多孔物料干燥时的耦合传热传质效应

１引言多孔物料干燥时的传热传质过程是一个典型的耦合过程,物料内的质扩散通量不仅受湿度梯度控制,而且还和温度梯度有关［１～５］。在对流干燥过程中,热量总是从物料表面向内部传递,而湿分总是从物料内部向表面迁移,然后扩散至干燥介质中,故物料内部的温度梯度和湿度梯度方向相反,由Ｌｕｉｋｏｖ理论可知,向内的传热过程总是阻止物料中的湿分向表面迁移,从而减小质通量,降低干燥速度。显然,为了提高干燥速度,可以通过采用辅助加热或改变加热方式来减小物料内部逆向温度梯度、甚至改变温度梯度的方向以加快物料内部湿分向表面…     

菜豆种子薄层干燥物料内部水分扩散系数的确定

本文将数值方法应用于物性测试,用反问题的研究方法,通过建立物料的内部水分扩散模型及边界条件的处理,把反映物料干燥过程动态特性的实验含水率曲线与物料颗粒内部的水分扩散结合起来,确定物料颗粒在非稳态脱水过程中的内部水分扩散系数,并分析内部水分分布及其动态特性。计算结果与实验曲线拟合的分析表明,本文的方法是可行的,对于进一步分析干燥过程参数对种子劣变的影响及确定优化的干燥工艺从而达到干燥控制的目的有重要的意义。     

静电干燥原理及应用

简述了国内外物料干燥的技术水平，提出了一个全新原理的新型干燥技术－静电干燥，介绍其技术原理、技术特点，并对应用开发作了展望。     

冷冻干燥中升华界面移动的微CT实验研究

采用微CT扫描仪的扫描成像,图像重构及灰度值分析技术对不同厚度苹果片冷冻干燥的升华过程进行实验观察,分析了界面的移动特性.结果表明,对于单面传导加热的升华干燥过程,物料升华不仅在顶面进行,与搁板接触的底面以及侧面也会有水蒸气逸出.厚物料在升华过程中有一个明显的球形冻结区,升华界面呈三维模式逐渐向物料几何中心收缩.无论物料厚薄,刚开始升华干燥速率比较快,随着干燥层的增厚,升华过程的热质阻力增大,升华速率减慢.     

冻干猪主动脉过程中升华界面移动特性实验研究

利用微CT扫描技术对猪主动脉在冷冻干燥保存中升华过程进行观察,分析升华界面移动特性,并使用质构仪对猪主动脉冻干前后力学性能进行检测。结果表明:干燥过程中对物料底部进行加热,升华是在外表面和内表面同时进行的。升华界面随干燥时间推移不断向壁面中心靠近。升华刚开始物料干燥速率比较快,界面移动明显,随着干燥层增厚,传质阻力增大,升华速率减慢,界面移动变化较小。质构实验对力学性能检测结果显示血管经冷冻干燥后其弹性和耐压性等与新鲜猪主动脉相比基本得到保持。     

干燥过程中物料收缩特性及其复水特性的实验研究

针对一些生物材料在干燥过程中会发生收缩这一特性,本文以市场上新鲜豌豆为研究对象,测得了该物料在不同干燥条件下的干燥曲线,收缩曲线,复水曲线,引入并求得了体积收缩系数。     

非固结多孔介质干燥的双尺度孔道网络模型与模拟

以农产品颗粒物料中常见孔隙直径范围(10~(-4)～10~(-3) m)的非固结多孔介质为研究对象,运用孔道网络方法和传递过程原理等知识,建立了考虑骨架吸湿、汽相对流、温度梯度和孔道结构特征等因素对干燥过程影响的非固结多孔介质双尺度孔道网络干燥模型,并进行了相应的干燥实验.模拟与实验结果表明:该模型可有效模拟非固结多孔介质的干燥过程;非固结多孔介质的孔隙率、直径(包括粒径与孔径)分布对干燥的影响十分显著,孔隙率越大,物料干燥越快,达到相同湿含量干燥所需时间越短;直径分布的不均匀程度越高,干燥所需时间越长,物料湿含量分布的差异也越大。对于窄筛分农产品颗粒物料,进行干燥计算时可以采用同一直径分布代替实际分布.     

