约束阴极微弧氧化放电特性研究

利用Na₂SiO₃-KOH溶液体系,以工业纯铝为基体材料对约束阴极微弧氧化的放电特性进行了研究.考察了恒压模式下电极距离对氧化电流、电位分布及起弧电压的影响,并对电极距离与微弧氧化电能利用率间的关系进行了分析. 结果表明:对于阴阳极等约束条件下,随阴阳极距离加大,工作电流逐渐减小. 而对于仅约束阴极情况,工作电流随着阴阳极间距增加而增大. 这是由于增加阴阳极间距时,虽然约束阴极正下方试样表面的电场强度降低,工作电流减小,但远离约束电极处,阳极表面电场强度却增加,工作电流增大. 起弧电压随电极间距离的增大而升高,但阳极表面电场强度几乎保持不变. 微弧氧化陶瓷层厚度由处理中心沿半径向外逐渐变薄,且中心处陶瓷膜厚度随电极距离的增大迅速减小,电能利用率随之降低. 关键词： 微弧氧化 约束阴极 放电特性 电极间距     

基于织构表面的摩擦静电发电机制备及其输出性能研究

摩擦电纳米发电机(TENG)是基于摩擦生电和静电感应复合原理将机械能转换为电能的一种新型能源获取方式. 本文采用模板法制备了几种不同参数的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)微圆柱结构, 并组装成TENG, 实验研究了接触区表面积、外加载荷对TENGs输出性能的影响. 结果表明, 圆形微柱阵列的存在有效提高了TENG的作用面积及电输出性能, 相同载荷下, 电输出随微柱间距离减小而增加, 在间距为15 μm、载荷为5 N时, 输出的平均开路电压和短路电流分别为88 V 和15 μA, 是同等条件下、微柱间距为50 μm电输出的1.5倍以上; 电输出随载荷增加呈准线性增加, ANSYS软件模拟载荷作用下PDMS微圆柱织构的变形行为, 结果表明, 压力作用下, 微圆柱主要发生压缩变形, 基底的变形导致微柱与上电极之间产生侧向摩擦, 从而产生更多电荷, 提升了电输出性能.     

有机复合薄膜中超高密度信息存储研究

利用大气中工作的扫描隧道显微镜，在真空蒸发方法制备的有机复合薄膜上，通过施加电压脉冲法做出了信息点阵，信息点大小为1.3nm.电流-电压特性表明：存储区表现为导体特性，非存储区为绝缘体特性.信息存储实验表明：相邻两个信息记录点的间距可小于2nm,信息存储密度可高达2.5×10¹³bit/cm².对信息存储的机制进行了初步分析. 关键词：     

热辅助磁盘探针存储的研究

描述了一种热辅助磁盘存储技术，该技术可应用于未来的高密度磁盘存储.记录介质是一种CoNi/Pt多层膜，它可用作垂直模式的磁记录介质.使用扫描隧道显微镜(STM)产生的隧道电流作为热源对磁膜进行局部加热.隧道电流随着加在STM针尖与磁膜之间的脉冲电压幅值的增大而增大.实验结果显示了圆形记录点在磁膜上生成，记录点尺寸与电压值相关，阈值电压为4V左右.当电压高于阈值时，记录点尺寸随着电压的增大而增大,平均尺寸为170nm；当电压低于阈值时，未发现记录点.一个简单的模型解释了以上实验现象. 关键词： 扫描隧道显微镜 热辅助磁盘存储技术 高密度磁盘存储     

Pt/BiFeO_3/Nb:SrTiO_3异质结的光伏效应和光调控整流特性

铁电薄膜异质结的光伏效应因具有重要的应用前景而备受关注,而且其中多种光伏效应机制的共存带来了丰富而复杂的物理内涵.为了研究界面对光伏效应的重要作用,制备了基于BiFeO_3铁电薄膜的具有"金属/铁电体/半导体"非对称电极结构的Pt/BiFeO_3/Nb:SrTiO_3异质结,并系统研究了其在不同波长(365和445 nm)激光照射下的光伏效应.在365 nm, 74 mW/cm~2光照下,异质结的光伏开路电压高达0.55 V.而且,由于光激发和光吸收过程的不同, 365 nm激光照射下该异质结的开路电压和短路电流比445 nm激光照射下的结果显著提高.随着温度降低,开路电压单调上升,而不同波长下的短路电流则表现出不同的变化规律.另外,随着光强的提高,异质结整流效应获得增强,通过分析,空间电荷限制电流传导机制对异质结输运有重要贡献,而光生载流子将通过填充缺陷影响输运特性.     

