线宽激光.利用光腔衰荡光谱技术,测量了不同阶次多横模情况下腔的精细度,并在理论上分析了平凹型Fabry-Perot腔的损耗与多横模阶次的关系.考虑了光开关延时及探测器响应时间在测量中的影响,对腔衰荡时间的实验测量值进行了修正.利用光纤飞秒光频梳测量了激光器的频率漂移,测出窄线宽激光频率稳定度的秒稳优于2.8×10-13.利用窄线宽激光在锶原子束上观测到具有高信噪比的窄线宽原子跃迁谱线,实验测得谱线的线宽为55 kHz,该窄线宽原子谱线可应用于锶原子二级冷却激光绝对频率的精确测量及锶原子互组跃迁谱的四种同位素位移测量.     

采用铯原子偏振光谱对894.6nm外腔式半导体激光器稳频的实验研究

通过铯原子D_1线超精细跃迁能级的偏振光谱获得鉴频曲线,利用电子伺服系统将鉴频曲线反馈到894.6nm外腔式半导体激光器的压电陶瓷上进行锁定。由于偏振光谱技术不需要对激光器进行调制,因此不会带来额外的噪声。激光器自由运转400s内频率起伏为2.35 MHz,采用偏振光谱锁定激光器后400s内频率起伏为0.95 MHz,有效抑制了激光器的频率起伏。     

光学锁相环的实现及其在铯原子四波混频过程中的应用

我们利用自制的光学锁相环实现了一台外腔半导体激光器和一台钛宝石激光器的相对频率和相对相位锁定,锁定后两束光的拍频线宽约为1 Hz。同时,该光学锁相环能实现两台激光器从10 MHz至10GHz任意频率差的锁定,通过简单升级射频元件可以实现最高20 GHz频率差的锁定,可应用于激光冷却与俘获原子、光与原子相互作用等研究领域。我们实验证明将该锁相环应用于铯原子蒸汽中的四波混频过程,产生的孪生光束最大强度差压缩由3.8dB提高至6.0dB。     

中性原子自旋轨道耦合效应

本文以中性原子为研究对象,求解了自旋轨道耦合下原子的能量随着激光耦合的强度和两束激光能量差的变化情况。研究表明,在激光场的耦合强度满足Ω4E_r下当两个能级的塞曼能量差和两束激光的能量差相等时,原子最低能态出现两度简并。当塞曼能量差与两束激光束能量差不相等时,原子最低能态不再是简并的。但是当塞曼能量差与两束激光束能量差相差很小时,可以认为原子最低能态是近似简并态,可以为实验上实现最低点能量简并态提供理论参考。     

不同波长的激光器通过法布里-珀罗腔相对于铯原子谱线的锁定

采用共焦法布里珀罗腔(CFP)作为桥梁,可以实现不在原子、分子跃迁线附近的单频激光器相对于原子、分子跃迁线的锁定,从而可以有效地抑制激光频率的漂移。在实验中通过射频频率调制光谱技术结合饱和吸收光谱(SAS)将自制852nm光栅外腔反馈半导体激光器锁定到铯6S1/2Fg=4-6P3/2Fe=4、5交叉线上,通过Pound-Drever-Hall(PDH)射频边带技术将作为桥梁的共焦法布里珀罗腔锁定在852nm激光频率上。再通过PDH方法将830nm和908nm两台远离铯原子D2线的外腔半导体激光器同时锁定在作为桥梁的共焦法布里珀罗腔上,实现了830nm和908nm两台激光器相对于铯原子跃迁线的锁定。由锁定后的误差信号估算,20s内852nm激光器相对于铯原子Fg=4-Fe=4、5交叉线的频率起伏小于±540kHz,830nm、908nm激光器相对于共焦法布里珀罗腔的频率起伏分别小于±340kHz和±60kHz,共焦法布里珀罗腔相对于852nm激光的频率起伏小于±550kHz。     

Laser frequency locking based on the normal and abnormal saturated absorption spectroscopy of ~(87)Rb

We present a practical method to avoid the mis-locking phenomenon in the saturated-absorption-spectrum laserfrequency-locking system and set up a simple theoretical model to explain the abnormal saturated absorption spectrum. The method uses the normal and abnormal saturated absorption spectra of the same transition 5~2S_(1/2), F = 2–5~2P_(3/2), F'= 3 saturated absorption of the ~(87)Rb D_2resonance line. After subtracting these two signals with the help of electronics, we can obtain a spectrum with a single peak to lock the laser. In our experiment, we use the normal and inverse signals of the transitions 5~2S_(1/2), F = 2–5~2P_(3/2), F'= 3 saturated absorption of the ~(87)Rb D_2 resonance line to lock a 780-nm distributed feedback(DFB) diode laser. This method improves the long-term locking performance and is suitable for other kinds of diode lasers.     

