激光掩星探测大气水汽混合比的数值模拟

在低轨道空间站和伴飞卫星上分别安置激光发射机和接收机,同时发射和接收935nm短波红外水汽探测激光束脉冲对和765nm(位于氧气的A吸收带)近红外激光束脉冲对。935nm波段激光脉冲的一个探测波长对水汽的吸收较强,另一个参考波长对水汽的吸收相对较弱;765nm波段激光脉冲的一个波长对氧气的吸收较强和另一个波长对氧气的吸收较弱。光连线全程的双波长差分光学厚度和连线切点处的差分消光系数之间存在Abel变换关系。基于Abel积分变换,利用理想气体状态定律和大气准静态方程,用大气模式作为初值条件,进行数值计算。765nm波长对用来反演大气的压强和温度,935nm波长对用来反演大气水汽的密度。获得的水汽廓线分布的仿真结果以及误差分布表明,激光掩星具有探测对流层上-平流层下这一高度(5～14km)的水汽含量的潜力。     

紫外域波长选择对全天时水汽拉曼激光雷达探测性能的影响

Nd∶YAG激光器三倍频输出的354.7nm光和四倍频输出的266.0nm光都位于紫外波段,都可作为水汽拉曼激光雷达的激励光源;从水汽拉曼激光雷达系统的实际建设出发,分别从后向散射系数、消光系数、大气透过率、臭氧吸收和太阳背景噪声等方面对激光雷达系统的探测性能进行分析,探讨354.7nm和266.0nm激光光源对拉曼激光雷达开展全天时大气水汽探测的影响。结果表明:在水汽探测中,266.0nm及其对应的氧气、氮气和水汽拉曼波长均位于日盲紫外区内,不受太阳背景噪声的影响,但会受到臭氧吸收的影响;354.7nm波段无臭氧吸收,但会受到太阳背景噪声的影响;在分光系统参数一致的情况下,激光雷达系统选用266.0nm波段激光光源时,白天水汽的有效探测距离为2.7km,选用354.7nm波段激光光源时,有效探测距离仅为0.6km;日盲紫外波长的选择可有效提高白天水汽拉曼激光雷达的探测距离,实现水汽的全天时探测。     

大气水汽探测地基差分吸收激光雷达系统设计与性能仿真

为持续获得对流层低层高精度、高时空分辨率的水汽浓度分布数据,提出了一套改进的大气水汽探测地基差分吸收激光雷达系统方案.详细描述了系统主要组成部分,对主要误差进行了分析与估计,并提出了一种差分吸收截面实时测量装置用于补偿发射激光器带来的测量误差.针对该系统,并结合上海地区不同季节的水汽浓度状况,对935 nm水汽吸收带中四个水汽吸收峰的差分光学厚度、雪崩二极管的倍增系数M与回波信噪比的关系、水汽浓度随机测量误差等进行了详细的仿真与分析.仿真结果表明,根据不同的季节和天气状况,可以选择不同的吸收峰以达到最佳探测效果;在300—5000 m高度范围内,最大可以达到300 m的垂直分辨率与5 min的时间分辨率,水汽浓度随机测量误差不超过18%.     

3.4μm处NO2吸收光谱特性及在差分吸收激光雷达中的应用

为使中红外差分吸收激光雷达能够精确测量NO_2气体浓度,对NO_2在中红外波段的吸收光谱特性进行测量分析.采用光参量放大激光器的λon和光参量振荡激光器λoff两路激光分别进行吸收谱线测量实验.用谱线宽小于0.05nm的λon激光测量了NO_2气体在3 410～3 433nm的吸收光谱,计算得到其吸收截面,采集分析了NO_2在291K、308K、363K三个温度下的光谱特性,用谱线宽约为10nm的λoff激光采集了3 400～3 435nm的吸收谱线.测量结果表明,在3 410～3 433nm波段,温度和吸收截面值呈负相关,测量的谱线与HITRAN数据库相关系数达到0.92以上;针对λoff激光下的吸收谱线,采用了改进的卷积修正方法,测量结果和拟合结果相关系数为0.97.将实测的on和off波长处的吸收截面应用于使用该波长对的中红外差分吸收激光雷达仿真上,拟合差分吸收激光雷达系统浓度测量误差,验证了基于该波长对的差分吸收激光雷达方案的可行性.     