撞击流中颗粒碰撞传热理论模型研究

建立了考虑颗粒接触面导热的颗粒碰撞传热模型,相应完善了气固两相撞击流理论模型,并对不同条件的撞击流干燥过程进行了模拟。计算结果与实验结果非常吻合,从而验证了所建模型的正确性。本文还分析了颗粒碰撞传热、加料方式以及喷嘴间距对撞击流干燥性能的影响规律。结果表明:在本文所涉及的撞击流干燥过程中,颗粒碰撞传热对干燥性能的影响并不明显;单边加料时颗粒物料的降水幅度及撞击流装置的干燥强度都明显大于双边加料的工况;喷嘴间距较大时,物料的降水幅度及装置的干燥强度均较大。     

高温下风速湿球直径和辐射对湿球温度影响的实验研究

在工业生产中广泛的进行着干燥作业,很多产品是用空气作为干燥介质的如乳粉,洗衣粉、药品等,这些产品在干燥过程中,进入干燥设备的空气温度一般在120—170℃范围内,而排风温度一般在75—90℃之间。在恒速干燥期,被干燥物料表面温度近于空气的湿球温度,而且干燥速度与空气的条件有关。我们于1986—1989年分别研制出乳粉含水量自动控制仪和洗衣粉含水量自动检测仪,在研制过程中发现湿球直径,风速及辐射对     

气固同轴撞击流干燥试验研究

撞击流干燥（Impinging Stream Drying，ISD）技术是强化相间传热传质和加快颗粒干燥过程的有效方法。通过在自行设计的同轴水平撞击流试验装置上对物料进行的一系列干燥试验，验证了空气温度、颗粒喂料速率、颗粒预热温度等操作参数和撞击距离、撞击室容积等结构参数对干燥性能的影响，获得了同轴撞击流干燥的一般规律...     

Effect of multi-mode dual-frequency ultrasound pretreatment on the vacuum freeze-drying process and quality attributes of the strawberry slices

The effects of osmotic pretreatment assisted by ultrasound in different frequency modes before vacuum freeze-drying (VFD) on moisture migration and quality characteristics of strawberry slices were investigated. The frequency modes are single-frequency modes under 20, 40 kHz (SM-20, SM-40), and dual-frequency under 20/40 kHz including sequential mode (SeDM) and simultaneous mode (SiDM). The quality characteristics of dried strawberry products including rehydration, hardness, color, flavor, total anthocyanins, total phenols, vitamin C content, and active antioxidant components (DPPH and –OH) were determined. Results showed that drying time of the strawberry slices irradiated by ultrasound was reduced by 15.25%–50.00%, compared to the control samples. Besides, dual-frequency ultrasound shortened the drying time more than single-frequency ultrasound. The drying time of SeDM was the shortest. In addition to vitamin C content, the quality characteristics including rehydration, hardness, color, flavor, total anthocyanins, total phenols, and antioxidant activity of dried strawberry products pretreated by SeDM were significantly (p < 0.05) better than those of control and other pretreated samples. It can be concluded that the SeDM was an effective pretreatment method to produce high-quality vacuum freeze-dried strawberry products.     

Salt transport and crystallization in porous building materials

Salt weathering is a major cause of deterioration of porous building materials. To obtain information about the mechanisms underlying these damage processes we have studied the moisture and ion transport. We measured the time evolution of NaCl saturated samples of fired-clay brick during one-sided drying using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. The moisture content and amount of dissolved Na ions could be measured quantitatively as a function of position. The NaCl concentration profiles obtained from these data reflect the competition between advection to the surface and redistribution by diffusion. By representing the measured moisture and NaCl profiles in an efflorescence pathway diagram (EPD) also the crystallization can be taken into account.     