相干布居数拍频信号与基态超精细子能级相干性关系的研究

相干布居数拍频(coherent population beating, CPB)现象, 产生于一个Λ型三能级原子系统中, 当双色相干激光场的频率差和两基态能级频率间隔近失谐的时候, 原子在激发态能级上的布居数会产生一个弛豫振荡, 且振荡频率等于失谐量. 当将此现象运用于原子标准频率的提取时, CPB频标的稳定度与CPB信号的幅度及信噪比直接相关. 本文理论推导了描述CPB 现象的表达式, 数值模拟并实验研究了⁸⁷Rb基态超精细子能级的相干性对CPB信号的影响, 通过控制与基态子能级共振相干激光场的抽运时间来控制能级的相干程度, 观测不同相干程度对CPB信号质量的影响. 研究结果表明CPB信号振荡的幅度与基态子能级相干程度成正比关系. 要改善CPB信号信噪比、提高原子频标稳定度, 建立、提高和保持基态超精细能级的相干性是关键. 本文还讨论了CPB现象用于弱磁场测量及其他方面应用的可行性.     

Electromagnetically induced transparency in a Zeeman-sublevels Λ-system of cold ~(87)Rb atoms in free space

We report the experimental investigation of electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT) in a Zeeman-sublevelsΛ-type system of cold ~(87)Rb atoms in free space. We use the Zeeman substates of the hyperfine energy states 5~2S_(1/2), F = 2 and 5~2P_(3/2), F = 2 of ~(87)Rb D_2 line to form a Λ-type EIT scheme. The EIT signal is obtained by scanning the probe light over 1 MHz in 4 ms with an 80 MHz arbitrary waveform generator. More than 97% transparency and 100 k Hz EIT window are observed. This EIT scheme is suited for an application of pulsed coherent storage atom clock(Yan B, et al. 2009 Phys.Rev. A 79 063820).     

Production of dual species Bose–Einstein condensates of ~(39)K and ~(87)Rb

We report the production of~(39) K and~(87) Rb Bose–Einstein condensates(BECs) in the lowest hyperfine states |F =1, m_F = 1 simultaneously. We collect atoms in bright/dark magneto-optical traps(MOTs) of~(39) K/~(87) Rb to overcome the light-assisted losses of~(39) K atoms. Gray molasses cooling on the D1 line of the~(39) K is used to effectively increase the phase density, which improves the loading efficiency of~(39) K into the quadrupole magnetic trap. Simultaneously, the normal molasses is employed for~(87) Rb. After the microwave evaporation cooling on~(87) Rb in the optically plugged magnetic trap,the atoms mixture is transferred to a crossed optical dipole trap, where the collisional properties of the two species in different combinations of the hyperfine states are studied. The dual species BECs of~(39) K and~(87) Rb are obtained by further evaporative cooling in an optical dipole trap at a magnetic field of 372.6 G with the background repulsive interspecies scattering length a_(KRb)= 34 a_0(a_0 is the Bohr radius) and the intraspecies scattering length a_K= 20.05 a_0.     

Achieving ultracold Bose-Fermi mixture of 87Rb and 40K with dual dark magnetic-optical-trap

We demonstrate that dual dark magnetic-optical-traps (MOTs) have great importance in the two-species ⁸⁷Rb and ⁴⁰K mixture compared with dual bright MOTs. The dark MOT has a little improvement in the trapping of single-species ⁸⁷Rb or ⁴⁰K gases compared with bright MOT. For the case of loading two-species ⁸⁷Rb and ⁴⁰K simultaneously, the improvement of ⁴⁰K in the dual dark MOTs is mainly from the reduction of light-assisted collision losses. The dual dark MOTs employ a pair of conical lenses to produce the hollow beam for repump laser with high efficiency. The number and density of ⁸⁷Rb and ⁴⁰K atoms after evaporative cooling in the hybrid magnetic trap with dark MOT loading are compared with those in bright MOT. The atoms with large number and high density make it easier to realize the quantum degenerate of Bose-Fermi mixture.     

STUDY OF FARADAY ANOMALOUS DISPERSION SPECTRA OF THE HYPERFINE STRUCTURE OF Rb D2 LINES

Natural rubidium is a mixture of the two isotopes, ⁸⁵Rb and ⁸⁷Rb, the natural abundances of which are 72.2 and 27.8 percent, respectively. Taking into account their hyperfine structure, we have cal-culated the Faraday anomalous dispersion spectra (FADS)of Rb D₂ lines in different magnetic fields and observed them experimentally. The theoretical calculations are in good agreement with the experi-mental results. In this paper, we also discuss the results.     