量子计算机硬件设计取得进展

具有自旋角动量的粒子的行为就像微小的磁棒 ,可在外磁场作用下取向 .传统的电子器件如晶体管只应用了电子的电荷进行工作 .物理学家们相信 ,开发粒子如电子和原子核的自旋 ,可发展出高效率的“自旋电子学系统” .目前 ,斯梅特 (Ｓｍｅｔ)和他的同事们已将这种器件的研究向前推进了一步 .他们发现在砷化镓半导体中 ,电子和原子核的自旋可由门电压予以控制 .这就与传统的晶体管中门电极控制半导体中电子的流动类似 .该研究组先以强磁场将所有电子的自旋取向后 ,再将整个装置降温到 2 0ｍＫ .通过调整磁场与门电压 ,斯梅特和他的同事们发现他…     

市电参数测量仪的设计

为了实现市电质量监测并降低测量成本,以STC12C5A60S2微处理器为控制核心,利用电压有效值转换芯片等器件,设计了一款市电参数测量仪,对频率、电压有效值及失真度进行测量;基于测周法实现50 Hz频率的测量,通过一块电压有效值转换芯片测量总电压有效值与谐波电压有效值,实现市电电压的测量,并通过计算获得失真度值;实验结果表明,该测量仪测量精度较高,频率测量误差小于0.1%,电压有效值测量误差控制在1%以内,失真度测量误差小于5%;该测量仪结构简单、性能稳定,可应用于电能质量监测系统。     

高绒度掺硼氧化锌透明导电薄膜用作非晶硅太阳电池前电极的研究

将自行研制的具有优异陷光能力的掺硼氧化锌用作p-i-n型非晶硅太阳电池的前电极,并且将传统商业用U型掺氟二氧化锡作为对比电极.相比表面较为平滑的掺氟二氧化锡,掺硼氧化锌表面大类金字塔的绒面结构会在本征层生长过程中触发阴影效应,形成大量的高缺陷材料区和漏电沟道,进而恶化电池的开路电压和填充因子.在不修饰掺硼氧化锌表面形貌的情况下,通过调节非晶硅本征层的沉积温度来消弱高绒度表面形貌引起的这种不利影响,对应的电池开路电压和填充因子均出现提升.在仅有铝背电极的情况下,在本征层厚度为200 nm的情况下,以掺硼氧化锌为前电极的非晶硅太阳电池转换效率达7.34%(开路电压为0.9 V,填充因子为70.1%,短路电流密度11.7 mA/cm2).     

基于COMSOL模拟的球形摩擦纳米发电机的发电特性

通过COMSOL Multiphysics有限元模拟软件,研究了以铝片和聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)小球为材料的球形摩擦纳米发电机的发电过程和发电特性.通过合理设置参量,模拟球形摩擦纳米发电机发电过程中空间电势的变化情况,显示了电荷被驱动的过程;通过控制变量法,研究了该球形摩擦纳米发电机的开路电压对PTFE小球的数目和尺寸、铝片的数目等因素的依赖关系.研究结果表明:三维球形摩擦发电机可以搜集全方位的机械能,小球在球壳内部空间位置的运动,导致连接不同铝片的电路中的电荷转移,从而引起空间电势的改变,产生交流电信号,即把小球运动的机械能转化为电能.不同铝片之间的开路电压随小球半径的增大、小球数目的增加或铝片数目的增加都呈现出先增加后减小的变化规律.     

基于电磁耦合机构的非接触电能传输系统

基于非接触电能传输技术的研究,设计了非接触电能传输系统的供电机构、耦合机构和受电机构三大基本模块。对系统的整流滤波和高频逆变电路进行了仿真实验,整流输出电压波动小于6%,谐振逆变电路输出信号频率达1000Hz以上。采用低频信号发生器作为供电机构对系统进行了性能测试,给出了500Hz下的空气间隙与电压传输效率的实验关系曲线,随空气间隙增大,电压传输效率降低。     

真空热处理碳纳米管的储氢性能研究

研究了真空热处理对多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)电化学储氢性能的影响.采用化学气相沉积法(CVD)制备碳纳米管，碳纳米管与LaNi₅储氢合金按质量比1∶10混合，制作成CNTs-LaNi₅电极.电解池采用三电极体系，6mol/L KOH为电解液，Ni(OH)₂为正极，Hg/HgO为参比电极.实验结果表明，在相同的充放电条件下，850℃时CNTs-LaNi₅电极的储氢性能最好，克容量最大为503.6mAh/g，相应的平台电压高达1.18V.从500—850℃随着温度升高，放电量有较大幅度的增加，但到950℃时放电量反而下降.由此可见，碳纳米管的热处理温度对碳纳米管的电化学储氢性能有着较大的影响. 关键词： 碳纳米管(CNTs) 储氢性能 5合金')" href="#">LaNi₅合金 化学气相沉积法(CVD法)     