双波长米散射激光雷达探测对流层气溶胶消光特性

新近研制了一台基于532和1 064 nm的双波长米散射激光雷达(dual-wavelength lidar,简称DWL),用于探测对流层大气气溶胶可见和红外波段的消光特性及其时空分布,同时用于粒子尺度谱垂直分布特征的研究。系统采用4个通道分别用于接收对流层下部和中上部532及1 064 nm的大气回波信号,有效地缩短了获取大气信息的时间。采用窄带滤光片,并借助光阑,将接收的激光大气回波信号谱线(米散射和瑞利散射光谱)从天空太阳背景噪声中分离,提高系统的白天探测能力。叙述了雷达系统的总体结构和技术参数以及数据处理方法。利用该雷达对合肥地区(117.16°E, 31.90°N)上空的气溶胶进行了探测。给出了对流层大气气溶胶532及1 064 nm消光系数的垂直廓线及其时空分布典型探测结果。分析了气溶胶波长依赖指数的空间垂直分布。讨论了对流层大气气溶胶光学厚度月变化。观测和分析结果表明,双波长具备昼夜连续观测对流层大气气溶胶的能力,可以很好的反映气溶胶粒子的时间和空间分布特征。     

日盲紫外域拉曼激光雷达探测大气水汽技术研究

拉曼激光雷达通过探测与水汽浓度相关的大气水汽振动拉曼散射回波信号,可实现大气水汽混合比廓线的探测。然而由于振动拉曼信号非常微弱,在白天测量时振动拉曼散射光谱会淹没在太阳背景光中,多在夜间测量。为实现大气水汽的全天时测量,设计开发一套日盲紫外波段拉曼激光雷达系统。该系统选择Nd∶YAG脉冲激光器的四倍频输出-266.0 nm日盲紫外波段作为拉曼激光雷达系统的激励波长,采用镀高增益介质膜的牛顿式望远镜作为接收器,同时利用二向色镜和超窄带干涉滤光片设计高效率的高光谱分光系统,实现了大气氧气、氮气和水汽振动拉曼散射回波信号277.5,283.6和294.6 nm的精细提取。计算仿真结果表明,臭氧吸收对日盲紫外域拉曼激光雷达探测存在一定的影响,主要是探测距离的影响;氮气通道不受白天太阳背景光噪声的影响;水汽通道存在少量太阳背景光噪声,对系统探测距离略有影响。而系统信噪比计算结果表明,设计的日盲紫外域拉曼激光雷达系统可实现白天3.5 km大气水汽的探测。实际进行水汽探测时,可利用氮气和氧气通道反演出臭氧浓度廓线,修正臭氧对发射波长、各通道拉曼散射波长的吸收,进一步提升系统的探测能力和探测精度。     

L625差分吸收激光雷达探测对流层臭氧

介绍了用于探测对流层大气臭氧的L6 2 5差分吸收激光雷达系统 ,叙述了该激光雷达的结构、探测大气臭氧的原理和数据处理方法。利用波长对 2 89～ 2 99nm和 2 89～ 30 8nm对合肥上空中、上部对流层的臭氧进行了对比测量。测量结果表明 ,这两对波长的测量结果差别约在 10 %左右。分析了 2 89～ 30 8nm波长对测量臭氧的结果和误差。 10km以下 ,2 89～ 30 8nm波长对测量的对流层臭氧统计误差绝对值一般小于 2× 10 11molecules/cm3 ,忽略气溶胶影响引起的相对系统误差一般小于 4 %。给出和分析了合肥地区对流层 5～ 15km臭氧柱含量的季节变化特征 ,柱含量最大的月份一般出现在第二季度 ,柱含量最小的月份一般出现在第三季度。     

车载式1 064 nm 和532 nm双波长米散射激光雷达

 新近研制的车载式双波长米散射激光雷达可用于1 064 nm 和532 nm两个波长对白天与夜晚对流层气溶胶消光系数垂直分布进行的探测。该激光雷达由激光发射单元、接收光学和后继光学单元、信号探测和采集单元以及系统运行控制单元组成，后继光路之间采用光纤导光、高低层分层探测等关键技术。该激光雷达使用1 064 nm和532 nm的两个波长，其单发脉冲能量分别为400和300 mJ，重复频率都为20 Hz，光束发散角小于0.5 mrad ；望远镜接收视场为1～3 mrad，滤光片的中心波长为1 064 nm和532 nm，带宽1 nm。分别使用R3236及H7680的PMT和VT120及Phillips777的放大器对两个波长的信号进行探测；对532 nm波长用3 A/D采集卡、1 064 nm波长用了光子计数卡。给出了双波长测量对流层气溶胶消光系数垂直分布的结果，该激光雷达可以探测10 ^-5～1之间的消光系数，探测高度可达10 km以上。     