采用高信噪比电磁诱导透明谱测定~(85)Rb原子5D_(5/2)态的超精细相互作用常数

基于~(85)Rb原子5S1/2-5P3/2-5D_(5/2)阶梯型能级系统(780 nm+776 nm),利用高信噪比的电磁诱导透明谱对~(85)Rb原子5D_(5/2)态超精细分裂进行测量.其中,频率校准是通过位相型电光调制器和共焦法布里-珀罗腔共同实现的.通过测量~(85)Rb原子5D′5/2态(F′=5),(F′′=4)及(F′′=3)之间的超精细分裂,我们确定了~(85)Rb原子5D_(5/2)态的磁偶极超精细相互作用常数(A=-(2.222±0.019)MHz)和电四极超精细相互作用常数(B=(2.664±0.130)MHz).     

High quality electromagnetically induced transparency spectroscopy of ~(87)Rb in a buffer gas cell with a magnetic field

We have studied the phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT) of ~(87)Rb vapor with a buffer gas in a magnetic field at room temperature. It is found that the spectral lines caused by the velocity selective optical pump effects get much weaker and wider when the sample cell is mixed with a 5-Torr N_2 gas while the EIT signal is kept almost unchanged. A weighted least-square fit is also developed to remove the Doppler broadening completely. This spectral method provides a way to measure the Zeeman splitting with high resolution, for example, the Λ-type EIT resonance splits into four peaks on the D_2 line of ~(87)Rb in the thermal 2-cm vapor cell with a magnetic field along the electric field of the linearly polarized coupling laser. The high-resolution spectrum can be used to lock the laser to a given frequency by tuning the magnetic field.     

国外差分吸收激光雷达探测大气水汽廓线的研究进展

水汽含量是大气最基本的物理参量之一,大气水汽垂直分布结构对于大气过程的研究十分有意义。差分吸收激光雷达可以昼夜获取高精度、高距离分辨率的大气水汽垂直分布廓线,是最有潜力的探测手段。国际上已经发展出几种类型的差分吸收激光雷达,对它们的发展路径做一梳理,理清发展脉络,具有有益的参考价值。其中,稍早时期水汽差分吸收激光雷达工作在4ν振动吸收带720～730 nm频域,以Alexandrite为主流的激光器或者Nd∶YAG/ruby固体激光器泵浦的染料激光器作为发射光源,光电倍增管仍然可以在这个波段担任探测器,代表性的仪器是法国的机载LEANDRE Ⅱ。此后发展的820 nm波段的水汽差分吸收激光雷达,以钛宝石激光器或钛宝石光放大器为发射机,以硅的雪崩二极管作为探测器,紧跟前置放大和数据的AD采集器,如德国Hohenheim大学的车载扫描激光雷达,可以获得对流层300～4 000 m之间水汽两维或三维分布结构;德国Institutfür Meteorologie und Klimaforschung所建立的差分吸收激光雷达可以探测3～12 km高度之间大气的水汽垂直分布。720和820 nm波段水汽吸收截面较小,更适合于地基或车载的对流层水汽廓线探测。而水汽3ν振动谱935 nm区域吸收截面较大,是为了空间探测大气对流层上、平流层下相对干燥区域的水汽分布而准备的,且可以安排多个探测波长,和一个参考波长,它们对水汽的吸收截面大小呈梯度分布,以应对空间对地观测时不同高度大气水汽浓度的差别。基于种子注入的光参量振荡器或Nd∶YGG全固态激光器的935 nm差分吸收激光雷达,以德国Deutsches Zentrumfür Luft- und Raumfahrt的研究最为成功,推动了欧洲空间局立项发展空间水汽差分吸收激光雷达WALES（Water Vapour Lidar Experiment in Space）,测量从地球表面到平流层下、高垂直分辨率和高精度水汽浓度分布。机载多波长水汽差分吸收激光雷达1999年建立起来,担当空间WALES任务的模拟器,2006年完成了机载飞行试验。以823～830 nm分布布拉格反射半导体激光器和半导体光放大器为核心、采用雪崩二极管盖格光子计数技术的微脉冲差分吸收激光雷达,是差分吸收激光雷达面向商业化、可普及的方向迈出的重要一步,目前已经发展到第四代产品。发射机激光工作波长的长期稳定十分重要而棘手,以窄带连续波种子激光注入脉冲激光器的谐振腔锁定其的腔长,种子激光的波长以水汽的多通道光吸收池为参照标准,或以高精度波长计为误差获取手段,通过负反馈进行主动稳频;其次,需要仔细考虑大气对激光的后向散射光谱线型,显然Rayleigh后向散射光的多普勒展宽与水汽吸收光谱线宽度可以比拟,所以其吸收截面σ_on和σ_off必需加以修正;水汽的空间垂直分布梯度大,因此差分吸收激光雷达应该实行分通道探测。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF AC ZEEMAN EFFECT IN 87Rb ATOMIC FREQUENCY STANDARD

We have proved experimentally that the frequency shift formula of AC Zeeman effect presented by us is correct. In a ⁸⁷Rb atomic frequency standard we add a new microwave field which causes the frequency shift of O-O transition frequency of ⁸⁷Rb atomic ground state. This frequency shift as a function of frequency and power of the added microwave field is measured. The experimental results agree with theory.