Osmotic dehydration and convective drying of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) – The influence of ultrasound on process kinetics and product quality

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of ultrasound on two subsequent processes – initial osmotic dehydration and convective drying of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). The effect of ultrasound (at a frequency of 25 kHz) was assessed both in terms of process kinetics and product quality. During the study, three different osmotic agents were used – erythritol, sorbitol, and sucrose – in an aqueous solution at a concentration of 50% (w/w). The essential kinetic parameters were analyzed – water loss and increase of dry matter during osmotic dehydration, and evolution of moisture content and temperature of samples during convective drying (drying curves). Product quality was assessed on the basis of color, water activity, and content of relevant bioactive components – polyphenols and carotenoids. It was found that the application of ultrasound during osmotic dehydration resulted in higher water loss and solid gain. This surely results from the phenomena occurring during the propagation of the elastic waves in the liquid medium (mainly related to cavitation) and enhancement of the mass transfer. The use of ultrasound during convective drying also had a positive effect on the kinetics of this process. In most cases, during the ultrasonically assisted drying operations, a significant increase in drying rate was observed, leading to a reduction in drying time. This may be due to the intensification of both heat and mass transfer as a result of the mechanical and thermal effects of ultrasound. The assessment of product quality showed that the use of sugar alcohols was a good alternative to sucrose, and ultrasound-assisted convective drying increased the retention of valuable carotenoids and polyphenols. Moreover, in all dried kiwifruit slices, water activity was below 0.6, which can guarantee the microbiological stability of the tested samples.     

不同质量含水量的土壤反射率光谱模拟模型

土壤含水量的时空分布与变化情况对土壤温度变化、陆地—大气间热量平衡以及陆面大气环流产生显著的影响,因此,对大范围内土壤含水量进行实时动态监测,获得某段时间内土壤含水量的连续变化情况具有重要的意义。研究目的是借助高光谱遥感手段,通过构建不同质量含水量的土壤反射率光谱模拟模型,深入了解土壤质量含水量与土壤反射率光谱之间的关系,为监测土壤含水量提供有效手段。利用ASD Field Spectral FR野外光谱仪和加水称重法获得北京市8个采样点的土壤样品不同质量含水量下的土壤反射率光谱实测数据,利用其中2个土壤样品不同质量含水量下的光谱数据构建含水土壤反射率光谱模拟模型,并利用未参与建模的另外6个土壤样品数据对该模型的模拟效果进行了检验。通过数据验证发现,当土壤质量含水量小于田间持水量时,该模型的模拟精度较高;而且对于不同的土壤样品,模型的模拟效果都比较好。最后又利用北京大学校园内三个采样点的实地测量光谱数据对模型进行了验证,光谱的模拟值与实测值之间的均方根误差最小可达0.005 8。因此该模型可实现对质量含水量小于田间持水量的不同类型土壤的反射率光谱进行较高精度的模拟。     

Drying characteristics and quality attributes of apple slices dried by a non-thermal ultrasonic contact drying method

Drying is one of the most prevalent methods to reduce water activity and preserve foods. However, it is also the most energy-intensive food processing unit operation. Although a number of drying methods have been proposed and tested for the purpose of achieving a time- and energy-efficient drying process, almost all current drying methods still rely on thermal energy to remove moisture from the product. In this study, a novel use of power ultrasound was explored for drying of apple slices without the application of heat. The non-thermal ultrasound contact drying (US-CD) was performed in the presence of an air stream (26–40 °C) flowing over product surface to remove mist or vapor produced by the ultrasound treatment. The effects of the non-thermal US-CD, hot-air drying (HAD), and freeze drying (FD) on the changes in rehydration ratio, pH, titratable acidity, water activity, color, glass transition temperature, texture, antioxidant capacity, total phenols, and microstructures of the samples were evaluated. The moisture content of the apple slices reached below 5% (w.b.) after 75–80 min of US-CD, which was about 45% less than that of the HAD method. The antioxidant capacity and total phenol contents of the US-CD samples were significantly higher than that of the AD samples. The non-thermal ultrasonic contact drying is a promising method which has the potential to significantly reduce drying time and improve product quality.     