Combustion processes for carbon capture

A review of the technologies for coal-based power generation closest to commercial application involving carbon capture is presented. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) developments are primarily adaptations of conventional combustion systems, with additional unit operations such as bulk oxygen supply, CO₂ capture by sorbents, CO₂ compression, and storage. They use pulverized coal combustion in entrained flow—the dominant current technology for coal-based power, or gasification in entrained flow, although similar concepts apply to other solid-gas contacting systems such as fluidized beds. Currently, the technologies have similar generation efficiencies and are associated with efficiency penalties and electricity cost increases due to operations required for carbon capture. The R&D challenges identified for the combustion scientist and engineer, with current understanding being detailed, are those of design, optimisation and operational aspects of new combustion and gasification plant, controlling the gas quality required by CCS related units and associated emission compliance, and gas separations. Fundamental research needs include fuel reactions at pressure, and in O₂/CO₂ atmospheres, as few studies have been made in this area. Laboratory results interpreted and then included in CFD models of combustion operations are necessary. Also identified, but not detailed, are combustion issues in gas turbines for IGCC and IGCC-CCS. Fundamental studies should be a component of pilot-plant and demonstrations at practical scale being planned. Concepts for new designs of combustion equipment are also necessary for the next generation of technologies. The challenges involved with the design and operation of these integrated systems, while supplying electricity on demand, are considerable.     

新型低熔点熔盐黏度的实验研究

熔盐因其具有广泛的使用温度范围,低蒸气压,大热容量,低黏度,良好的稳定性,低成本等诸多特性已成为聚光太阳能热发电中颇有潜力的传热蓄热介质。准确的熔盐热物性对于太阳能发电过程中介质的传热蓄热性能有重要影响。其中熔盐黏度作为重要的热物性之一,对于提高传热效率和降低流动阻力具有决定作用。本文利用研制的高温黏度测量仪对水和HITEC盐的黏度温度特性进行了实验研究,实验结果与文献数据具有较好的一致性,证明了该高温熔盐黏度仪的可靠性。为了降低混合熔盐的熔点,改进其热物性能,本文对Solar Salt进行改性研究,得到两种新型低熔点混合熔盐,并测定得到了黏度温度特性曲线。结果表明,改性后的高温熔融盐黏度有所降低,有利于降低太阳能热发电熔盐传热管路系统的阻力和成本。     

带有蓄热装置的直膨式太阳能热泵系统的模拟研究

介绍了一种带有相变蓄热装置的直膨式太阳能热泵系统。以青岛天气为例,对该系统的蓄热模式进行数值模拟,得出蓄热装置进出口制冷剂的温度、蓄热材料的液相率随时间的变化,结果表明在太阳能辐射量变化时,该系统的蒸发温度维持25℃左右,系统能够稳定运行;对系统热力学性质进行理论计算得出系统在冷凝温度为70℃时,系统的COP能维持在5.3左右,系统能够高效运行。     

An Evaluation of a thermochemical technique for increasing the productivity of oil-bearing beds and reduction of oil-deposit watering based on reactions of binary mixtures

Thermodynamic aspects of an innovative binary-mixture (BM) technology for increasing the productivity of oil-bearing beds that provides a substantial reduction of oil-well watering (compared to conventional steam heating) are discussed. Inorganic and organic ammonium nitrates (NH₄NO₃ and HOCH₂NH ₃ ⁺ NO ₃ ^- respectively) are compared qua heat-producing components of a BM that also contains sodium nitrite as an initiator of nitrate decomposition. Effects of temperature and pressure on the product distribution and heat production in ethanolammonium nitrate decomposition are evaluated. Calculations of parameters in a near-well space taking into account the heat capacity of the surrounding rock layer show that temperature and pressure can exceed their critical values for both water and main oil fractions. As a result, conditions for an intense upward flow of water—oil fluid in an artificial gas-lift regime arise.     