机载激光雷达沙尘探测能量优化配置的统计研究

依据美国ANSI标准,结合1999~2004年间地基激光雷达探测的合肥地区沙尘暴消光廓线,统计分析了机载大气探测激光雷达探测沙尘时偏振532 nm垂直通道和1064 nm通道所需的最小激光能量,模拟计算了机载大气探测激光雷达探测沙尘暴时在0~12km高度范围内不同激光束发散角和激光脉冲能量比例的532 nm和1064 nm激光脉冲眼睛安全最大阈值能量。以合肥地区沙尘暴消光特性的统计结果、地面人眼安全标准和两个"瓶颈"通道的探测能力为依据提出两种激光脉冲能量配置方案。     

拉曼激光雷达探测低对流层大气二氧化碳分布

介绍了中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所研制成功的我国第一台测量低对流层大气CO2时空分布的拉曼激光雷达系统,选用波长355nm的紫外激光作为光源,利用光子计数卡双通道采集大气中N2和CO2的拉曼后向散射信号。详细分析了拉曼激光雷达系统的定标方法,提出采用Li7500型H2O/CO2分析仪与拉曼激光雷达系统进行对比与标定,结果显示激光雷达与CO2分析仪数据变化趋势一致性较好,激光雷达具有很高的探测灵敏度与准确性,通过线性拟合水平方向标定误差小于0.2%,垂直方向小于1.4%。由标定关系反演出大气中CO2的时空分布,给出了合肥西郊低对流层大气CO2水平方向0～2.0km与垂直方向0～2.5km分布的典型测量结果。     

Water vapor differential absorption lidar measurements using a diode-pumped all-solid-state laser at 935 nm

A diode-pumped, single-frequency laser system emitting at 935 nm has recently been developed to serve as the transmitter for water vapor differential absorption lidar (DIAL) measurements. This laser uses Nd:YGG (Y₃Ga₅O₁₂) as the active medium and emits radiation directly at 935 nm without the need of additional frequency conversion processes. The system was diode-pumped at 806 nm and was built up in a master-oscillator-power-amplifier configuration. It generates more than 30 mJ of pulse energy at 100 Hz repetition rate with a beam quality (M ²) of better than 1.4. Since water vapor DIAL demands for stringent requirements of the spectral properties those were carefully investigated in the scope of this paper. Single-frequency operation is achieved by injection seeding and active length control of the oscillator cavity. The range of continuously tunable single-frequency radiation extends to ～0.4 nm centered around 935.31 nm. Values of the spectral purity of >99.996% were determined using long-pass absorption measurements in the atmosphere exceeding the requirements by a large margin. Finally, for the first time water vapor DIAL measurements were performed using a Nd:YGG laser. The reported results show much promise of these directly pumped lasers at 935 nm for future spaceborne but also airborne water vapor lidar systems.     

Diode-pumped single-frequency-Nd:YGG-MOPA for water–vapor DIAL measurements: design, setup and performance

A diode-pumped Q-switched and injection-seeded single-frequency laser, generating tunable laser radiation at 935 nm, is presented. Using Nd:YGG (Y₃Ga₅O₁₂) as the active medium, the laser that was developed to serve as a transmitter for water–vapor lidar measurements. The configuration consists of a stable resonator in rod geometry that is injection seeded by a narrowband diode laser and stabilized by the ramp-and-fire technique. Energy scaling was done in a power amplifier in slab geometry. Both oscillator and amplifier crystal were diode pumped at 806 nm. More than 30 mJ pulse energy at 100 Hz repetition rate with a beam propagation factor of M²<1.4 and pulse duration of 52 ns in single-frequency mode were generated. To our knowledge this is the first direct generation of 935 nm Q-switched pulses from Nd:YGG suitable for water–vapor measurements. The reported results show great promise of this laser in applications where high efficiency and reduced complexity is indispensable, such as for spaceborne or airborne water–vapor lidar instruments.     

Development of a Ti:Sapphire DIAL system for pollutant monitoring and meteorological applications

A mobile differential absorption lidar system with SHG of Nd-YAG pumped Ti : Sapphire laser has been developed and tested. Mixing between Ti : Sapphire and Nd-YAG fundamentals extends the wavelength range to UV–vis region (250–480 nm), which is ideal to monitor tropospheric pollutants. Preliminary water vapor profiles in the near IR region (in our case 800–900 nm) are presented and discussed.     