利用TD-NMR技术研究杨木高温干燥过程水分分布

木材中水分状态变化和迁移对木材的物理性质有重要影响.通过时域核磁共振技术(TD-NMR)可以从分子层面解读木材与水分的关系,可以为木材干燥、木制品加工提供理论依据和实践参考.该研究以北京杨为研究对象,通过对高温干燥过程中木材内部水分变化的自由感应衰减(FID)曲线和横向弛豫时间(T_2)进行测定与分析,探究木材干燥过程中水分状态变化及迁移过程.研究结果表明,FID和T_2信号量与木材含水率高度线性相关,由此可以计算木材在干燥过程中任意时刻的含水率.通过对干燥过程中水分T_2分布的分析表明:心材试件在干燥过程中,长弛豫时间自由水(c状态水分)的拟合面积出现了先减小后增大然后再减小的趋势,而边材试件中则不存在这种现象.在北京杨心材试件中含量最多的是弛豫时间为10 ms数量级的水分,而在边材试件中各状态水分含量差异较小,含量最多的是弛豫时间为100 ms数量级的水分.在高温干燥过程中,边材试件内各状态水分百分含量减少的速度快于心材,各试件中自由水的蒸发速度明显快于结合水.     

中红外光谱的HFC水分含量和粘度测量

针对水-乙二醇抗燃液压液（HFC）目前常用的水分含量和粘度测量方法存在操作复杂,耗时长,测量成本较高等问题,研究了将中红外光谱分析法应用于HFC水分含量和粘度测量。以85个实际在用油样为样本集,采用传统的电量法和毛细管法分别测量水分含量和运动粘度;使用衰减全反射液体池（ATR）采集各样本的中红外光谱并进行光谱校正、背景扣除、Savitzky-Golay(SG)平滑处理和基线校正等预处理。水分含量测量模型构建过程中,利用学生化残差-杠杆值法寻找强影响点,判定为异常样本并加以剔除;利用马氏距离SPXY法划分建模样本集和验证样本集。根据Beer-Lambert定律,水分含量和红外光谱吸光度成正比,采用线性方法来构建水分含量和吸光度红外光谱之间的关系模型。同时为提高模型的鲁棒性和泛化能力需要消除光谱中的无用信息、冗余信息和噪声,因此采用后向间隔偏最小二乘法（BiPLS）进行水分含量测量特征谱区优选,并建立线性校正分析模型。结果表明剩余3 526~3 354,1 790~1 618,3 005~2 660和1 096~924 cm-1波段时获得最小的交叉验证均方根误差（RMSECV）。特征波段优选结果可以理解为,根据3 526~3 354 cm-1波段预测HFC体系中所有OH的量,减去根据3 005~2 660和1 096~924 cm-1波段换算得到的乙二醇中的OH,进而计算得到水分含量,为进一步提高精度,将水中OH变角振动吸收峰对应的1 790~1 618 cm-1波段作为水分含量测量的辅助波段。利用独立验证样本进行模型检验,结果表明所建立的线性模型相关系数（r）为0.989 5,预测均方根误差（RMSEP）为0.405 2,满足HFC中水分含量测量精度需求。粘度测量模型构建过程中,利用马氏距离法寻找离群样本,判定为异常样本并加以剔除,利用马氏距离SPXY法进行建模样本集和验证样本集划分。粘度是一个与多重因素有复杂关系的理化指标,和红外光谱之间表现为非线性关系。基于主成分分析结合BP神经网络法（PCA-BPNN）构建非线性粘度校正分析模型,提取累积贡献率为95.12%的前10个主成分作为输入,测得的粘度值为输出,创建单隐层BP神经网络并进行训练,训练结果相关系数r为0.996 8。利用独立验证样本进行模型检验,结果表明所建立的非线性模型r为0.984 3,RMSEP为0.615 1,满足HFC粘度测量精度需求,且优于采用BiPLS线性模型获得的结果。确定了可用于HFC中水分含量测量的四个中红外波段,可为窄带红外光谱分析法或其他类似研究提供依据。研究结果表明中红外光谱分析法结合BiPLS和PCA-BPNN分析法可分别应用于HFC水分含量和粘度测量,精度符合监测需求,为HFC中分含量和粘度测量提供了一种新的测试方法,相比于传统测量方法具有快速、无损、低成本的特点。     

Effects of preliminary treatment by ultrasonic and convective air drying on the properties and oil absorption of potato chips