Experimental thermal performance study of natural graphite as sensible heat storage material using different heat transfer fluids

In this paper thermal performance of graphite-based sensible heat storage system with embedded helical coil in rectangular shell was studied. Plain water at four flow rates (0.25 LPM–1.0 LPM) and four inlet temperatures (60°C–90°C) was passed through the graphite bed and charging time was measured. Expanded graphite/water suspension and Al₂O₃/water nanofluid were also used to study charging behavior of graphite. Results showed that charging time of packed bed was reduced with increase in flow rate and inlet temperature of heat transfer fluid. Charging time using expanded graphite/water solution and nanofluid was 14.2% and 21.2% lesser than water.

Abbreviations: h_i: internal heat transfer coefficient (W m^?2 K^?1); HTF: Heat transfer fluid; h_o: External heat transfer coefficient (W m^?2 K^?1); LPM: liter per minute; k: thermal conductivity (W m^?1 K^?1); TSU: Thermal storage unit     

Acoustic characteristics of a barrier-discharge XeCl excilamp

The generation of an acoustic signal by means of voltage pulses (f = 15 kHz) applied to the electrodes of a barrier-discharge excilamp based on a Xe/Cl₂ = (50?C500)/1 mixture kept at a pressure of 5?C500 Torr is studied. It is shown that, from the time variation of the acoustic signal intensity, one can judge the time instant the excilamp starts operating in a steady mode. Optimal (in power and efficiency) operating conditions of the excilamp are found (Xe/Cl² = 240/1, p = 98 Torr, ?? ?? 9.5%). It is experimentally demonstrated that the discharge energy at a low pressure is spent largely on heating the gas. This is indicative of the volume heat release and volume glow discharge (as the pressure grows, the efficiency of this source of energy consumption drops and more and more energy is spent on acoustic vibration excitation). Under higher pressures, the Fourier spectrum of the acoustic signal becomes richer, the intensity of the spectrum rises, and the dispersion of the signal grows. At very high pressures, the intensity of the acoustic signal drops to a level corresponding to the natural vibrations of the excilamp envelope without the discharge (when the discharge is quenched, the Fourier spectrum of the signal becomes depleted and contains only harmonics corresponding to the carrier frequency of voltage pulses from the power source).     

Challenges in hydrogen storage

Hydrogen is one possible medium for energy storage and transportation in an era beyond oil. Hydrogen appears to be especially promising in connection with electricity generation in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells in cars. However, before such technologies can be implemented on a larger scale, satisfactory solutions for on-board storage of hydrogen are required. This is a difficult task due to the low volumetric and gravimetric storage density on a systems level which can be achieved so far. Possibilities include cryogenic storage as liquid hydrogen, high pressure storage at 70 MPa, (cryo)adsorptive storage, or various chemical methods of binding and releasing hydrogen. This survey discusses the different options and the associated advantages and disadvantages.     

Compact standing wave thermoacoustic generator for power conversion applications

In the past decade, a variety of thermoacoustic engines (TAEs) were devised to convert thermal energy to acoustic power. In this paper, we optimized the design of a standing wave thermoacoustic generator that can provide high intensity acoustic pressure and convert it into electrical power output using a low cost alternator. Three prototypes of standing wave thermoacoustic generator (TAG) were designed to optimize the overall efficiency. The first prototype of standing wave TAG could produce an acoustic pressure of 0.9 kPa (153 dB) with an input thermal power of 210 W. Further, the maximum heat to electrical conversion efficiency was 0.045% with an input thermal power of 250 W. However, the performance of this system was not fully optimized. The performance of TAE depends upon various parameters including stack position, stack length and resonator length. Hence, a new second prototype of tunable TAG was developed to tune these critical parameters in order to improve the overall efficiency. A compact third prototype of TAG was successfully built with optimized parameters and has been tested. In the improved design, high intensity acoustic pressure of 2.9 kPa (163.5 dB) was observed for the same 210 W input thermal power. The maximum heat to electrical energy conversion efficiency was 0.084% with an input of 250 W which is 87% higher as compared to the first prototype. The major reason for the lower conversion efficiency is due to the low efficiency of the alternator. In future, high efficiency alternator designs can be employed along with careful impedance matching to obtain higher conversion efficiencies. The results described in this paper demonstrate the potential of developing compact portable acoustic power and electricity generators for decentralized power applications.     

空调蓄冷材料研究现状及其新进展

分析了空调蓄冷材料研究现状及存在的一些问题 ,提出研制一种新型空调复合蓄冷材料 ,通过实验 ,分析该蓄冷材料的融点、融解热等热学性能。并通过实验研究寻找到了一种新型空调蓄冷材料 ,测试结果表明该蓄冷材料具有较高的相变潜热、适宜的相变温度和较好的热稳定性 ,因此可被应用于蓄冷空调系统中。