2-μm high-power multiple-frequency single-mode Q-switched Ho:YLF laser for DIAL application

We report on the development and the demonstration of a two-wavelength single-frequency laser oscillator based on Ho:YLF crystal. This laser is especially suitable for application as a transmitter in differential absorption lidar (DIAL)/integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) using the R30 CO₂ absorption line at 2,050.967 nm. The oscillator consists in a fiber-coupled and free-space solid-state hybrid system and can be used in high-energy middle-rate or moderate-energy high-rate configurations. The latter produced On and Off sequentially single-frequency laser pulses with 13 mJ of energy at a repetition rate of 2 kHz and pulse duration of 42 ns. The pulse energy and frequency stabilities are specially documented in free-running, single-frequency and two-frequency seeding single-mode operations. Standard deviation is 7.7 % for pulse energy and 2 MHz for frequency stability for the two-wavelength seeding operation. Allan variance plot shows that frequency fluctuations are reduced below 70 kHz for 10 s of averaging which is suitable for accurate CO₂ DIAL or IPDA measurements.     

基于匹配算法的脉冲差分吸收CO2激光雷达的稳频研究

利用差分吸收激光雷达探测大气CO₂, 可以获得其浓度的垂直分布, 对于研究碳源、碳汇的过程有重要意义. 设计了一套种子注入的脉冲差频激光器系统, 作为差分吸收激光雷达的激光光源. 针对脉冲差分吸收CO₂激光雷达on波长的高精度稳频的研究空白, 本文提出一种基于匹配的on波长的连续稳频算法. 其基本思想是采用分子饱和吸收法, 测量通过双路吸收池后的差分信号, 计算其光学厚度值(optical depth, OD), 获得实测的伪吸收谱, 当监测到on波长发漂移后, 进行连续的波长调节, 获取其OD值, 最后基于一维的图像匹配算法, 将OD值作为灰度值, 利用图像匹配原理, 进行OD值匹配, 确定当前输出波长在伪吸收谱中的位置, 进而调节至on波长, 实现on波长的连续、稳定输出. 实验结果表明, 提出的稳频算法能够很好的满足高精度的稳频要求, 同时差平方和法在该应用中是最优的, 稳频精度可达到0.3 pm.     

差分吸收激光雷达测量NO2浓度的实验研究

 介绍了差分吸收激光雷达测量大气中物质成份及浓度的测量原理，并利用差分吸收激光雷达测量了3.5 km内NO₂的浓度分布，测量结果表明，使用双通道可调谐的Ti:Sapphire激光器的一组波长（448.2 nm和446.8 nm）可以获得比较精确的NO₂的浓度随距离的分布。     

一种新型的用于差分吸收激光雷达中脉冲式光学参量振荡器的种子激光器的频率稳定方法

提出了一种新型的用于差分吸收激光雷达中脉冲式光学参量振荡器的种子激光器的频率稳定方法. 详细介绍了该稳频方法的工作原理和实验装置, 并在理论上对该方法的稳频精度及其影响因素进行了分析. 利用该方法, 在实验中将种子光激光器稳定在水汽的吸收峰中心(935.6849 nm)处, 频率抖动的标准差小于8 MHz. 测试了种子注入后的光学参量振荡器输出的脉冲光的频率抖动, 测试结果表明, 脉冲光频率能够与种子光保持一致, 频率抖动的标准差小于28.7 MHz, 该稳频结果完全能够满足差分吸收激光雷达的需求.     

Quantitative gas sensing by backscatter-absorption measurements of a pseudorandom code modulated lambda ~ 8-microm quantum cascade laser

We have demonstrated quantitative chemical vapor detection with a multimode quantum cascade (QC) laser. Experiments incorporated pseudorandom code (PRC) modulation of the laser intensity to permit sensitive absorption measurements of isopropanol vapor at 8.0micro . The demonstration shows the practicality of one technical approach for implementing low-peak-power QC lasers in the transmitter portion of a differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system. With a 31-chip, 300-ns/chip PRC sequence, the measured isopropanol detection limit was 12 parts in 10(6) by volume times meters (~3x10(-3) absorption) for a simple backscatter-absorption measurement configuration.     

Amplitude and frequency stabilisation of a Tm–Ho:YAG laser for coherent lidar applications at 2.1 μm

We developed a low-noise, single-frequency Tm–Ho:YAG laser tunable in the wavelength interval between 2087 and 2099 nm. To suppress both amplitude and frequency fluctuations the laser has been stabilised by two different control loops. Intensity noise has been effectively reduced using a feedback loop acting on the pump diode current, based on a biquadratic bandpass filter, which provides up to 17 dB suppression at the relaxation oscillation peak. Absolute frequency stabilisation has been achieved by locking the oscillator to the P(12) absorption line of the HBr molecule at 2097.2 nm using the fringe side locking technique, obtaining a long-term frequency stability better than 32 kHz over an observation time of 60 min. This stabilised source is aimed to injection seeding of a coherent lidar system for high precision measurements of wind velocity.