The initial water content was closely related to the oil absorption and properties of fried food. The effects of convective air drying (D) and ultrasound combined convective air drying (UD) pretreatment on the properties and oil absorption of potato chips have been investigated. The oil contents were 48.48 ± 1.42% and 39.78 ± 3.08% for control samples (without D and UD pretreatment) and ultrasound treated samples (without D pretreatment). When the mass loss of samples was reached the proportion of quality to without drying samples quality 80%, 50%, and 20%, the oil contents of D pretreated samples decreased by 12.67%, 28.24% and 62.07%, respectively, and the oil contents of UD pretreated samples decreased by 7.42%, 24.10% and 51.76% (compared to the ultrasound pretreated samples ), respectively. By applying ultrasound before frying, more cracks and pores were exhibited of fried potato chips. After drying process, potato chips exhibited less disruption of cell structure and less deformation of cell irregular. The hardness of the D and UD pretreated potato chips increased with the extension of drying. The FTIR analysis stated the formation of amylose-lipid complexes. This research could contribute to providing evidence for the development and application of the pretreatment strategies.     

Isotopic composition of atmospheric moisture from pan water evaporation measurements

A continuous and reliable time series data of the stable isotopic composition of atmospheric moisture is an important requirement for the wider applicability of isotope mass balance methods in atmospheric and water balance studies. This requires routine sampling of atmospheric moisture by an appropriate technique and analysis of moisture for its isotopic composition. We have, therefore, used a much simpler method based on an isotope mass balance approach to derive the isotopic composition of atmospheric moisture using a class-A drying evaporation pan. We have carried out the study by collecting water samples from a class-A drying evaporation pan and also by collecting atmospheric moisture using the cryogenic trap method at the National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, India, during a pre-monsoon period. We compared the isotopic composition of atmospheric moisture obtained by using the class-A drying evaporation pan method with the cryogenic trap method. The results obtained from the evaporation pan water compare well with the cryogenic based method. Thus, the study establishes a cost-effective means of maintaining time series data of the isotopic composition of atmospheric moisture at meteorological observatories. The conclusions drawn in the present study are based on experiments conducted at Roorkee, India, and may be examined at other regions for its general applicability.     

多光谱图像的玉米叶片含水量检测

水是植物正常生长发育必不可缺的元素之一,能够快速检测并获取植物叶片水分,对田间作物灌溉生产管理和作物的生理需水特性研究等具有重要的意义。利用RedEdge-M型号多光谱相机,以不同生育期的55组玉米叶片作为试验对象,在光线充足且无阴影遮挡的环境下对试验玉米叶片样本进行拍摄,拍摄过程中通过直连下行光传感器来消除太阳高度角对光谱反射的影响,每组玉米叶片样本经过拍摄可得到蓝、绿、红、近红外和红边等5个波段的TIFF图像。借助图像处理软件ENVI5.3构建玉米叶片样本兴趣区域(ROI),以ROI范围内玉米叶片样本的平均反射光谱作为该样本的反射光谱来减小镜头边缘减光现象带来的误差。参照标准白板出厂时提供的专属标定反射率、白板ROI范围内的平均反射光谱和玉米叶片样本白板ROI范围内的平均反射光谱,比值换算得到各组玉米叶片5个波段处的光谱反射率。同时利用YLS-D型号植物营养测定仪,采用五点取样法选择玉米叶片的5个区域测取玉米叶片样本的水厚度平均值作为叶片含水量的测量指标。随机选取43组玉米叶片样本得出的光谱反射率作为训练样本,采用BP神经网络建立基于多光谱图像的玉米叶片含水量反演模型,并融合莱文贝格-马夸特理论(Levenberg-Marquardt,L-M)进行经典神经网络现有缺点的改进。输入神经元数目为5个,即蓝、绿、红、近红外和红边等5个波段图像对应的反射率,输出神经元为1个,即玉米叶片含水量。剩余12组玉米叶片作为验证样本用于模型反演数据的相关性分析,结果表明,利用多光谱图像光谱信息并结合基于Levenberg-Marquardt方法改进后BP神经网络玉米叶片含水量反演模型,模型反演的拟合相关系数能达到0.896 37, 12组验证集中玉米叶片含水量参考值和反演值的相关系数r达到0.894 8,反演结果比较理想。可以实现对玉米叶片含水量的快速准确检测,对精准农业的推广和应用提供了方法和参考依据。